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Amerigana

PUBLISHED BY THE

AT BROOKLYN, N. Y.

VOL. I.

APRIL 1885 to MARCH 1886.

« * » » >

editor:

NATIONAL MUSEUM,
WASHINGTON, D. C.

_^vv^CiX.c^^

H/WSu

Americana

VOL. I.

BROOKLYN, APRIL, 1885.

mi.

ANNOUNCEMENT.

Experience has shown that the pjitomologists of the United States
have not been disposed to give that support, which would insure financial
success to the various entomological journals that have been published,
and the feeling among many, of late years, has been that in union there
would be strength. At the meeting of the Entomological Club of the
A. A. A. S. , in September 1884, the desirability of a union of existing
journals was unanimously conceded.

Negotiations between the representatives of the "Bulletin of the
Brooklyn Entomological Society", and "Papilio'', led to an arrangement
by which these Journals were discontinued, «nd all intention of reviving
them abandoned, [n their stead, a new Journal — of which this is the
first number — was created.

The new Journal will be devoted to Entomology in general, and
the support of leading specialists in all orders has been promised, 'I'he
effort will be to make it interesting and instructive to all persons in anv
way interested in entomology.

For many rea.sons the issuing of such a Journal as an individual
enterprise was deemed undesirable, and the representatives of 'Tapilio"
therefore became life members of the Brooklyn Entomological Society,
which has been duly incorporated. Provision has been made for
a permanent publication fund which, it is hoped, will place the new
Journal on a sound financial basis.

The publication committee consists of" the Editor and Messrs. B.
Neuinoegen, H. Edwards, E. L. Graef and F. Tcpper; and the two
journals are therefore represented in the management.

The Journal will be edited by iMr. J. B. Smith, wlu) has heretofore
had charge of the Bulletin, and we are glad to announce that Prof C.
V. Riley, U. S. Entomologist, who has also become a life member of
die Society, has promised his assistance in making the journal a success.

I'he proceedings of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, and of the
Entomological Society of Washington, will be regularly published, and
any other F.ntomological Society that will send us an abstract of its
proceedings will receive like consideration.

We ask therefore that all interested in the advance of American
I'hitomology give us their substantial and hearty aid in our new enter-
])rise. Thk Pibi.uwtiox Com-Mitike,

Visit to an old time Entomologist.

\h L)k. joHX (j. Morris.

One evening, some ye.irs ago, while sipping tea with the family ul
a friend in his garden in an interior Ohio village, I hastily and uncere-
moniouslv sprung up from my chair, much to the astonishment of m\-
friends, and cajHured a beetle tliat was lazily flying by Well, I .spilled
mv tea and dropped my flannel cake and tongue, (not my own, it was
delicious beef tongue) but in the scramble, I secured the insect.

"You should visit Baron jenison, before you leave Ohio'', exclaimed
the laiiy of the house, ''he *lso catches bugs and is a queer specimen of
a big-bug himself, and yet not a hum-bug either.'

''Baron Jenison!' I replied, "•! would go a hundretl miles out of mv
way to .see him, for I have heard of him as a man worth visiting.'"

Having received directions, behold me early next morning on my
way to visit a foreign titled entomologist who had settled down in Central
Ohio. I had never corresponded with him, but 1 hail heartl of him. I
knew that he was closely allied to one of the proudest families of the
English nobility, but he himself was a German by birth. For some years
he had held a ilistinguished rank in the army of a German prince. He
had enjoyed all the advantages of a German university education. He was
a gentleman of refined manners and ornamental accomplishments, — he
excelled in music and as a draughtsman he had few e(]uals. His leisure

hours were devoted to Kntomolo':'-}' and liis ardor bej.vme so intense,
that, having procured a furlough from military duty, he went to Africa on
a collecting tour and visited most of the museums and large private col-
lections of Europe.

An unhappy disagreement with some of his fimilv led him to leave
his native country and settle in the Iniited States. He abandoned for-
tune and all prospects of preferment and came over with his wife as a
poor man. He laid aside all his titular and aristocratic honors and was
known among his neighbors as plain Mr. jenison.

This was the gentleman whom I was going to visit. I was quite a
voung man and wanted to see and learn. I had never seen a live noble-
man. Since that time, I have seen manv with more names than dollars,
and more titles than shirts.

On arriving at the village where the baron lived, I did not at once
go to his house. I was covered with Ohio dust and I went to a hotel
and spent more time in making my toilet than I had done for months.
I thought my appearance should correspond to the occasion. The bc>ot
black said that if he rubbed another hour at my boots, they would be as
thin as paper, and the chambermaid impudently asked me "whether I
intended to wash my own shirt.^". "Is soap scarce here.'" I rejoined.
'No Sir, but it will be if you stay here long" was the little min.x's an-
swer, as she bolted like lightning out of the room, just in time to escape
a blow from my slippers which 1 hurled at her head.

After smoothing down every hair and adjusting my cravat verv
neatly, much to its astonishment, I ordered a coach and two. There was no
such vehicle in the village. I was told that I must walk. Walk! to a
nobleman's mansion? That was vulgar but I had to do it.

I went. The house was pointed out. It was not a palace, not even
a splendid mansion; it was an ordinary house, very ordinary indeed. It
was located on the muddy tow path of a canal; it was constructed of un-
painted boards; pigs, fowls and dogs were enjoying themselves around
unmolested. I thought my guide had made a mistake. My fancy had
portrayed somethmg different: I had thought of columned porticoes,
massive gateways, a porter's lodge and liveried servants. My courage
began to rise, for verdant as I was, 1 was intimidated at the idea of en-
countering a learned nobleman in his stately mansion, but if his resi-
dence is so unpretending, thought I, his manners must correspond. 1
knocked. A plain, farmer-like man in shirt sleeves, stubby red beard,
coarse straw hat, shoes innocent of the stain of blacking and vest and
pants that had seen long and severe service, appeared.

— 4 —

I inquiretl in Knglish: "Is Mr. Jenisun at home?" •

"Yes Sir, walk in' was tlie reply in strong (ierman accent.

"Please deliver this card", said I.

"1 am Mr. jenison, at your service, Sir!" he replied, straightening
himself up with an air of dignity and polished refinement that bespoke
the cultivated gentlemafi under this every day guise.

I was amazed and relieved. This then was the entomologist, Bamn
Jenison. I told him mv errand in his native language and I was most cor-
dially, almost enthusiastically received. There was the genuine German
gush in his manner and in less than ten minutes, though he was twenty
vears older than I, v/e were on most familiar terms. We began at once
and although it was before noon, I will not say how late it was at night,
or lather how early ne.\t morning, before we parted.

It was indeed a glorious day. He of course, showed me all his
collections in almost every department of Zoology, and presented me
with some of his unequalled entomological drawings. He treated me
most hospitably and regaled me with everything his own larder and a
neighboring caterer could furnish. He displayed extensive reading and
personal observation on various branches of Natural History and
entertained me most instructively from his e.xhaustless stores of informa-
tion. I humbly sat at the feet of this Gamaliel of science and hung upon
his rich discourse with rapture. I started questions and suggested difli-
culties just to draw him out and he spoke like a book. He had met
with no one for months who could speak with him on his favorite sub-
ject and he seemed greatly delighted. You may imagine what an e.\cit-
ing day I spent. The Baron was personally acquainted with many of
the most distinguished naturalists of Europe and related many interest-
ing anecdotes concerning them. He made me tell all I knew about our
American entomologists of that day, when the brotherhood was yet small.

Long shall the events of that day be remembered by me. It was an
intellectual feast rarely enjoyed. The final adieu long after midnight
was impressive. I tore myself away bearing many specimens of the
generous Baron's duplicate beedes and the profoundest respect for a truly
accomplished gentleman and naturalist.
Halliinorc, Febry. 1885.

— 5 —

Synonymical Notes.

By George H. Horn, M. D.

There have remained for a long time in our lists species described
by Edward Newman which have for various reasons escaped identifica-
tion. Several of these are Cerambycidne which immediately obtruded
themselves during a recent re-arrangement of my cabinet. Having satis-
factorily determined those not previously settled it appeared to me proper
to bring together in one list all of Newman's Cerambycida;. These have
been described either in the "Entomologist" bearing date 1840-2, or in
the "Entomological Magazine" Vol. V, bearing date 1838, In the annex-
ed list I have arranged the genera alphabetically, for easy reference, and
opposite each of Newmans names the equivalent as now recognized.
'I'hose names opposite which no other occurs are still used.

In addition to the Cerambycidit, Newman has described a large
number of species in other groups: these are also brought together and
similarly treated.

In conclusion will be found a number of notes referred to from the
list by numbers in parenthesis.

By the method of treatment here adopted, priority is established, and
the excuse of "long continued use" can not prevail in rejecting an old
name for a new one.

CERAMBYCIDAE DESCRIBED BY EDW. NEWMAN, WITH THEIR SYXONOMV.

Callidium tereum Ent. Mag, V. 393.

" antennatum ed.

" cylindrides ed. 394 -= Sniodicum cucujiforme Say.

Chion rusticus Ent. 23 = Chion cinctus Drury.
Clytus humeralis Ent. Mag. V, 394 = Neoclytus scutellaris t)liv.
<'urius dentatus Ent. 17.

" scambns Ent. 79 = Plectromerus dentipes Oliv.
Encyclops pallipes Ent. Mag. 392 = Encyclops coerulea Say.
Elaphidion deflendum Ent. 6 = Stenosplieniis notatus Oliv.

" sobrium Ent. 30 = " sobrius (1)

" mucronatum Ent. 27 = Elaphidion miicronatuni Fabr.

" incertum Ent. 28.

" parallelum Ent. 29.

" arctum Ent. 29 = E. parallelum Newin.

" inerme Ent. 29.

" pumilum Ent. 29.

• (Jlaphyra semiusta Ent. 19 = Moloichus bimaculatus Say (2).
1 leterachthes ebenus Ent. 9.

— 6—

l.L[iUu;i l)a(lia Knl. <)9 = Ty|K.ccni> badiiis Xewm.
nobili> Knt. 69 == •• vekuinus Oliv.
sinuata Ent. 70 — •■ ^inuatus New 111.

aiirigera Ent. 70 = ■• /ebralus Knh.
bifaiis Ent. 70.
imiiabilis Ent. 71.
cajiitaia Eni. 71.

(iirecia Enl. 71 = Acma-ops directa Nm.
iixlii-ecla Enl. 71 = Lepluia lineola Say.
internii>Ui Enl. 72 = ■' subhamata Raiul.
sticlica Enl. 72 = ■■ oclonatala Say.

vibex Ent. 72 (3).

allecla Ent. 72 ^= I.eplum .-^phucncollis Say (1).
])aiipercula Ent. 72 = " "

exigua Ent. 73 (5).
h?eniaUtes Enl. 73.
nana Ent. 73 = I.epUua exi'^ua Xni.

.Mcihia pusilla Ent.' 18.

Obiium riibium Enl. Mag. V, 395.

Oemc indccora Ent. 8 = Oeme rigida Say.

I'achyta lone Ent. 30 = Gauioles cyanipenni^ Say.

Phylon linnnn Enl. 18 = Phyton pallidum Say.

Saperda trelala Enl. Mag. V, 396.

cana Enl. 12 = Slenoslola pergrala Say.
flammala Ent. 13 = Amplnonycha flamniaia N'm.
Spahicopsis stolata Ent. 305 (6).

sufifusa Ent. 305.
Stiangalia fanielica Ent. 68.

emaciata Ent. 68 = Suangalia acuminaia ()li\.
•' stvigosu Ent. 69.

Toxolus dives Enl. 68 = Toxotus cylindricoUis Say.
rugipennis Zoologi.st Vol. 2, p. 476 (14).

The following other than Cciambycichx? are described in the Kiiti
rnologist.

[.ebia russala j). 31 = Pinacodcia plalicolli.s Say.
Plochionus aniandu.s p. 32.

Hispa Bacchus p. 76 = Odontota bicolor Oliv.
'. • Ariadne p. 77 = Cbaristena Ariadne >ini.
" Erebus p. 77 = Microrhopala Erebus Nni.
Pluto p. 77 = " excavata Uliv.

Hecate p. 77 = " cyanea Say.

('ryptocephalus binominis p. 78 (7)-
" quadriforis p. 78 (8).

" quadruples p. 78.

" laleriiius p. 78.

. " sparsus p. 79 (8).

Species described in Kntoinologicai Magazine, Yo]. \', 1838.

Trichius bistriga p. 170 = Tricliius aftinis Gory.
I'enthe funerea p. 374 = IViitlie pimelia Fab.
Pogonocerus coiicolor p. 375 = Dendroides concolor Nm.

" bicolor p. 375 = Dendroides canadensis L.iir.

IVdihis fulvipes p. 375 = Ourphyia fulvipes Nm.
ruhthoiax p. 375 = " collaris Say.
•' imus p. 375 = " lugubris Say.

" guttula p. 375 = "■ lerminali.s Say.

lugubris p. 375 = " Newmani Lee.

Myodes stylopides p. 376 = Myodiles slylopides Nni.
Enimesa connecnens p. 376.
Hypulus simulator p. 376.
Cephaloon leplurides p. 377.

Macratria linearis p. 377 = Macralria murina Fab.
I.schnomera carmata p. 378 = .\sclera rulicollis Say.
Synchroa punctata p. 378.
Iiolitophagus silphides p. 378 = Nosodes srabra Thunb.

" tetraope.s p. 378 = Boletophagus depressus Rand.

Ilydnocera serrata p. 380 = Hydnocera pallipennis Say.
Opilus castaneus p. 380 = Priocera caslanea Nm.
1 )egrapha typica p. 380 = Calopteron leliculatum Fab.
" discrepans p. 381 = " "

•' dorsalis p. 381 = " terminale Say.

divisa p. 381 = " "'

(!iv;nia scapularis p. 381 = Cx-nia tlimidiata Fab.
Eros prjefectus p. 382 = Eros tliorncicus Rand.
" liclor p. 382.

" alatus p. 382 = Plateros canaliculatis Say.
" oblilus p. 382 = Eros sculptilis Say.
Polaclasis ovata, p. 383 = Polyclasis bifaria Say.
Rlupicera proserpina p. 383 Sandalus pelrophya Knoch.
Onichodon orchesides p. 384 = Fornax orchesides >im.
Necrophorus bicolon p. 385 = Necrophorus pustulatus Merscli.
Feronia alrata p. 386 = Pterostichus permundus Say.
" oibata p. 386 = Evartbriis orbatus Nm.
" spoliala p. 386 = Evartbrus spoliatus Nm.

loracma p. 38G = Pterostichus coracinus Nm.
■' nionedula p. 386 = Pterostichus coracinus? Nm.

iachrymosa p. 387 = Pterostichus lachrymosus Nm.
moerens p. 387 = Pterosticluis coracinus Nm.
picipes p. 377 (9).

rclicta p. 387 = Pterostichus rclictus Nm.
interfector p. 387 = Pterostichus adoxus Say.
" rostrata p. 387 = Pterostichus rostralus Nm.
.Vmjjhasia fulvicollis p. 388 = .'Vmpliasia iiiterstiiialis Say.
Phymapliora pulchella p. ;{89.

I.ang'uria gracilis p. 390.

Hispa Xerene p. 390 = Microrhopala Xerene Nm.
" Philemon p. 390 = Odontcita nervosa Panz.
" Baucis p. 390 = " "

|)i)nacia cinclicornis p. 391 (10)-
" calaractK p. 391 (H).
ruy;ifrons p. 391 (H).
Orsodachna costata p. 391 (12)-
" ruficoUis p. 391.

" inconstans p. 392.

Clilienius fulgiceps p 490 ^ Clil;i?nius pensylvaiiicus Say.
" augusUis p. 490.

MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS.

Aiichomeiuis picticomis Zoologist, ii, p. 414 = Platynu^ picticornis Nm.
Hydnocera rutipes Cliarlesw. Mag. IV, p. 362 (13).
" a-gra id. p. 364.

" curlipennis id. p. 364 =: Hydnocera nisticalis Say.

Rhysodes aratus Charlesw. Mag. 1838, p. 664 = Rhysodes exaratus Serv.

p. 666 = Clinidium sculptile Nm.
1840. p. 249.

p. 250 = (Iriburius larvatus Nm.

= Cryptoceplialus guttulatus Uliv.
= Pachybrachys limbatus Nm.

= Cryptoceplialus lituratus Fab.
= PCryptocephalus trivillatus ()Ii\.
unknown.

NOTES.

I. — Stnosph-nus sobrius Nm., does not occur within our fauna! limits
It is abundant in Mexico.

2. — Glaphyra semiusta Nm , is that variety of J/, bi/naculdlus ."^ay, wiili
the greater portion of the surface rufo-testaceous.

3. — Subsequently described by me as L. nitiditollis .

4. — Leplura allecia ^m., \s i\\A\. ioxm o^ sphiiericollis with red thoru.x.
pauper cula with black thorax.

5. — Synonymous with this species is L smuia Lee. /-. exigua Nm. is
recognized as variable. The typical form is black, the basal joint
of antennae and front legs pale; L. nana has the mouth pale, also
the front legs and the bases of the middle and hind femora; /..
saucia Lee, has the legs similar to nana, the thorax yellow with a
large discoidal black spot; sometimes the angles only are yellow.
In my cabinet is a specimen similar to nana with the head rufo-
testaceous.

" sculplili>

id.

Cryptocephalus bivius

id.

larvatus

id.

lautiis

id.

limbatus

id.

mammifer

id.

geminatus

id.

li.KUS

id.

luteolus

id.

— 9—

L. subarge7itata Kbv. Under this name I [nopcise U) include
several forms which have been separated on color varialon. These
are rujiceps 'Ltc. , similis Kbv , and rhoJopus Lee. The differences
betwten these forms are given by Dr. Leconte (New Species 1873,
p 217) the last named, accidentally omitted, being very like
the normal subargentata except that the legs are all rulo testaceous.
6. — It is probable that thess are merely sexes of one, stolat.i being tlie

male, sujfusa the female.
7. — This is, without much doubt, that called by the later name d.st-

iihlus Hald.
8. — These two have not been certainl\- identified.

9. — "The type of /". //'tv/Kj" Xm. , in the British Museum belongs to
this {stygicus Sa)') species, but the description does not agree and
seems to refer rather to P. suht?iarguia/us." Leconte. In either
case the name is a svnonvm and .should be dropped.
10. — This is the species known by the more recent name o{ htcida Lac.
1 1. — Fhes.: two seem t(> be forms of the variable cupviiea Kby.
12. — Alter an examination of a large series o{ Orsodiuhui frc)m all parts of
our country I can see no reason why they should not be considered
as one species. There is even greater variation in color than the
names now known will cover. The published names in the order
of date are as follows:

0. ATRA Ahrens, Neue Schr. Ges. Halle, 181 1, i, p. 46.
vittatn Say, Jourii. Acad, iii, 1823, p. 430.
armerdaccH Germ., Ins. spec. nov. 1824. p. 526.
hepatica Say, Journ. Acad. V, 1827, p. 281.
GhUdreni Kliy., Faun. Bor. Am. 1837, IV, p. 221, pi. 7, \ii;. 6.
tibialis Kby., id. id.

inconstans Nm. Ent. Mag. V, 1838, p. 392.
coslata Nm., ruficoUis'i^m., id. p. 391.
triviUata Lac, Mon. Phytop. 1845, i, p. 71.
luduosa Lac. id. p. 72.

tricolor Mels., Proc. Acad. 1840, p. 160.

From this it seems that our species has quite as much synonymy
as has been admitted for the two principal European species.

\^.~Hydnoccra rufipes has been placed as a variety o{ humeral is Say, but
incorrectly, it is a much paler blue than that, the legs entirely pale
rufo-testaceous and the elytra are densely and finely punctured.

14- — rhis species has since been re-described by Dr. Leconte (New
Species, 1873, P- 207) as Pachyla rugipennis, he being apparently
unaware of Newman's previous description.

ENTOMOI.O(;iCA AMERICA.N'A. 2

On the classification of North American Diptera.

(Second paper.)*

By Dr. S. W. Williston.

Tlic limits of the two following families, as here given, are narrower
than those now accepted by Osten-Sacken, whose authority in diplerologi-
cal matters I need not say is among the very highest. For convenience
sake, however, I exclude certain disputed genera, to be discussed else-
where, thus rendering the forms given in this paper more certainly re-
cognizable. In this, as in the following pa{)ers, I introduce genera from
Mexico and the West Indies, wherever I can do so with clearness; such
will be printed in italics, (ienera unknown to me will be preceded by
an asterisk.

TANYSTOMA.

Tarsi with three membranous pads at the tip (the empodium deve-
loped pulvilliform); body and legs wholly without macrochaetse {dipkra
eremochcrta Osten-.Sacken); eyes of male holoptic (Osten-Sacken), rarely
narrowly seperated; two sub-marginal, five posterior cells in the wing,
fifth posterior cell not contiguous at its base with the discal cell; the mar-
ginal vein encompasses the whole wing; some or all the tibial with spurs.

TABANIDiE.

Proboicis of ihc male with four, of the female with six bristles; third
joint of the antennae annulate, nmer with differentiated style or bristle; tigu-
lae rather large.

Species never very small, often among the largest in the order; never
thickly pilose; in life the eyes usually brilliantly colored and marked.
Head short, broad, eyes large. Antennae porrect, the third joint com-
posed of from three to eight annuli or segments. Thorax not very
convex, scutellum without spines on its border. Abdomen broad,
moderately elongate or short, never slender or contracted. Legs moder-
ately stout, the front and middle tibiae sometimes dilated, the middle
tibiai always with spurs. Veins of the wings distinct; first posterior cell
(and fourth in exotic species) rarely closed.

Early stages passed in the water or earth; larvae carnivorous; with
a distinct head; pupai free. The females are blood-sucking, usually found
in the neighborhood of pastures, in sunny open parts of woods, during
the hot sun-shiny days of summer. The males are much more rarely
met with, and will be found usually in sweepings of meadow lands, on
flowers, etc.

* The first paper of the series is in Bull. H'kl. Enl. Soc. VII, p. 129.

I. -Hind tibire vvitli spurs at their tips (sometimes small). (Pdugordncc.) . . . .'.. . . .2

Hind tibiit without spurs; ocelli absent. ( Tabmdna;.) 5

2. — Third joint of the antennx- composed of t-is^ht aniiuli, the first of which is only a

little longer than the followin'^;' ones 3

Third joint composed of five or fewer segments, the first of which is much longer

than the following; ocelli present 4

3.— ^Front of female narrow, without denuded callus; ocelli rarely absent.. Pangonia.

Front of female broad, with a large, broad, denuded callus; ocelli present

Apatolestes, g. u.

4. —Second joint of the antenn;x: al)out half as long as the first; wings hyaline or wiih

small spots; eyes in life with numerous small dots Silvius.

Second joint as long, or but little shorter than the first; wings with a dark pic ure;
eyes in life with fewer, larger spots Chrysops.

5. -Front of the female as broad as lon^;; callus transverse; front tibi^ie a little

dilated; base of third antennal joint not dilated Haematopota.

Front of female narrow 6

6. — Front tibi.^e very much dilated; third antennal joint not strongly angulated above

Lepidoselai/n .

Front tibiae moderately dilated ; face short Diachlorus.

Front tibiae not dilated 7

7.— A small ocelligerous tubercle present in tlTe female; eyes pubescent, more dist-
inctly in the male Therioplectes.

Ocelligerous tubercle absent; eyes pubescent Atylotus.

Ocelligerous tubercle absent; eyes bare Tabanus.

LEPTIDiE.

Third joint of antennce simple ; ivitii a simple^ or ihicktuai stvliform,
bristle; tegulcp rudimerttary.

Rather small to rather large species; thinly pilose, with short thorax,
elongate abdomen and large wings. Head short, eyes of male contiguous
or approximate; ocelli present. Antennae mostly short, never elongate,
the third joint with a terminal or dorsal bristle, or terminal slentler style.
Face small, excavated. Proboscis short; palpi slender, porrect, often
bushy pilose. Abdomen elongate, broadest toward the base, composed
of seven segments; the female ovipositor pointed. Legs slender, the hind
pair somewhat elongate; some or all the tibiae spurred. Posterior cells of
wings all open.

Larvce carnivorous, living in earth, decaying wood, dry sand,
in moss or in water. I'he flies are usually found about meadow
and low woodlands, on bushes, etc., and prey upon other insects. Some
western species of Symphoromyia, according to Osten-Sacken, suck blood,
as do the horse-flies.

I. — Front tibii'e with terminal spurs; face without swelling in the middle (Dhdi^sis

Walk., teste Osten-Sacken) Triptotricha.

Front tibiae destitute of ternnnal spurs 2

2. — Tiiird joint of antenmv, round, oval, or pear-shaped, the bristle distinctly

terminal 3

Third joint kidney-shaped, arista more dorsal 5

3. Anal cell open Leptis.

Anal cell closed i

4. — Third joint of antennae with a slender arcuate bristle Chrysopila.

Third joint with a shorter, sleniler style *Spania.*Ptiolina.

5.— Anal cell open Symphoromyia.

Anal cell closed Atherix.

A/Hi/o/fs/i's, n. g. 9- Head broad; eyes bai-e, elliptical, angulated
abo\e. Front broad, its least width (at the vertex) abt)ut a third of
the length, below with a large, transverse, denuded callus. Ocelli
distinct. Antennx' situated below the middle of the head in pro-
tile, short, small, lirst joint tliickened, but little longer than broad; sec-
ond joint very short, simple; third joint twice as long as the first two
together, only a little thickened at the base, cylindrical, composed of
eight annuli, the first only a little longer than the following ones. Pro-
boscis short, scarcely extending beyond the tip of the palpi, the second
joint of the latter moderately tnickened. Abdomen a little wider than
the thorax, the sides nearly parallel to the tip of the fourth segment.
Legs simple, the front tibia; very slighdy dilated, hind tibiae with spurs.
All the posterior cells open; anterior branch of third vein with a stump
near its origin.

Apatolestes comastes, n. sp. Q. Black, thickly bluish gray pollinose. Front
shining black; face whitish gray; palpi light yellow; wings with stigmatic spot and
brownish spots on the cross veins; libiii; brownish yellow. Length 11 mm., of wings
9 mm.

Front shining black, on each side of the ocelli faintly brownish pollinose, below the
callus, the first two antennal joints, and on the face densely nearly while pollinose; third
antennal joint black. Thorax nearly uniformly clothed with bluish gray pollen, thicker
on ihe pleura.*; on the dorsum with sparse white pubescence, the pleurce with moderately
abundant white pile; dorsum with three .slender whitish stripes. Abdomen opaque
brownish black, the first .segment and the posterior margins of the following segments
grayish and clothed with .sparse white hairs. Legs black, the tibia; brownish yellow;
front tarsi blackish, middle and hind pairs brown. Wings lightly infuscated, the
stigma and narrow clouds on the cross- veins brownish.

Two specimens. California. This .species in size and general ap-
pearance resembles Tahanus pumihis Macq.

Gen. nov. A female specimen of a species, yet unnamed, from Florida,

—13—

may belong to a new genus. The species is thf. smallest with which I am
acquainted in the family, measuring only 6 mm, and has the appearance
oi a small labanus. The hind tibia? have minute spurs. The head is that of
Tabanus (sensu strict.), except that there is nc) callus, the front is rather
broader, and the antennas have only two very small terminal annuli of
the third joint, the basal segment of which is large, only a little longer
than broad, gently convex below and obtusely angulated in the middle
above. The body is light yellowish brown, thickly poUinose, the wings
hyaline with a brownish stigmatic spot. The eyes in life apparently had
the upper half green and the lower purple.

Noctuids common to Europe and North America.

By John B. Smith.

In the "Verb. k. k. zool. bot. GeselLschaft in Wien'' 1874, pp. 273
to 319, is a paper on the above subject, by Mr. H. B. Moeschler, than
whom perhaps no one has a better collection of Insects from boreal
america. From Labrador especially he seems to have sources of supply
not open to the majority of collectors, and not a few of the species de-
scribed by him are unknown to the American student. To the courtesy
of Mr. Moeschler, who at the request of Mr. A. W. P. Cramer sent me
for study a small lot of northern species, and among them his tvpes, I
am in a position not only to speak intelligently as to his species; but
also to correct some errors which have crept into his article. As the
heading to this article implies, I speak of the Noctuids alone, and more
particularly of the species o{ Agroiis.

Agrotis augur Fab. = haruspica Grt. Mr. Mceschler refers approv-
ingly to Speyer's note on this species. Speyer calls them \arieties, nam
ing the american form graiuh's. Grote had previously named the species
haruspica and retains the name as referring to a distinct species, and in
my opinion correctly. Augur is uniformly smaller and with very dist-
inct maculation, and is distinguishable at a glance from its European
ally. Not that alone would afiord reason for their distinctness; but the
fore tibise are much more heavily sjiinulated in the American form, and
the genital organs of the (^' are obviously difi'erent. In /laruspua the
side piece is wider at the middle, and narrows rather abruj)tly to an ub-
tuse tip. The clasper is short, stt)Ut, with an abrupt curve forming one
quarter of a circle. In augur un the conlrarv the sitle piece is much

~I4—

longer, tapering regularly and evenly from base to tip: the clasper is
much longer, more slender, gracefully curved, and terminating in a hook
curved into a semi-circle. These characters are constant and reliable,
and indicate a good species, however closely related. The western form
sierrcE difters from haruspica less than that species does from augur, and
is yet a fairly good species.

Agrolis sincera H. S. This species I have not been able to compare
with European material, but doubt its identity.

Agrotis Wockei Moeschl. This species has been hitherto unidenti-
fied by American Lepidopterists, and is said, fide Staudinger, to occur
also in Central Asia. Comparisons of types prove that scropukuta Morr.
is a later name for Wockei^ and not for cirticii, as Mr. Grole puts it.
Okakenxi's Pack, is suspected by Mr. Mceschler as identical with either
Carnea or Wockei, but without reason: it has bipectinate antennae, while
those of Woikei are simple. I may be permitted to doubt the identity of
the Central Asia specimen with our American form.

Agrotis /estiva var. conflua. Mceschler speaks of a Q recently receiv-
ed, and in his lot is a specimen marked var. conjlua: but which is cer-
tainly not that species. I have conflua and /estiva, and compared with
them, this species differs in having a protuberant., roughened clypeus,
very heavily armed fore tibia, and entirely different genitalia. I have
named the species so/itaria, and feel certain that Mr. Moeschler has al-
lowed a superficial resemblance to mislead him.

Agrotis simplonia Hb. G. Mr. Moeschler mentions two specimens,
and especially a ^ which is distinguished by a rusty spot before the reni-
form: this identical specimen is now before me, and is certainly nothing
more nor less than a large (^ of Mr. Moeschler's own species, dissona
which is also in the same lot. Compared with alpine simplonia which 1
have at hand the differences are so radical and obvious, that it is really
a mystery how Mr. Moeschler could overlook them. Simplonia need not'
yet be added to our faunal lists.

_/ Agrotis Islandica. This Mr. Moeschler claims is found in Labrador;
but not like the type form. Two specimens, one from Iceland, and one
marked var. Labradormsis are in Mr. Ma'schler's lot. This variety is
certainly the opipara of Mr. Morrison, and in my opinion fully distinct
from the type Islandica. I have seen numerous specimens of opipara
which showed very little variation, and decline to believe that it is a vari-
ation of Islandica, which is closely allied to sexalilis or obeliscoides. I
would much rather believe it a form o{ ochrogasler (^w., \\\\\c\\\z.\\e'>
enormouslv.

— 15—

Agroiis stgetum = i,xana Grt. This reference is doubtfully made
fide Grote in his list tif 1875. ^i^<^ texana is not known to Mr. Moeschler
in nature. I have seen both sexes o^ segeiuju as well as texana and find
them totally different. Mr. Giote's reference was probably made on the
faith of erroneous information as to the European species. I do not
believe that segetum occurs in our fauna.

There are eleven other species o{ A gratis cited as common to both
continents — viz: CharJinyi, baja, spaiosa, C. nigrum, plccta, fennua,
ravi, saucid, ypsilon, prasina, and occulla, and as to those I believe him
correct, though all the references had been previously made.

At some future date I shall have some criticisms to make of others
of Mr. Moeschler's original references. I would here simply call atten-
tion to the fact that all is not done when it has been determined that
there are no constant differences in color and maculation between species
on both sides of the Atlantic. All those forms which are at home in
North America are presumably distinct, and onl}' the most careful com-
parisons of structure should determine whether the species are really
alike. A certain amount of exception to this applies in the case of the
circumpolar tauna, and of species which extend far northwardly. The
great similarity of surroundings, and the extreme probability that at
some time a connection existed between the circumpolar countries, gives
countenance to the idea that the fauna is largely identical, and to this
opinion I am led by what I have thus far seen of'that fauna.

As to Mr. Moeschler's paper as a whole, it bears evidence that the
author is a firm believer in the identity of a large percentage of the Lepi-
doptera found in Europe and North America, and his comparisons are
all made with a view to prove identity. Too much importance is placed
on color and maculation, and. not enough on structure. Mr. Moeschler's
references, where they are original, must be carefully verified before they
are accepted.

Eyes of Insects.

In No. 2 of the Journal of the N. Y. Microscopical Society, is an
article on "compound eyes and multiple images", interesting as well to
the Entomologist as to the Microscopist. There is considerable infor-
mation about the general structure, and especially interesting are the
notes on the differences of size in the facets of some Tabanidce, and the
probable difference of function. Mr. Williston's paper on »S>'/'/)/i/c/<j? shows
that this difference in size of facets occurs also in that family, and also
that it has some generic value. J. B. S.

— 16—
Water Beetles.

Looking over several collections of Water Beetles recently, I was
surprised to see how poorly they are usually represented. Mr. Roberts
and mvself last season took numerous species, most of them in large
numbers, out of a single pond, and in fact a very limited tract of that
pond; and that in mid-summer. April and May are the best months to
collect those insects, and any moderate sized pool in which there is some
vegetation is sure to yield an abundant harvest. A stout net ring is re-
quired, the bag to be of coarse cheese cloth, and the vegetation should
be swept nearly to the bottom: not once only, but half a dozen times.
In a single haul over a hundred specimens, representing ten or a dozen
species have been taken. Rather sluggish ditches in meadows form ex-
cellent collecting grounds. ]. B S.

Oviposition in Agrion.

Mr. McLachlan has noticed Agrmi menuria/e, ("a very local British
species'') with a part or the whole of the abdomen incrusted with mud,
caused by its sinking its eggs in the mud left from the dried up pools.
He is not aware that this species descends beneath the surface of the
water. (Ent. Mo. Mag. Vol. XXI, p. 211.) Remembering the same
thmg, on referring to my collection, I find a few females of our common
Agrion civile with mud on a part of the abdomen. The tgg laying habit
of this species is to sink about the last four segments beneath the water,
generally on grass. I know only one species of North American Agrion
to descend beneatli the surface of the water, viz: our common A.exuLjnx.
I have noticed it a foot or more beneath the surface, fastening its eggs to
the stems of water grass, and remaining submerged a long time during
the operation. When a stick is thrust near it, or a slight commotion
caused that will shake the grass stalk, it will let go, rise quickly to the
surface and as quickly take wing.

AC.\U. NAT. SCI. PHILA. S. FrANK AaROX.

In June 1870 I took about sixty cocoons o'i Scuiiia Cynthia to New-
burgh, N. Y., and there freed them. In August 1884 I found on Eagle
Cliff, Lake Mohawk, some distance west of Newburgh, several cocoons
of 6". cynthia on Sassafras. These were evidently the descendants of those
I had freed in 1870. Ailantlnis is not found on Eagle Cliff, and the
species has evidently adopted the food plant of its near ally, promelhea.

Chas. A. A. During.

New Bombycidae from Colorado.

By Henry Edwards.

Notodonta notaria, n. sp.

Primaries mouse-color, with the nervures, three apical streaks, and a dentate,
mars^inal line, brown. At the base, from near costa to near internal margin is a clear
and very distinct white streak. Secondaries sordid white, with brownish dentate
marL;inal line, and a large brownish blotch at anal angle, enclosing a whitish subkmate
mark. Thorax concolorous with primaries. Abdomen yellowish brown at base,
whitish toward the tip. Anlennse dull fawn-color. Underside of primaries sordid
while, clouded with brownish, of secondaries sordid white, margins only brownish.

Exp. wings 50 mm. Length of body 24 mm. Colorado (D. Bruce.)
5 specimens (^ 9 •

A very fine insect, undoubtedly belonging to the European genus,
and in its general aspect recalling N', Irimula, S. V., and A\ torva, L.

Janassa lignicolor, var. Coloradensis, n. var.

This is probably a new species, but for the present I prefer to regard
it as a variety only. The primaries are however much less produced
than iny. lignicolor and the tint is grey, with little or no vvood-brown
shade. The coloring is* more diffusely disposed over the wing surface,
givmg an indistinctness to the markings, and there is a great difference
in the general appearance, difficult to define in words. The anal cloud
on the secondaries is decidedly smaller, while the whole insect has a
shorter and stouter appearance.

Several examples. (^ Q. Denver, Colorado (D. Bruce), Salt Lake
(Hy. Edwards).

Icthyura Brucei, n. sp.

Ground color of primaries sordid white, with the lines and marks, rich brown. A
basal and sub-basal line, the former whitish, edged with brown, and dentate in the
middle, the latter almost straight. Behind the middle is a broad brown shade, through
which from costa to internal angle runs a clear white line, which on costa is broadly
produced into the distnict white mark u.sual in the genus. Between this and the
margin a row of seven brown spots in the middle of which is a brownish cloud resting
on posterior margin, which with the fringe is brownish. Secondaries wholly mouse-
color. Thorax sordid white at the sides, the centre broadly brown. Al)domen dull
sordid white. Antennoe and palpi brown, the shaft of the former whitish. Underside,
mouse color, with darker bent median band common to both wings, and the white
costal mark on primaries indicated by a pale dash.

Exp. wings 30 mm. Length of body 12 mm. Colorado, i (^.

A very characteristic and distinct species which I dedicate with
great pleasure to my good friend, Mr. David Bruce, its discoverer. It
diff"ers exceedingly from any form previously known to me.

ENTOMOLOGtCA AMEUMCANA 3

The breeding habits of some of our Dragonflies.

By \Vm. T. Davis.

In the March number of the American Naturahst, Mr. F. E. TotUl
gives an interesting account of the breeding habits of some Dakota
dragonflies. A species closely resembling Lcstes miguiculata was ob-
served by him crawling down the stems of plants to a depth of several
feet in a clear pool.

I myself have observed various species of "mallet headed" dragon-
flics under water, clinging to plant stems, and once — but only once — I
saw a female Aesch7ia go below the surface of a slow flow-ing spring. It
was on the 21st of October and about 4 o'clock in the afternoon, when
I observed this dragonfly partly immersed, but it soon crawled further
down the stick until it was entirely under water and near the bottom of
the pool which was quite shallow. This insect 1 have before me now
and I take it to be Aeschtui verticalis, Hagen. It is a bedraggled speci-
men and probably was near the end of its days even if had not so un-
kindly terminated them.

Some of the species of Aeschna seem partial to running water and
I have noticed many flying up and down a brook in the fall, but have
never noticed the same insects about the ponds in the vicinity. It is
probable, however, that only a few of the large headed dragonflies go
below the surface to lay their eggs, as we often see them dipping their
abdomens as they fly close to the water.

Mr. Uhler says: '■'Libdtida auripennis I have often seen laying eggs
and 1 think I was not deceived in my observation that she dropped a
bunch of eggs into the open ditch while balancing herself just a little
way above the surface of the water."

Are Curculio Larvae Lignivorous?

Dear Sir:

Mr. Knaus, in the last Bulletin, p. 150, seems rather to enquire
whether curculio larvai live upon dead or decaying wood, than to quest-
ion their feeding upon the woody tissues of living plants. So far as my
experience goes, it seems beyond doubt that, in addition to such genera
as Hylobius and Pissodes which infest living plants, there are species
which breed in dead wood. I have observed Magdalis barbita oviposit-
ing in fallen hickory {Carya aviara) and have taken larvae, pupa?, and

— 19—

imagos of same species fnmi trees lliat had evidenlly been felled more
than one season. Acoptus stituralis may also be found in dead stumps.
In the following family Eupsalis mimcta breeds frequently in old stumps
and logs of maple, etc,, while in the Calaiidrido! I think there are un-
doubtedly lignivorous species. Cossonus plataha has been found by me
in large numbers under the the bark of a poplar which had been some
years dead and was partly decayed. The beetles had evidently emerged
from the wood, which was penetrated by numerous small holes. Rhyn-
coltis and Stenoscelis of this family also apparently breed in dead wood.
I have taken specimens of 6'. brevis both from old poplar and from
maple stumps.

Ottowa, March ii. 1885. W. Hague Harrington.

Society News.

Brooklyn Entomological Society, March 3d. Twenty-six members and
visitors present, the President Mr. Cramer in the chair. The reports of the oi3&-
cers for 1884 were read and approved. Mr. A. Salle of Paris, France; Baron C.
R. von Osten-Sacken, Heidelberg, Germany; and Dr. John G. Morris, Baltimore,
Md., were on metion of Mr. J. B. Smith elected honorary members of the
Society. Prof. C. V. Riley of Washington, D. C, was elected a life member.
Mr. A. E. Brunn was nominated for membership by Mr. E. Ii. Graef, and Mr.
W. H. Danby of Brooklyn, and Mr. Eugene M. Aaron of Philadelphia were no-
minated for membership by Mr. John B. Smith.

On motion, the Secretary was instri;cted to offer to the Agassiz Association
the aid of the Society in the way of determinations and in such other ways as
might best further the ends of both Societies.

Mr. Smith introduced Dr. Horn o"f Philadelphia, honorary member of the
Societj', and Dr. S. W. Williston of New Haven, who had come on to attend the
meeting of the Society. Dr. Williston was invited to sit as a corresponding
member of the Society.

Mr. Smith described a monstrosity of a (^ Lucanv.s cervus, the left mandible
of which was modified into an imperfect $ head.

Dr. Horn gave a short account of several monstrosities known to him, and
stated that the LamelUcornia were especially rich in monstrosities. The antenna?
were very often the subject of abnormal variations. Frequently there would be
an unequal number of joints in siJecimens of the same species, or even in the
same specimen. The Carabklaj stood next in the order of frequency. This led
him to speak of variations of color and sculpture, and their value in systematic
work. The sexual organs of the ^f are among the most absolutely invariable
structures, and are the most reliable in the separation of species among the Sta-
phUinkke. Mr. Smith gave it as the result of his studies in the Xodnkkv that the
genitalia of the (j' afforded the be.st possible sj^ecific characters, in the species
of Mamesira esijecially, every species nearly has a very distinct and peculiar
structure. Identity of type always indicates close relationship, while identity of
form in his experience, proves specific identity, no matter how much maculation

or color may differ. The variations of M. olivacea were allucled to, ami though
he had separated two species on apparently excellent characters of maculation,
yet he fully expected that they would ultimately prove varieties or races of the
same species.

Dr. Willistou stated that the result of his studies in Uiptera had led him
to hold views in accordance with those of Dr. Horn. He had been much inter-
ested in the results, recently published, reached by Dr. Horn and Mr. Smith in
reference to the value of sexual characters. In the Diptera the range of color
variation was very wide. Specimens of the same species in his cabinet ranged
from clear yellow to deep black. They were undoubtedly the same species be-
cause he hud every intergrade in his series; yet some writers would be apt to
make four of five distinct species out of them. Species should be very cautiously
described on color characters alone, no matter how well marked they appeared
to be. The time for indiscriminate description had passed, and comparative
Entomology must now be speciallj' studied.

Dr. Horn then spoke as to genera. The variation of species was almost univer-
sally admitted, and by the theory of evolution was explained. But genera varied
also— they so gradually intergraded that there were but very indistinctlines of de-
marcation. However disinclined workers might be to affirm their belief in evolu-
tion, all the best work done was wittingly or unwittingly based on it. Keeping
that as a guide permanent arraoigement of groups of genera and species can be
made. An illustration was drawn from the Meloidce in the highest type of which
the claws were distinctly bifid, the parts equal, the upper ■portion pectinated.
These varied gradually to the perfectly simple, single claw. By reasoning from
the theory of evolution he sometime since predicted the occurrence of two lurther
genera that would fill gaps left in the series by the then known forms. One of
these predicted genera has been since' discovered. He confidently expected the
occurence of the other. Mr. Smith spoke as to the generic divisions of the Lepi-
doptera. The hairy eyed genera of the Noctuidfe especially afford an instance.
Mamestra, Ta^niocampa and Xylomiges though widely separated in the lists yet
ran so close that it was next to impossible to draw a distinct line between them.
Species occur which might with almost equal propriety be referred to either
genus.

Mr. Hulst spoke on this subject. In his opinion nature must be taken as
we find it, and whatever our opinion on the theory of evolution, in practice it
would be found that nature had certain gaps that could be utilized in systematic
work. The chain was nowhere complete, and with the amount of material that
falls to the lot of the ordinary collector no trouble is experienced. He alluded to
the inconstancies of characters used in separating families, in the Geometi-idw.
The venation, which forms the basis for the highest divisions , in Lepidoptera,
often in the Geometridie varies essentially in one and the same species.

The remainder of the evening was spent in informal discussion, during
which Dr. Horn illustrated three varieties of (^'cT found in Crypiobiuin. Nearly
every species has these varieties, one of which, Dr. Horn calls a complete (^,
another an incomplete cj', the third an imperfect (j' . A paper now in press will
completely illustrate these forms.

The Treasurer reported the amount of the Publication fund $150 as fol-
lows: Life membership fees from E. L. Gra^f, John B. Smith and Prof. C. V.
Kiley, each $50 = S150.

Americana

VOL. r.

BROOKLYN, MM, 1885.

NO. 2.

Classification of Hemiptera.

By Herbert Osborx.

Authors are by no means agreed as to the exact Hmits of the order
Hemiptera or rather as to the number of groups to be included in this
varied order. Neither are they agreed as to the natural affiniiies or the
relative rank of the groups and sub-groups they place in it.

Mr. P. R. Uhler, our best American Hemipterist includes in the
group only the Heteroptera, Homoptera and Parasita, excluding the
Ma/lophaga and the Thvsanoptera\ these latter groups have been includ-
ed by many authorities and Mr. Packard still maintains on embryological
grounds that they should be included.

This being the condition, and as many more observations both em-
bryological and morphological seem necessary to definitely settle the
question at issue, we are forced to content ourselves with systems more
or less artificial.

In undertaking to present a svnoptical arrangement of the group
therefore, I shall not consider it in place to discuss these doubtful matters,
but simply endeavor to present in conden.sed form what seems to me the
most natural grouping, and that which will afford students the most
ready means of arranging their collections.

I have followed most nearly the arrangement given by Mr. Uhler in
his chapter on Hemiptera in the "Standard Natural History" but am in-
debted also to the works of Westwood, Packard, and others. While I
have verified all points possible, I have in many instances been obliged
to rely upon various authorities, well aware that the discovery of new
species must frequently modify the definition of the groups to which they
naturally must be referred, and while finding occasion to introduce oc-
casional characters in sei)arating the families, based on observations of

the material in my own hands, it would of course be useless and out of
place to attempt to designate such portions, since originality can not be
claimed for any such work, though the author may riglitly be held re-
sponsible for presenting the matter as a vvhole.

The arrangement given is in descending order, but it will be im-
[)Ossible to follow this in the order of giving the generic syno[)ses.

Including the iMallophaga and the Thysanofttcra {Physapoda of
Packard) we have no comprehensive definition of th^ group. Excluding
the>e, we miy say the Huniptera include those insects prc)vide(.l
with a rostrum or beak formed from the labium and enclosing four ex-
tensile setae which form a sucking tube, aUjng with wings usually four in
number which are either all m imI)ranous, or the fore ones partially or
entirely coriaceous. (In CoccHce. there are two in the males only, and in
s )me other groups they are absent or ruilimentary in one or both sexes.)

This group which we may call HeniipUra gtimiiu is clearly divieled
by the position of the head and the structure of the wings into two sub-
t)rders, the Hdleropkra and Homoptera.

A third sub-order, Parasila, includes the suctorial lice infesting
mammals, these apparently having about equal affinities for the two other
sub-orders, but combining with neither in being wingless and the beak
not jointed.

The other groups are at present most conveniently grouped here,
and may be ranked also as sub-orders though structurally there can be
little question that they must bear a more distinct relation to the Hemlp-
lera proper.

The Thvsanoptera (or Phvsapodix) are minute insects usually less
than 2 millimeters in length; with four very narrow delicately fringed
wings which lie flat on the back, with free palpigerous mouth parts, anl
tarsi without claws; the terminal joint being vesicular.

The MaUophaga are wingless parasitic insects living on birds or
mammals, with free biting mouth parts, antenniie of three to five joints
and presenting some resemblance to the wingless Psocidit, and by
some authors grouped with the Pseudo-Neuroptera.

It is intended to include in these synopses only the North American
genera, and the tables must not be considered as applicable in a larger
range. The characters also, here mentioned are those of most import-
ance as related to the groups to be here included.

Perhaps in no other order of insects is there such diversity of modi
fication in the several structural elements, and this diversity is accom-
panied with extreme lack of constancy, so that the clear definition of
groups is rendered difficult.

The bo(h varies in form from the most elongated and thread like to
short or circular, from the thickest to forms so flattened that they may
live in the narrowest crevices They are convex above and below, or
flattened or concave above and convex below.

The //t'(?'/ serves by its position to separate the two leading sid)-
orders but aside from this it is subject to most extreme modification. It
is cvlindrical. often elongate in ReduviidiE 2J\<X Nabidte, decidedly flatten-
ed in Cor.idie and allied families. In the Homoptem the front is verv
often protluced, the most extreme m(xiification of this part occuring in
the Fulgoridcp.

The eyes are usually prominent organs, standing out at the sides of
the head: thev serve rather as land marks — by which to locate the other
organs of the head^than as distinctive in themselves.

The f»tY/// are commonlv present and by their absence or by their
relation to the eyes serve to define some minor groups.

The antenncF are never particularly elongated, usually compo.sed of
few joints and as a rule but slightly modified. They run from filiform in
the lower Homoptera to setiform in Ciada and allies: and are mostlv
filiform, with the terminal joints either slender or else slightly enlarged
in the Hhroptera. In a few cases the joint next the last is much flatten-
ed and broadened or otherwise modified. They are truly capitate onlv
in the Liotheidce.

The labrum is usuallv verv small, but occasionallv with the clvpeus
furnishes good characters for separation of genera and species. The seta;
of the mouth vary greatly in length, but are of little value in determin-
ing the relation of groups.

The labium is an important structural element. It forms the sheath
ibr the setae, and is termed the beak or rostrum. It consists of three or
four joints except in the Pediculidae where it is apparently devoid of arti-
culation. By its origin at the front of the head indicating the h(.rizontal
position, or at the sternal border of the head indicating the vertical posi-
tion, it serves to distinguish the Heteroplera and Homoptera and bv its
separation from or apparent union with the sternum it .serves to divide
the Homoplera into two minor groups. Furthermore the form of the
basal joint and the comparative length of the joints are points of great
value in determining relationships.

The thorax in its modifications corresponds in general with the
habits of the groups, whether aquatic, terrestrial or aerial.

'Y\\t prothorax is often minute and weak, again enormously deve-
loped and overshadowing all other parts as in Membracidae. It is trans-
verselv sutured in Reduviidae.

— 24 —

The mesothorax contains in the higher Homopterii and in nearly all
Hiteroptera, a will developsd scutellum, situ.ited between the bases of
the fore wings Its form and size assist in distinguishing some import-
ant groups, riie mstathorax is often reduced in size, forming a thin
plate between mesothorox and abdomen. The legs vary in size and
length and in the structure of the tarsi. A part or all of them are ciliated
in most aquatic species: they are strong and spiny in most of the raptorial
groups: pulvilli are in some groups present between the claws of the
tarsi. The wings are quite characteristic. In HomopUra they are gener-
ally membranous and veined, or the fore ones as in Ctrcopidcr and allies
uniformly coriaceous. In the latter case they do not overlap at the tips
but unite on the median line as the elytra of Coleoptera. In Hikropkra
the fore wings are divisible into three parts: a basal thick portion, the
corium; a transparent apical portion, the membrane, which is veined:
and a portion bordering the scutellum, the clavus. In some groups,
notably the Ph\t(honidae there is a triangular part between the corium
and membrane, the cuneus. They usually lie Hat on the back, the
membranous portions overlapping each other. The hind wings present
le.ss differences in structure, in both groups: but their venation is often
important in distinguishing minor groups.

The Parasita and Mallophaga as well as one se.x in many of the
other groups, and occasionally both sexes are wingless or have these or-
gans represented by mere rudiments. In I'hysanopkra they are very deli-
cate with a very broad and delicate fringe.

The abdomen presents many modifications of form, some of which
are quite constant. It is quite commonly concave above for the recept-
ion of the wings, but seldom so concave as not to be filled by the flatly
folding wings. The spiracles are, except in Parasita, situated below the
margin. The margin is quite generally sharp and either horizontal or
slightly elevated. The genital organs are in some groups external and
furnish valuable characters for separating groups, but more commonly
they are hidden in both sexes so as to furnish little aid without dissect-
ion and frequently the distinction of the sexes is impossible by external
characters. In the higher Homopiera and in a few groups of the Heterop-
Ura the ovipositor of the female is received into a slit on the underside
of the abdomen and serves to readily distinguish the sexes and affords
useful characters in systematic arrangement.

The following analytical tables will assist in placing the vaiious sub-
groups, and also show the arrangement which seems to ine at present
most satis factor)'.

In the synopses (i'i. families many groups are given that rank for

—25—

convenience, which by good aiuhorilies, and very properly I think, are
given the rank of super-families. These groups will be discussed more
particularly along with the characters of sub family and generic import-
ance in the synoptical tables of genera, which it is intended shall follow
this paper.

SYXOPSIS OF SUB ORDERS.

A. — Labium lorming a bsak and enclosing sets.

Ji - -Labium jointed, spiracles inferior, wings usually present.

C. — Head horizontal, b:ak arising anteriorly, fore wings, coriaceous at base....

Heteroptera
C'C — Head vertical, b^'ak arising pistero-iiiferiorly. Wings uniformly memhran

ous or coriaceous Homoptera

HB. — Labium not jointed, spiracles superior. Wings always absent Parasita

A A. — Labuim not forming a beak, mouth parts free.

B. — Wings present, narrow, delicately fringed; tarsi vesicular (frequenting

blossoms) Thysanoptera.

BB. — Wings never present; tarsi with claws. (Parasites on birds and mammals)

Mallophaga.

SYNOPSIS OF FAMILIES.

HETEROPTERA.

* .VNTEN'NAE .ALWAYS PROMINENT.
t Leys onllnari/, dclapted to terrestrial life. Xever iahahitbuj water or wet places.

A. — Head usually flattened or triangular, closely joined to body, often immersed to
the eyes, basal joint of the rostrum straight.
B. — Bodies usually rather thick and flattened or convex above, convex below.
(X — (Ocelli usually conspicuous. •

D. — Scutellum very large.

E. — Scutellum quite convex, covering nearly the whole abdomen

Scutelleridae.

EE. — Scutellum nearly flat, attenuated posteriorly Penlatomidae.

DD. — Scutellum ordinary.

F. — Antennai inserted above a line drawn from eyes to base of beak ....

Coreidae.
FF. — Anlennte inserted on or below lateral margin of head and on a line

drawn from eyes to base of beak Lygaeidae.

<JC. — Ocelli absent or inconspicuous. Bodies rather soft.

(r. -Terminal joint of antenns not blender Pyrrhocoridae.

(tG. — " " " " long and slender Phytocor'dae.

BB. — Bodies decidedly flattened or else decidedly concave above, beak 3-jointed.

H, — Antennae tapering. Body very flat Cimicidae.

HH. — Antennne enlarging at tip or clulibed.

/. —Wings more than covering abdomen, gauze like

Tingitidae.

— 26 —

//. Winsrs not covering the abdomen.
J. — Margins of thorax and abd<imen elevated, angular, head not

flattened Phymatidae.

■ JJ. — Thorax and abilonien exceedin;4ly depressed, (live under

bark) Aradidae.

,1.-1. Head cylindrical, distinctly separate from bxly, base of rostriun curved. An-
tenna; usually tapering, prothorax with transverse suture.

K. —Rostrum long, slender Nabidae.

A'A'.— Rostrum short, stout Reduviidae.

** ANTENN.\E (EXCEPT IN G.VLGULIDAE) PROMINENT.
tt Le<is ((sudlly very long and slender, the tarsi variously modified for locomotion on

sutface of writer or life in marshy places.
A. — Antenme very conspicuous.

B. — Antenn3e slender. Bodies linear Hydrometridae.

BB. — Antennx short and thick or with basal joint stout and outer joints slender

Velliidae,
TiBB. — Antennae long, conspicuous.

C — Ocelli and scutellum apparently absent Hydrobatidae.

(76'. -Ocelli present, size small Saldidae.

A A. — Antennee inconspicuous, ocelli present Galgulidae.

*** ANTENNAE ALWAYS CONCEALED IN CAVITIES OF THE HEAD.
ttt Legs often ciliated, {xiquatic forms.)
A. — Head inserted in prothorax, fore tarsi normal.
B. — Bodies flat oval or ovate.

C. —Without caudal seta; Naucoridae.

CC. — With strap-like caudal appendage Belostomidae.

BB. — Bodies flat, ova!, ovate or elongated, with long respiratory caudal setK

Nepidae.

BBB. -Bodies thick, usually soft, convex above Notonectidae.

AA. — Head overlapping the prothoiax, f(jre tarsi flattened and ciliated, . . .Corisidae.

HOMOPTERA.

* BEAK DISTIN'CTLY SEPAR.VTE FROM STERNUM.
Tarsi tliree-jointed. Antenna' minute, .setifw'm.
^. — Wings more or less opaque, usually narrow, sometimes very broad.

B. — Prothorax well developed. Antenna; placed between the eyes. Scutelluni
triangular,
t' -Bodies usually rather slender, front little, if any, produced or carinated.

D. — Ocelli on vertex Tettigonidae.

DD. — Ocelli on front Jassidae.

CC. — Bodies usually stout, ocelli on vertex, front usually carinate. ... Cercopidae.
BB. — Prothorax weak, often but slightly developed, antenn;^ and ocelli placed
beneath the eyes, front often produced, scutellum inconspicuous.. Fulgoridae.
^Ll. — W'ings entirely membranous, strongly veined.

D. — Prothorax normal, not covering wings. W'ings broad, size large, males

musical Cicadidae.

DD. — Prothorax greatly enlarged, covering the wings and often the entire body
Membracidae.

—27 —

** BEAK APPARKNTLY ARISING FROM STERNUM.
Tarsi one- or two-joinled. All of small size. AnieamK prominent, KsuaUyjUlform.
A. — Tarsi usually 2-iointecl, \viiiu;s, when ]ircsent, four.
B. — Beak 3 or 4-jointed.

C. — Antennae lo-joinied Psyllidae.

CC — Antennns 3 to 7 -jointed Aphididae.

BB. — Beak 2-jointed Abyrodidae.

.L4. -Tar .-<i one-jointed. Males with two wings, females never winged. Enclosed
in waxy scales closely adherent to l)ark or leaves, or clothed with cottony down.
Coccidae.

PARASITA.

The American species are contained in one family Pedicul'dae.

MALLOPHAGA.

A. -Antenna; filiform. Maxillaiy pnlpi absent, tarsi short Philopteridae.

.L4.- -Antenna* capitate. Maxillary palpi conspicuous, tarsi long Liotheidae.

THYSANOPTERA.

These are conveniently grouped in one family Thripidae.

An abnormal Lucanus cervus *

At tlie Jantiarv meeting of the Societ}' Mr. L, C. Schenk e.xhibited
a rj' sp)ecimen of Lucanus ccrvus with apparently somewhat aborted man-
clii)les. It seemed at first as if here was onlv a case of accidental injtirv
in an early stage; but more careful study has developed a very interesting
malformation. In size the specimen ratner exceeds the average (^ of
cervus, and up to the head, is normal. The right side of the head to the
mandible, is normal, the antenna complete. The mandible is distorted,
lacking the teeth, ami the point bent inwardl}- and joining the front under
the labrum. It is perfectly immobile, and forms an irregular loop.
The left side t^f the head is shorter than the right; but retains the
normal sculpture to the tront. The antenna is aborted, the basal joint
much shorter than that of the opposite side, tlie remaining joints irregu-
lar, the club wanting. The eye is irregular in shape, and somewhat
tlattened. The front is oblique, the clypeus twi.sted side\va3's by the
right mandible. The left mandible is wanting, its place occupied by an
imperfect female head, with two perfect though immobile mandibles. The
palpi and labrum are aborted and form a queer inlergrade between (^
and 9 ^11^1 appear partly to belong to the (^ and partly to the 9 head.
The palpi are hardly half the length of those o( a normal (^. Altogether
this is the most remarkable abnormity it has been my fortune to see. J.B.S.

* Read hefore the Erookl. Knt. .Soc. March 1885.

—28 —

Synopses of Cerambycidae *

Bv Chaki.f:s W. Lkng. B. S.
GNAPHALODES, Thorns.
A species belonging to this genus has occured in Texas. It should
be placed before Chwn with the following definition:

Prothorax ivilh lateral spine behind /he middle; antenmr densely fring-
ed beneath, inner angle of joints 4-j spinose; elytra Inspinose at tip, episterna
of metathorax ivide, scent pores distinct.

The scutellum is triangular, larger than in Chion, and the eyes are
less coarsely granulated; the prosternum is perpendicular behind, and the
mesosternum convex. The body is brown, uniformly clothed with gray
brown pubescence, paler and more dense on the scutellum. The species
may be considered an occasional visitor rather than a permanent addi-
tion to our fauna.

G. trachyderoides Thorns. Class. Long. p. 236; acuticornis Chev. Dej. Cat.
page 152.

CHION, Neicm.

Contains one species, a large grayish brown insect with rounded
prothora.x, spined at sides and bispinose elytra. It varies greatly in color
and may or may not bear a yellowish arcuate blotch on each elytron be-
fore the middle. Length 25 — 37 mm. = i — 1.5 inches. Hab. America
borealis.

C. cinctus, Drury, 111., 2. 1773. Ind. I, p. 85, t. 37, f. 6. Harris, Iiij. Ins.
81; ruricola (imel. ed Lnin. 1,4, p. i860; nisticus Fab. Sp. Ins. I, 228; baltvafu.-<
Deg. Mem. V, iii, t. 14, f. 3; cfarganicus Fab. Syst. Ent. 178; ^ spinosus Hald.
Tr. Am. I'hil. Soc. X, 32.

EBURIA, Sen:

Contains several species of moderate size readily distinguished b\
the two pairs of ivory spots on the elytra. We reproduce the Synopsis
offered by Dr. Leconte in 1873, ^^^ published in S. M.C., No. 264.

A. — Middle and hind femora produced at tip into two acute spines; elytra bispinose
at tip;
a. — Front co.\?e not angulated. fissure completely closed; prothorax abruptly con-
stricted before and behind, tuberculate and strongly armed on the sides: color
piceous;

Body glabrous above, slightly pubescent beneath, prothorax feebly grossly
punctured, elytra with very small ivory spots of which the medial pair and

the outer basal one are frequently wanting Ulkei.

Body densely and finely pubescent, prothorax with a few very large punct-
ures; elytral spots small, distant, outer basal one sometimes wanting, ely-
tral spines small stigmatica.

* Synopses of the preceding genera will be found in the Bull. Brookl. Ent. .Soc.
Vol. VII.

— 29 —

f), — Front coxK aiigulated; proihorax densely and coarsely punctured, sides sub
luberculate in front, lateral spine small, acute, dorsal callosities denuded,
color testaceous;

Lateral tubercle of protlioi ax very distinct; elytra with outer spine shorter,

and ivory spots smaller Haldemani.

Lateral tubercle of pruthorax feeble, elytra with outer spine longer, and ivory

spots larger 4-geminata.

c. — Front coxre angulated ; prothorax densely and finely punctured, transversely
impressed before and behind the middle, lateral spine acute, color testaceous;

Ivory spots very unequal, thoracic spine strong stigma.

Ivory spots equal, large; thoracic spine very small, femoral spines very long.

distincta.

B. — Femora with short apical spines; elytra obliquely truncate inwards at tip, pro-
thorax coarsely and densely punctured, rounded on the sides, with two denuded
dorsal callosities; color testaceous; front coxse distinctly angulated.

Ivory spots of elytra unequal ovicollis.

C. — Femora without spines, apical angles obtuse; elytra transversely subtruncate; pro-
thorax with four dorsal callosities before the middle, lateral spine very small; front
coxae not angulated;
Abdomen densely, but equally and less finely punctured; sides of prothorax much

roimded in front of the spine, ivory spots small tumida.

Abdomen unequally punctured, sides of prothorax very feebly rounded in front;

Ivory spots geminate, apex of elytra truncate mutica.

Ivory spots single, apex of elytra nearly rounded, with a small sutural spine...

manca.

E. Ulkei Bland, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., I, 270.
Length 27 mm. -= 1.08 inch. Hab. Lower Cal.

E. stigmatica Chevr. Col. Mex. fasc. 3, 1834, No. 60; perfuraia Lee. S.M.C.
No. 264, p. 180.'

Length 23 — 30 mm. = .92- -i. 20 inch. Hab. Tex.

E. Haldemani Lee. J. A. P. ser. 2, II, p. 102.

Length 19 — 30 mm. =^.75 to 1.20 inch. Hab. Texas, Florida.

E. 4-geminata Say, J. A. P., V, 2, 1827, p. 275. Lee. J. A. P. ser. 2, II, p. u.
Chev. Ann. Fr. 1862, p. 265.

Length 23—30 mm. = .90—1.20 inch. Hab. Atlantic States.

E. stigma Oliv. Ent. IV, 67, p. 126, t. 23, f. 180.

Length 18.5 mm. = .70 inch. Hab. Cuba, Florida.

E. distincta Hald. Proc. A. P. HI, 1845, p. 150; Dej. Cat. 3d ed. p. 351.

Length 22 — 25 mm. =.90 — 1.00 inch. Hab. Ga. and Miss.

E. ovicollis Lee. S.M.C. No. 264, p. 180.

Length 18—23 mm. = .72— .92 inch. Hab. Texas.

E. mutica Lee. Proc. Ac. Phil. VI, 1853, p. 233.

Length 17—21 mm. = .60— .80 inch. Hab. Texas.

E. manca Lee. S.M.C. No. 264, p. 181.

Length 15 -20 mm. = .60-. 80 inch. Hab. Texas.
ROMALEUM, White.
The species of this genus differ from Elaphidion, with which they
have been united, by the more robust form and by the episterna of the

ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 5

— 30—

uietathorax be'uvj, distinctly though slightly wider in liont, and giadualU
narrowed behind. 'Jlie femora are not spinose and the spines of the an-
tenna,- are never long. The antenna; are longer than the body in (^,
the prothorax is very densel\- punctured with a posterior medial channel
and liorsal cicatrices. In 9 ^^^ antenna; are shorter and the prothorax
coarsely punctured with a medial and two dorsal callosities. The species
are separated as follows:

Uody uniformly finely pubesceiii ;

Buih angles uf 3cl and 4ih joint of aniennut; spinose procerum.

CJuier angles only sp.iiose simplicicoUe.

Body irregularly pubisct-nt, with spots of coar.ser and denser hnii ;

Pubescence molt led irregular atomarium.

I'ubisccnce uniform, fulvous rufulum.

Spar,-.e!y pubescent, elytra very coarsely punctured before ihe middle, with an ine
gular transverse patch ol white pub.'scence at the middle taeniatum.

R. procerum Ixc. I'roc. Ae. Phil. 1859, p. 88.

Length 37.5 mm. = 1.5 inch. Hab. New Mexico, Cal.

R. simplicicoUe Hald. Proc. Ac. Phil. IIJ, p. 151; Lcc. Juurn. Acad. Nat.
.Sei. Phil, ser, 2, II, p. 12; palverulentu.s Hald. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. X, p. 32; Leconiei
Dej. Cat. 3d ed. p. 352; Chev. Jouin. of Ent. 1, p. 243.

Length 44 mm. = 1.75 inch. Hab. United States.
The two species above mentioned are very close, and separable only
bv characters given in the table. The species of this and the succeeding
genus are founded on structural differences, in which the family Cetam-
bycidae is so rich. In the present and in other instances these differences
are so slight as to indicate that the species arc either of very recent ori-
gin or are now tending to coalesce. We fail however to find i ntergrades
which would justify us in uniting the species and merely caution the
student that the table must be followed very literally to correctly identify
specimens, i?. aperarium. White, = one of the above species.

Since the above was in type, Dr. Horn writes as follows: "Alter
examining my series, I can not separate procerum and simplicuolk. and
would advise their union under the former name. The arrangement of
the antennal spines is an illusory and evanescent character."

R. atomariuin Drury, 111. II, 1773, Ind. 1, p. 93. t. 41, f. 6; I^c. J. A. P. ser. 2,
II, p. 177; mwylandicus Fab. Syst. Ent. p. 179; Uliv. Ent. IV, 70, p. 6, t. i, f. 5;
nodticolc/r L. ed. Gmel. I. 4, p. iS^y ; pulvei-ulentus De G. Ins. V, p. 118, t. 14, f. 12.

Ixingth 22- 31 mm. = .88—1.22 inch. Hab. Middle and Southern Slates.

R. rufulum Hald. Trans. Am. Phil. X, p. 32.

l.ength 22 — 28 mm. = .88— 1. 15 inch. Hab. Middle States.

These are again closely related. The fulvous color will distinguish
rufulum as well as the uniform pubescence: atomarium being darker in
every specimen we have seen.

_3i —

R. taeniatum Le. . Proc. Ac. Phii. VII, 1851, p.8i.
L-ength 20—25 "^'"- =.So— i.oo inch. Hab. Texas.

A veiv distinct species, intermediating somewhat in appearance be-
tween this -.111(1 the tuliowing genus.

ELAPHIDION, Serv.

In this genus the metathoracic episterna are scarcely wider in front
than behind. 'I'he prothorax in sculpture and form and the spines of
thighs, elytra and antennae vary in every conceivable degree and are the
basis upon which most of the numerous species have been erected. In
general the species o^ EiiphMon are more slender and smaller than those
iii Romaleum. The species require renewed and careful study, which
can only he made however, with Dr. T.econte's types at hand for com-
j)arison.

SYNOPSIS OF ELAPHIDION.

A. — Antennx and elytra with very long spine.s; thigh.s spino.se at tip; prothorax per-
pendicular behind, mesosternum gibbous; prothorax ^ O similar with several
callosities;
Antennoe rj' longer than the body;

Above glabrous, with patches of white hair irroratum.

Above clothed irregularly with gray pubescence mucronatum.

Antennte rf not longer than the body;

Uniformly pube.scent, scarcely mottled on the elytra tectum.

B. — Antenna! spines small; elytra rounded at tip, sutural spine distinct; prothorax
broadly rounded at sides, coarsely and deeply punctured with three narrow
smooth spaces;

Rather slender, piceous, thinly clothed with long flying hairs alienum.

C. — Antennal spines small; prosternum rounded behind, mesosternum obliquely decli-
vous; thighs not spinose at tip; prothorax (^ finely, 9 more coarsely punctured;
(scent pores indistinct in a, b, or very obvious c, or wanting d);
a. — Prothorax rounded on the sides with several dorsal callosities, elytra truncate
and strongly bispinose at tip;

Pubescence grayish brown, mottled incertum.

b. — Prothorax feebly rounded on the sides, elytra uni- or not spinose at tip, pubes-
cence grayish brown, mottled;
Thorax with a medial smooth space, and no dorsal callosities; tip of elytra trunc

ale inwards, not spinose. inerme.

Thorax with a medial smooth space and two small discoidal callosities; tip of

elytra subtruncate, sutural spine distinct truncatum.

Thorax more rounded on the sides, dorsal space coarsely punctured; tip of elytra

rounded, suture not spinose spurcum.

<•. —Prothorax scarcely rounded on the sides, nearly cylindrical (except in pumilum);
elytra bi.spinose;
Pubescence mottled, flying hairs not very obvious; elytra! spines long; legs den-
sely punctured and pubescent;

—32—

Prolhoiax scarcely longer llian wide villosum.

Prothorax disiinclly longer than wide parallelum .

Pubescence mottled, flying hairs very long and ininierous on legs and aiUennoe:
legs very sparsely punctured;

Elytral spines very short pumilum.

Pubescence sparse, coarse, uniform; body very long and slender, coarsely punct-
ured; legs coarsely punctured;

Flying haus sparse; antennal and elytral spines moderately long

subpubescens.

Flying hairs long; spines long aculeatum.

Body shining testaceous, sparsely punctured and nearly glabrous;

Flying hairs sparse; elytral spines long unicolor.

(/. — Prothorax rounded on the sides, coarsely punctured ((;/'9) without callosities;
body more robust, uniformly coarsely and sparsely pubescent, elytra rounded

at tip; legs coarsely punctured ... moestum.

D. — Antennal spines completely wanting; thighs not spino.se; pubescence uniform,
sparse; form slender, prothorax feebly rounded on the sides;
Pubescence intermixed with long flying hairs; elytra rounded at tip, legs very finely

pubescent, scarcely punctured; metasternum without odoriferous pores

punctatum.

Thinly clothed with long flying hairs; elytra rounded and slightly truncate at lip;

thighs finely punctulate with sparse .setigerous punctures; metasternum with

distinct odoriferous pores imbelle.

Pube.scence without long flymg hairs; elytra truncate at tip, legs very coarsely
punctured; punctuation of prothorax r^O dissimilar cinerascens.

E. irroratum Linn. Sy.st. Nat. ed XII. p. 633; Drury, 111. I, p. 92, t. 41, f. 3:
Mope, Trans. Zool. Soc. I, p. 107; Jacq. Duv. Hist. Club, 1857, p. 266, t. 10, f. 7.

Length 19 mm. = .75 inch. Hab. Cuba,' New York, Ills.
The thigh.s are distinctly spinose in all that we have, but two speci-
mens from Illinois which are otherwise similiar have the antennal spines
moderate.

E. mucronatum. Say, J.A.P. Ill, 1823, p. 427; Nevvn. Ent. p. 27; muricatuni
Hald. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. X, p. 33; nebulosiini Guer. Ic. regn. anun. Ill, p. 255:
Dej. Cat. 3d ed. p. 352.

length 15—19 mm. = .60 — .75 inch. Hab. Mass. to Florida and westward to
Missouri.

A common and distinct form.

E. tectum I^c. Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. XVII, 413.
Length 15.6 mm. = .62 inch. Hab. Florida.

We have not seen this species.

E. alienum Lee. Tr. Am. Ent. Soc. V, 173.
Length 14. 5 mm. = .58 inch. Hab. Arizona.

Ur. Leconte's description does not describe the thighs, and having
no specimen before us we are unable to place it in any previous division.
It appears to be a quite distinct form from characters given in table.

—33 —

E. incertum Newn. Eat. p. 28; Lee. J. A. P. ser. 2, II, p. 13; a.spensvts Ilald.
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc X, 1847, p. 32; vic'umm Hald. Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. X, ^t,;
neglectum Lee. Jouni. Ac, N. Se., Phil. ser. 2, II, 13.

Length 17.5 mm. = .70 ineh. Hab. New York.

E. inerme Newn. Ent. p. 29..

Length 12 — 15 mm. =..5 —.6 ineh. Hab. Pennsylvania, Tex.
All the specimens we have answering to the description are from
Texas and are small and slender.

E. truncatum Hald. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. X, p. ^;i; dehile Lee. Proc. Ac. Sc.
Phil. VI, 442.

Length 14—19 mm. = .56 -.75 inch. Hab. Texas.
Our only specimen is large and robust.

E. spurcum Lee. Proc. Ac. Phil. VI, p. 422.

Length 14 mm. = .45 inch. Hab. Texas near Mexican boundary.
The pubescence is distinctly mottled.

E. villosum Fab. Ent. Syst. I, 2, p. 302; Newn. Ent. p. 28; patator Peck,
Harris Ins. Mass. p. 81.

Length 18 mm. = .70 inch. Hah. Middle and Southern States.

E. parallelum Newm. Ent. p. 29; Lee. J. A. P. ser. 2, II, p. 103; Chev. Ann.
Fr. 1862, p. 262; murinus Dej. Cat. 3d ed. p. 352; pusilhis Dej. Cat. I.e.; oblitus
Lee. J. A. P. ser. 2, II, p. 14; arctus Newn. Ent. p. 29; Lee. J.A.P. ser. 2, II, p. 16.

Length and Habitat same as villosum.

These common species differ markedly in the form of prothorax as
well as in parallelum being usually much more slender. The 5th ventral
segment in (^ villosum is rounded at tip, while in (^ parallelum it is
truncate.

E. pumilum Newn. Ent. p. 29; Lee. J.A.P. ser. 2, II, p. 14.
Length 9 mm. = .36 inch. Hab. Georgia, Tex.

This species is easily identified by synopsis.
E. subpubescens Lee. Proc. Ac. Phil. XIV, p. 41.
Length 17.5 mm. = .70 inch. Hab. New Jersey, Tex.
E. aculeatum Lee. S.M.C. No. 264, p. 184.
Length 15 mm. = .60 inch. Hab. Texas.

These two species are closely allied and distinguished from other
species by their very slender form.

E. unicolor Rand. Best. Journ. II, 1838, p. 42.

Length 11 mm. = .45 inch. Hab. Atlantic States.

The slender scarcely pubescent body and elytra distinguish this
species at once.

E. moestum Lee. Proc. Ac. Phil. VI, p. 442.
Length 13 — 15 mm. = .50 — .60 inch. Hab. Texas.

Resembles spurcum in size and robust form, but differs in elytral
spines and pubescence which is sparse, exposing the dark brown color
of the body and elytra.

—34—

E. punctatum I.ec. S.M.C. No. 264, p. 1S5.
Ltiigth 10—12 mm. = .40 — .48 inch. Hah. Lower Cal.
E. imbelle Lee. Buff. Bull. IV, 27.
Length 17.3 mm. = .70 inch. Hab. California.
E. cinerascens Lee. Journ. Ac. Se. Phil. ser. 2, II, p. 15.
Length 8.5 — 12.5 mm. ^= .35 — .50 inch. Hab. Fa. Tex.
The three species above named are sufficiently characteri.sed I1}' the
svnopsis. £. ptinctatum we have not seen.

NoTK. — I shall be glad to see any specimens o{ Elaphidion which do
not fall within the descriptions above given, or which seem to intergrade
between them. Quite large series have served on the whole to confirm
Dr. Leconte's views on this genus and specimens needing special atten-
tion will be therefore very interesting and meet with prompt recogniti<»n
in these columns. Such may be sent to Mr. Chas. \V. T^eng, P.O. Ho.x
3565, New York.

ANEFLUS, Zee-.

This genus is rendered necessary for certain species which complete-
ly resemble the elongate forms of ElaphvUon [subpubescens etc.) in ap-
pearance, but differ by having the joints of the antennae from the stli
flattened and distinctly carinate along the middle of the flat sides.

SYNOPSIS OF ANEFLUS.

Trothora.x distinctly dilated, and feebly angulated on the sides; elytra bispinose at
tip; hind tibiae scarcely carinate; palpi unequal, with the last joint dilated, tri-
angular;

Very large, .spines of antennae moderately long protensus.

Prothorax cylindrical, sides nearly straight;

Third joint of antennse with a spine a little longer than that of 4th joint; palpi witli
last joint not dilated;
Elytra emarginate at tip, slightly bispinose, flying hairs of tibia long, not very

numerous linearis.

Third joint of antennae with spine much longer;

Elytra emarginate at tip, flying hairs of tibine not conspicuous, palpi with last

joint not dilated tenuis.

Elytra truncate at tip, suture more prominent, flying hairs of tibiae long, numer-
ous; palpi very unequal, with last joint triangular, dilated; (antennal cari-

nae obsolete) ' volitans.

Antennal joints 3 — 6 with short spines, distinctly carinate; apex of elytra with two
long spines; last joint of palpi elongate, triangular prolixus.

A. protensus Lee. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1858, p. 82.
Length 30 mm. = 1.22 inch. Hab. Arizona.
A. linearis Lee. Proc. Ac. Phil. 1859, p. 80.
Length 10 mm. = .41 inch. Hab. California.

—35—

A. tenuis Lee. Proc. Ac. I'hil. VII, p. 8i.

Length 1.25 mm. = .50 inch. Hab. Texas and Arizona.
In this species, as in the preceding, the palpi are not dilated and
are not very unequal: the hind libiit are however much more distinctly
carinaled. the spine of the 3d antcnnal jt)int is two-thirds as long as the
4th joint and the spine of tlie latter is quite small.

A. volitans Lee. S. M.C. No. 264. 1873, p. 186.

Length lo mm. = .40 inch. Hab. Lower Cal.
In tliis species as in pro/ nsiis the first joint of the antennae is longer
and less thickened than in linearis and slightly curved, the outer joints
are scarcely carinate, the spine of the 3d joint is two-thirds as long as the
4th joint and the spine of tne latter is also long, being fully one third as
long as 5tli joint. The hind tibia; are only feebly carinate.

A. prolixus Lee. S. M.C, No. 264, 1873, p. 203.

Length 25 mm. = i inch. Hab. Lower Cal.

The antennse are very distinctly carinate, of (j^ nearly as long as body,

9 scarcely two-thirds as long. The appearance of a transverse line on
the disk of prothorax is the result ot the arrangement of the pubescence
rather than a positive elevation.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES I & II.

1 Tetropium cinnamopteruni, 18 Xylocrius eribratus,

2 Upsimus 4-lineatus, 19 Malacopterus vittatus,

3 ^modicum cucujiforme, 20 Ueme rigida,

4 (ionoeallus collaris, 21 " strangulata,

5 Fhysocnemum breviUneus, 22 Euerossus vilicornis,

6 " Andrete (Elytra), 23 Dryobius 6-faseiatus,

7 Khopalopus sanguinieollis, 24 Haplidus testaeeus,

8 liylotrupes bajulus, 25 Aehryson surinamense,

9 " ligneus, 26 GraciUa minuta,

10 Fhymatodes variabilis, 27 Axestinus obseurus,

11 " dimidiatus, 27a " " antenna,

12 " vulneratus, 28 Brothylus conspersus,

13 " varius, 29 Osmidus guttatus,

14 " deeussatus and nitidiis, 30 Stromatium pubescens,

15 Merium proteus, 31 Antenna of ^ne/i(t.s,

16 CalHdium antennatum, 32 Gnaphalodes traehyderoides.

17 " hirtellum,

[By the error of the Photo Engraving Co., the plates were made
rather smaller than ordered. The actual size of insects figured is therefore
somewhat greater than intlicated. Most of the species here figured were
described in Bulletin, Vol. VII.]

-36-

Synopses of Butterflies*

By Rev. Geo. D. Hulst.

EREBIA, Dalm.

1. Tyndarus Esp. Schiii. I, 2, p. 97, pi. 67. Calliti.'i W. H. Edw. Trans. Am.
Ent. Soc. 3, 274.

Above brown; on disk of primaries covering the discoidal and
upper median interspaces a triangular castaneous patch enclosing a black
duplex spot, both parts ocellated. Secondaries with three black spots
each in a pale castaneous ring. Underside of primaries castaneous ex-
cept the costal edge and apex which are gray; same markings as above.
Secondaries grav with a brown tint; the disk crossed with a deepl}' cre-
nated line, anterior to which near base is another similar line nearly ob-
solete: spots as above.

Expands i .5 inches. Colorado.

2. Haydenii \V. H. Edw. Rep. Hayden Exp. Montana, 1872, 467. Trans.
Am. Ent. Soc. 5, 19.

Upper side fuscous, immaculate. Underside a shade paler, much
marbled with gray scales; primaries immaculate; secondaries with a com-
plete series of black ocelli along the edge of outer margin, one in each
interspace, each ocellus narrowly ringed with ochraceous and having a
minute white pupil.

Expands 1.6 inches. Taken at Yellowstone Lake.

3. Epipsodea Butl. Cat. Sat. B.M., p. 80, pi. 2, f. 9, Modkt W. H. Edw.
Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 3, 273.

Body black. Wings above, uniform dark brown; the primaries
generally have 3 ocellated subiparginal spots, 2 towards the apex, the
third post median; all are surrounded with bright reddish brown. There
is a row of corresponding ocellated spots on secondaries, varying in
number. Beneath primaries somewhat paler with spots repeated; secon-
daries paler on outer third, the ocellated spots not edged with reddish
brown.

Expands 1.5 inches. Colorado, Montana.

4. Magdalena Streck. Bull. Brookl. Ent. Soc. 3, 35.

Upper surface of wings entirely and uniformly dark blackish brown.
Beneath as above with the outer third a shade lighter.
Expands 2 inches. Colorado.

5. Disa Var. Mancinus Doub. Hew. Gen. Diur. Lap. II, p. 380, pi. 54.
Upper side deep sooty black; primaries slightly reddish towards

* These Synopses are continued from the "Bulletin". Descriptions of the spe-
cies of the preceding genera will be found in Vol. I to Vol. VII of that publication.

—37-

outer margin; a submar^inal row of reddish spots the two nearest the
apex more distinctly pu[)illed. Beneath primaries as above: secondaries
brown densely powdered with silvery white scales giving a grayish cast:
there is a broati mecUan bunf of sooty black, deeply indented towards
base, regularly sinuate outwardly; at the costal margin and on the outer
edge of this band is a triangular patch of white; also a white spot on
second submedian nervule; a submarginal row of faint blackish lunules
is also present.

Rocky Mts , Alaska.

6. Rossii Curt. App. Ross' 2d Voyage, p. 67, pi. A, f. 7.

Wings uniform dark reddish brown above and below, somewhat
paler below. On the primaries towards apex are two ocellated spots close
together which are repeated below.

Expands 2 inches. Arctic Am.

7. Discoidalis Kirb. Fauna Bor. Am. IV, p. 29S, pi. 3, f. 2, 3.

Body brown. Wings brown: costa spotted with gray; a triangular
obscure tawny reddish discoidal stripe from base to posterior margin on
primaries. This spot is also on the underside of the primaries, and the
wing is tipped with gray. Secondaries beneath distinctly marbled and
clouded with gray and whitish.

Expands 1.5 inches. Arctic Am.

8. Fasciata Butl. Cat. S. B.M., p. 92, pi. 2, f. 8.

Wings above much as in distoidalis. Below the primaries are paler
with three darker fasciae: one basal indistinct; the second broadly median,
broadest at costa: the third marginal. Secondaries beneath whitish cin-
ereous with three darker fascia;: the first basal, confused; the second
median, undulating; the third marginal.

Expands 2 — 2. 5 inches. Arctic Am.

9. Sofia Streck. Bull. Brookl. Ent. Soc. 3, 35.

Upper surface dark brown. Primaries crossed with a submarginal
rusty yellow band, the same color evident in the discoidal cell. Second-
aries with a submarginal row of four rust colored spots. Beneath prim-
aries with band repeated but paler. Secondaries also lighter, the spots
white.

Expands 1.5 inches. Ft. Churchill, Brit. Am.

VESAGUS Doub. Hew. Gen. Diur. Lep. 380, pi. 64, f. 3,
has been catalogued as a N.A. species oi Erebia and thus stands in Mr.
W. H. Edwards' latest catalogue, 1885. But it undoubtedly does not
belong to our fauna. In Doub. Hew,, where it is figured and named
without description, to the name is added, "Rocky Mountains'', with an
interrogation mark; showing the locality was uncertain. Kirby catalogues
it p. 64, 1. 36 with the .?. Dr. Morris in his catalogue, p. 10. leaves

ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICVNA..

-38-

the ? out, as (.loes Weidemcyer p. 27, svhii gives it tlie locality "U. S. ".
W. H. Edw. in all iiis catalogues leaves out the ?, and in the one of
1877 adds to locality "(Prob. Brit. Am.)''. All these were made without
a personal knowledge of the insect. Strecker in his catalogue, 1878, p.
151, (prt)bably under the suggestion of Hewitson), expresses his convict-
ion that the species is not North American but Soutn American. Kirby,
Cat. of the Diur. Lep. in CJoll. W. C. Hewitson 1879, p. 130, gives
without any e.xpression of doubt, locality '"South America''. Wether this
is based on the previous knowledge of Mr. Hewitson, or on evidence
gained by Mr. Butler l)y new materia! I do not know; but in view of it,
the locality originally surmised must have been an error, and in the
present state of the case, the species must be dropped from our lists.
No authenticated specimen has ever been taken in North America so far
as 1 can learn.

The most of our species of Erebia have been named on very limited
material, not always in the best condition. It is probable a large gather-
ing of material vvill very greatly modify our present list.

My thanks are given to Dr. H. A. Hagen of Cambridge, and Rev.
W. J. Holland of Pittsburgh i'or very valuable assistance in the above
Synopsis.

Notes and News.

STYLOPIDiE.

The species of this family are very rare indeed in American collect-
ions, but seem more common in Europe. In an old number of the
"journal of Microscopy and Natural Science" is an article on the subject
from which I cjuote: "On another occasion saw about 20 iiying, but they
were so high from the ground he could only capture half a dozen. The
little animals are exceedingly graceful in their flight, taking long sweeps
as if carried along by a gentle breeze, and occasional! yhovering at a few
inches from the ground". They are in Europe parasitic on Andrena,
which is a very early species, flying in April. The (^(^ are said to em-
erge from the pupse early in the morning — 9 to 11 a.m.

Our species, Xenos Peckii is parasitic on Polistes and I have very
often seen the head of the pupa projecting between the segments of the
abdomen of our common species. In the "classification" it is stated that
the head of the pupa case of the (^ is convex; that of of the 9 '^'^'^' Spe-
cimens o'i Polistes found with a ^ pupa might be confined with proper
food until the parasite emerges. Suppose some of our Collectors turn
their attention to Stylops this s()ring! J. B. S.

—39—

Looking over the new edition of the "International Scientist's Di-
rectory" we tind that out of 4821 names of Scientists from the U. S. and
Can. 620 have Entomology specified as one of their studies. Of these,
229 have Ent. added as one of several branches in which they are inter-
ested. Among these there are a few well known Entomologists, but a
large pn>j)ortion consists of those omnivorous individuals for whom the
circle of Sciences seems too small, and who have tacked on all \X\& ologies
besides numerous other things not ending in ology. 47 are Entomolo-
gists pure and unadulterated, apparent!}- without specialty. The remain-
der e.\press a preference for one or the other of ttie orders; and the Lepi-
dopterists head the list with 129 devotees — some of them have Z<'//</. only
as one of several other pursuits, but have no other specialty in Entomo-
logy, The Coleoptera follow with a company of 93 — while the two orders;
Col. et Lep. are combined by 73 individuals. A weakness for Hymcnop-
tera is confessed by 10; for Dip/era by 6; for Hemiptera by 5; {ox Xeurop-
kra by 4, while Mr. Bruner as sole representative of the Orthoptera brings
up the rear. 14 are interested in several orders. The Lepidopl<ra are
combined with the Diptera three times; with the Neuropiera twice;
with the Orthopkra once. The Coleoptera aVe combined with the Hyvun-
optera three times; once each with HcinipLra, Oiiho/>hra and Diptera;
while one ambitious individual collects; Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Gen-
eral Curiosities. I'hese figures are suggestive, and should induce young
students to take up some of the neglected orders: there is an immense
field for work in them, and "Entomologica"' will do all it can to ease
the work by presenting introductory synopses of famiHes in all orders.
Mr. Bruner, the single Orthnpterist feels solitary, and to induce others to
join him will prepare an outline synopsis of that order for an early No. of

this Journal.

* *

We hear that Dr. Horn has been elected on honorarv member of
the Entomological Society of France. They have but six honorary
members outside of France, and to be ranked as one of them is of itself
sufficient testimony of the high standing Dr. Horn has made for himself
in the Entomological world. We know of none better deserving such a

distinction.

* .. *

Apropos of your notice on Water Beetles, I recollect being very
much surprised not long since to notice some species, bobbing their
heads ggainst the ice (from below be it understood). 1 could hardly be-
lieve my eyes at first, but wherever I found a bit of transparent ice, I
could with a little patience notice the insects swimming round below.

* * * C. W. Lexg.

— 40—

This is a good place to call the attention of readers to the fact that
No. 3 of this Journal will be sent only to those who have sent in their
subscription before that number is issued. We are sorry to make such
a provision, but we have not yet been able to find a printer sufficiently
interested in the advancement of Entomology to print our paper for less
than regular price in "Hard Cash'.

Society News.

Brooklyn Entomological Society, April 7th. —Twenty-one members, and
one visitor present; the Vice-Pres. Mr. E. L. Gra;f in the chair. Messrs. A. E.
Briinn and W. H. Danby of Brooklyn and Mr. K. M. Aaron of Philadelphia
were elected members of the Society. Prof. F. Fillou of Brooklyn was proposed
for membership by Mr. Cramer.

Letters from Messrs. A. Salle, Baron C. E. von Osten-Sacken, and Rev.
John G. Morris acknowledging their election as honorary members were read
bj' the Secretary.

Mr. Smith presented his Rej^ort as Editor for Vol. VII of the Bulletin.

Entire cost of Vol $325 45

Receipts from sale of back Volnmes and subscriptions... $157 75
Extra jjp. in Nos. 2 & 3, borne by Messrs. Hulst it Smith... 31 00

Volumes furnished Members 35 00

Exchanges 73 00

Deficit, paid by Society 28 70 $325 45

Mr. Hulst called the attention of the members to a collection of Coenonymph(P,
bi'ought by Mr. Geo. Frank. He said that these specimens added considerable
positive knowledge on the subject of the variation of the species. These speci-
mens, undoubtedly C. ochracea Edw., varied in color of the upper surface of the
wings from a dark brown to a very light buff, the males being darker than the
females. There was also a variation in both sexes, some having ocelli, others
wanting them. Beneath, there was jirst as wide variation in the ground color,
and in the ocelli. The broken white band on the secondaries was aboiit or quite
obsolete in some, in others broad and definite. One specimen had a decidedly
reddish brown submarginal band on the hind wings beneath.

The qvrestion was asked, "might it not be that these were sejDarate species
flying together"?

Mr. Frank said they were taken near St. Paul, Minn. Mostly on the same
day in one small locality; that there was a continuous intergradation and that
he found some widely differing in markings and color, in coitu.

Mr. Hulst spoke at some length upon the subject of the evening "the effect
of external conditions upon Lepidoptera", remarking upon the three influences,
temperature, humidity, and food, and took the ground that the most of direct
and immediate changes in the appearance of the insect, resulting from these
three causes, could be explained on the theory of impaired or redundant vitality.
And in the most of cases where the changes did not apparently follow from im-
paired or redundant vitality, it was only fair, though our knowledge did not give
proof, to suppose these were the operating causes. Considerable exception was
taken to Mr. Hulst's views, but as the hour of adjournment had arrived, nothing
but an ex2<ression of dissent could be given. It was especially thought by some,
that food had often a direct modifying infli;ence.

ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA, MAY, I

■.•• 4

1 I)

1 I)

YO

^/2

ENTOM()I.(K;rCA AMKRILANA, MAY, 1885.

P^i^

Americana

VOL. I.

BROOKLYN, JUNE, 1885.

NO. 3.

Record of some Contributions to the Literature of North
American Beetles, published in 1883—84*

By Samuel Henshaw.

In II the first number (in heavy-faced type) refers to the author-
list in I.

An examination of II shows that twelve (12) authors have described
nine (9) new genera and three-hundred and ninety-five (395) new species.

Anthony, A. C. Casey, T. L.

1 Lebia grandis in Massachusetts.

Quart. Jouin. Bost. Zool. Soc. 1883,
V. 2, p. 16.
Blanchard, F.

2 Note on the habits of Ampbicoma

vulpina.

Bull. Bkl. E. S. 1S83, V. 5, p. 90.

3 Table of Balaninus Germ.

Bull. Bkl. E. S. 1884, V. 7, p. 106-8.

4 Note on the species of Gaurotes Lee.

Bull. Bkl. E. S. 1884, V. 7, p. 108.
Bowditch, F. C.

F) Notes on the habits of Hydrocharis
obtusatus Say and Magdalis olyra
Herbst.

Quart. Journ. Bost. Zool. Soc. i8i
V. 3, p. I -7.
Bowles, G. H.
6 On luminous Insects.

Rept. Ent. Soc. Ontario for 1882.
1883, p. 34, figures.

7 JSotes on Coleoptera.

Bull. Bkl. E. S. 1884, V. 7, p. 64-67.

8 Kevision of the Cucujidre of America

north of Mexico.

Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1884, v. XI,
p. 99-112, plates 4-8.

9 Contributions to the descriptive and

systematic Coleopterology of North
America. Part I.

Phila. 1884, pp. 60, I plate.

10 Revision of the Stenini of America
north of Mexico. «

Phila. 1884, pp. 206, I plate.
(.See Science 1884, v. 4, p. 561.)

11 (Malformation of Acmteops.)

Science 1884, v. 4, No. 96, p. 5 Bull.
Caulfield, F. B.

12 Remarks on Chrysomela scalaris
Lee, Chrysomela labyrinthica Lee.
and Physonota unipuncta Say.

Ca. Ent. 1884, V. 16, p, 226—7.

* This brings the Record of American Coleoptei-ology from where it was left in
the Bulletin, B.E.S., V, 69 -74 to Jan. i, 1S85. J. B. S.

—42-

Chaudoir, Max de.
i;{ Mono^'raphie des Oodides. Part. 2.

Ann. Soc. Ent. France 1882, (1883)

ser. 6, V. 2, p. 485—554.
Clarkson, Frederick.

14 The dung pellet makers.

Ca. Ent. 1884, V. 16, p. 18—19.
Origin and Ibnitution of the term
Scarubaeus.

15 Prionus brevicoi-nis Fabr.

Ca. Ent. 1884, V. 16, p. 95.
Habitats.
Kj Galenica xanthomela'na Scbrank,
Ca. Ent. 1884. V. 16. p. 124— 5.
Destructive to elms at Lomj Island.
Claypole, E. "W.

17 The Colorado Potato -Beetle.

Amer. Nat. 1883, v. 17, p. 1174-75.
No second brood in 1883 ; scarcity
in the Middle States during 1883
(See Science 1883, v. 2, p. 327.)
Coleman, N.

18 The Colorado Potato-Beetle pupating
above the ground.

Quart. Journ. Bost. Zool. Soc. 1883.
V. 2, p. 32.
Coquillett, D. W.

19 Descriptions of a few leaf-eating Co
leopterous larvai.

Ca. Ent. 1883, V. 15, p. 21—23.
Brief descnption of Chrysomela
pallida, C. clivicollis, C. multujut
tis, U. bigsbyana, C, similis, Lenia
collaris, Doryphara juncta, aiidZ).
10-lineata.

20 Notes on the early stages of Xylo-
trechus annosus Say.

Ca. Ent. 1883, V. 15, p. 31-32.

21 Notes on the early stages of Calop-
teron reticulatum Fabr.

Ca. Ent. 1883, V. 15, p. 97—98.

22 Descriptions of a few Elaterid and
allied larvae.

Ca. Ent. 1883, V. 15, p. loi— 2.
Describes Elater nioricollis, An-
drochirus fuscipes, Athoiis cucul-
laius.

23 Notes on the early stages of Lixus
macer Leconte.

Ca. Ent. 1883, V. 15, p. 113.

Deveraux, W. L.

24 Coal tar for the Plum weevil,
Ca. Ent. 1883, V. 15, p. 236.

Ineffectual.

25 Weevil versus Curculio.
Ca. Ent 1884, V. 16, p. 27—29.

Application of the terms.
Dimmock, A. K.

26 Sexual attraction in Prionus.
Psyche, 1884, v. 4, p. 159.

Dimmock, George.

27 Scales of Coleoptera.
Psyche, 1883, v. 4, p. 3-11; 23-27;

43-47; 63-71 •

Describes and figures the scales of
species of CicindeUdce, Dermestida;,
Scarabieidce, Buprestldcv, Elateri-
dcB, PtinidcL', Cerambycidte, and
Curculionidce. Literature of the
subject. See Science 1883, v. 1, p.
203; 1884, v. 3, p. 127—28.

28 Coleoptera.
Stand. Nat. Hist. Bost. 1884, v. 2,
p. 297 — 402, figures.

Popular illustrated account of the
ordef):
Doll, J.
2U (Habits of Dynastes. )

Science, 1884, v. 4, No. 97, p. 6,
Bull.
Duges, E.

30 Metamorphoses du Lyctus planicol-
lis Lee.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 1883, v. 27, p.
54-59> plate.
Duvivier, Antoine,

31 Enumeration des Staphylinides de-
crits depuis la publication du Cata-
logue de MM, Gemminger & de Ha-
rold.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 1883, v. 27,
p. 91-215.
Evans, John D.

32 Remarkable gathering of beetles.
Ca. Ent. 1883. V. 15, p. 237—38.

Forbes, S. A.

33 Insects injurious to the Strawberry.
Trans. Miss. Valley Hort. Soc. 1883,
V. I, p. 50-85.

Describes the habits, early stages

—43—

d-c. of Lachnosterna sp. , Cotalpa
lanigei-a, Paria Q-notata, P. ater-
rima, Otiorhynchus sidcatus and
Tyloderma fragario'.

34 The food relations of the Carabid^e
and Coccinellidae.

Bull. 111. State. Lab. N. H. 1883,
No. 6, p. 33-64,

See also Science 1883, v. 1, p. 317;

Am, Nat. 1883, v. 17, p. 417-19.

35 Twelfth Keport of the State Entomo-
logist on the noxious and beneficial
Insects of the State of Illinois.

Springfield, Illinois, 1883.

Not seen. Gives notes on the Corn-
root worm, Biabrotica longicornis
and the Strawberry Grown borer,
Tyloderma fragarioi. Also re-
marks on the food relations of pre-
daceous beetles.

36 Thirteenth Keport of the State Ento-
mologist on the noxious and benefi-
cial Insects of the State of Illinois.

Springfield, Illinois, 1884.

Includes notes on Dinbrotica longi-
cornis injuring Corn and on the fol-
lowing Strawberry pests, Lachno-
sterna sp., Cotalpa lanigera, Allo-
rhina nitida, Scelodonta piubescens
(= nebulosus), Paria 6-notata, P.
aterrima, Colaspis brunnea, Otio-
rhynchus sulcai^is, Anthonomus
muscidus and Tyloderma fragaricn ^
Figures of several of the above are
given.

37 On the life-histories and immature
stages of three Eumolpini.

Psyche, 1884, v. 4, p. 123-30, pi. I.
Relates to Colaspis brunnea, Paria
aterrima, Scelodonta pubescens ( =
nebulosus) all of which injure the
roots of the Strawiberry.

38 On the life histories and immature
stages of thiee Eumolpini. Correct-
ive Note.

Psyche, 1884, v. 4, p. 167 — 168.

39 Insects affecting the Strawberry.

Trans. Wise. Slate Agr. Soc, v. 21
Not seen.

French, G. H.

40 Preparatoi-y stages of Epilachna bo-
realis Fabr.

Ca. Ent. 1883, V. 15, p. 189—91.
Fuchs, C.

41 A lost locality.
Bull. Bkl. E. S. 1883, V. 5, p. 81.

Near Brooklyn, N. Y.
Gerstaecker, A.

42 Ueber die Stellung der Gattung Ple-
ocoma Lee. im System der Lamel-
licornier.

Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1883, Jalirg. 44, p.
436—50.
Godman, F. Ducane & Osbert Salvin.

43 Biologia Centrali-Americiina.
London .

Parts 21—34 Jan. imi—Decemb.
1884 contain portions of Adephaga
by Bates, Staphylbddce. by Sharp,
Malacodermata by Uorham, Pliyio-
phaga by Jacoby and Tenebrinni-
dee by Champion.
Hagen, H. A.

44 Lawsuits against grubs and grass-
hoppers.

Science, 1884, v. 4, p. 168 — 71.
Partial reprint of paper with same
title which was first pinnted in 1881.

45 Chrysomela scalaris.
Ca. Ent. 1884, V. 16, p. 120.

Abundant on elms at Cambridge,
3Iass. during May.

46 Scolytus rugulosus in branches of
Pear-trees, which were killed by
Pear-blight.

Ca. Ent. 1884, V. 16, p. 161—63.

47 Note on Chalcographa scalaris Lee.
Ca. Ent. 1884, V. 16, p. 225—26.

48 Note on the habitat of Xy lory ctes sa-
tyrus.

Ca. Ent. 1884, V. 16, p. 239—40.
Hamilton, John.

49 Observations on Anthrenus varius
Fabr., Anthrenus musaeorum Lin.,
Trogodernia ornata Say, and Sito-
drepa panicea Lin.

Ca. Ent. 1883, v. 15, p. 90-93.

50 Notes on a few species of Coleoptera
which are confused in many collect-

—44-

ions, and on some, introduced Euro-
pean species.

Ca. Ent. 1884, V. 16, p. 35—38.

51 The survival of the fittest among cer-
tain species of Ptevostichus as de-
duced from their habits.

Ca. Ent. 1884, V. 16, p. 73—77.

52 On Valgus canaliculatus and squa-
miger, Elleschus bipunctatus, Xylo-
ryctes satyrus.

Ca. Ent. 1884, V. 16, p. 105 8

53 On Trogoderma ornata, Physonota
unipunctata and Tanysphyrus lem-
uae.

Ca. Ent. 1884, V. 16, p. 133 - 36.

54 Coleoptera in September on Brigan
tine Beach, N. J , on the Atlantic
Coast.

Ca. Ent. 1S84, V. 16, p. 186 90.
Hanham, A. W.

55 Entomological Notes.

Ca. Ent. 1884, V. 16, p. 98 -99.
Notes on afew species eaten by toads.
Harrington, W. H.

56 (Beetles injurious to men.)

Ca. Ent. 1883, V. 15, p. 59—60.
AcmaeojJS pratensis hi the ear,
Melanophila lomjipes tntimj the
neck.

57 (Notes on Beetles. )

Ca. Ent 1883, V. 15, p. 79—80.
Recoixls and habitats of a few
species.

58 Variations in markings of Cicindela
sex-guttata.

Ca. Ent. 1883, V. 15, p. 239.

59 Chrysomelidae. Leaf-Eaters.

Rept. Ent. Soc. Ontario for 1882,

1883, p. 53 — 62, figures.

t)0 Injurious Insects affecting the Hick-
ory. Coleoptera.

Rept. Ent. Soc. Ontario for 1883,

1884, p. 42 -52, figures.
61 List of Ottawa Coleoptera.

Trans. Ottowa Field, Nat. Club,

1884, V. 2, p. 67—85.
Introductory comparing previous
Canadian and a few local lists with
the present. List of 1003 species
included in 524 genera a)id 67 /am.

110 species are new to Canadian
lists. See Science 1884, v. 3, p. 235.

62 (Gathering of beetles.)
Ca. Ent. 1884, V. 16, p 17—18.

63 Additions to Canadian lists of Cole-
optera.

Ca. Ent. 1884, V. 16, p. 44 47; 70

to 73; 96-98; 117-19-
Harrington, "W. H., James Fletcher
and J. B. Tyrrell.

64 Coleoptera.
Trans. Ottawa Field Nat. Clul>,
1884, V. 2, p. 137-39-

Notes on a munher of species.
Hayward, R.

65 A note on Acuijeodera culta.
Quart. Journ. Bost. Zool. Soc. 1883,
V. 2, p. 56.

Onthe flowers of Hypoxys erecla.

66 On the sexual characters of Boleto-
therus bifurcus.

Quart. Journ. Bost. Zool. Soc. 1884,
V. 3, p. 16-17.
Hayward, R. and H. Savage.

67 A catalogue of the Coleoptera of the
Green Mountains.

Quart. Journ. Bost. Zool. Soc. 1883,
V. 2, p. 12 — 15; 24-29; 36-38-
Hill, F. C.

68 On the antenna of Meloe.
Am. Journ. of Sc. 1883, ser. 3, v.
25, P- 137—38, figures.

Describes the distortion of the male
antenna and its use during copu-
lation.
Holland, W. J.

69 (Use of the jaws of the male Eupsalis
minuta.)

Bull. Bkl. E. S. 1883, V. 6, p. 46.
Horn, G. H.

70 Synoptic table of Pseudomorpha.
Bull. Bkl. E. S. 1S83, V. 6, p. 16.

71 Synoptic table of Tachycellus.
Bull. Bkl. E. S. 1883, 'v. 6, p. 51-2.

72 The species of Discoderns.
Bull. Bkl. E. S. 1883, V. 6, p. 52-3.

73 Synoptic table of Mallodon.
Bull. Bkl. E. S. 1884, V. 7, p. 9.

74 Notes on Chrysomela.
Ca. Ent. 1884, V. 16, p. 127 — 29.

— 4S-

Calli/jrapha muUiijuttls Stal. =
scalarls Lee. ; C. mulUguttnta Stal,
V. opifera Stal recorded from Ari-
zona; G. labyrinthlca Leo. Mfi. =
C. pnirsa Stal; C. llinbatlmllis Stal
not N. Amsrican; D >ryphora
melanothorax Stal recorded from
N. Mexico, and Pkujiodera Jlosca
losa Stal from California.

75 Synonymical Notes.

Ca. Ent. 1884, V. 16, p. 147—48.
Possible identity of Lamesis,
Westw. and Xenorhipis Lee. ; Cyr-
tophorus gibbidns Lee. = Micro-
elytus gazellula Hald; Leptura coc-
cinea Lee. = tesiaeea Linn., L.
atrata Lee. = proxbna Kirby.

76 Miscellaneous notes & short studies
of North American Coleoptera.

Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. i88j, v. 10.
p. 269—312, plate 9.

77 (Poecilobrium n. g. proposed for
species included in Callimus. )

Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1883, v. 10,
p. 1 1, Proc.

78 (Method of mounting dissections of
the month parts of beetles. )

Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1883, v. 10,
p. 13, Proc.

79 (Outer lobe of maxilla present in the
Gyrinidae.)

Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1883, v. 10,
p. 16, Proc.

80 (Work of Attagenus megatoma in
ticking. )

Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1883, v. 10,
p. 17, Proc.

81 Notes on the species of Anomala in-
habiting the United States.

Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1884, v. 11,
p. 157-64.

82 Synopsis of the United States species
of Notoxus and Mecynotarsus.

Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1884, v. ii,
p. 165—76.

83 Synopsis of the Philonthi of Boreal
America.

Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1884, v. 11,
p. 177—244.

Hubbard, H. G.

84 (Habits of Mallodon melanopus.)

Science 1884, v. 4, No. 96, p. 5, Bull.
Jones, A. W.

85 Notes on the habits of Cic.ndelidae.

Bull. Bkl. E. S. 1884, V. 7, p. 74-6.

Kellicott, D. S.

86 Psephenus Lecontei, on the external
anatomy of the larva.

(Ja. Ent. 1883, V. 15, f. 191 -98, figs.
See Science, 1883, v. 2, /). 337.
Kilman, A. H.

87 Phytonomus punctatus Fabricixis.

Ca. Ent. 1884, V, 16, p. 144 -45.
Abwidanee in Canada, description
and habits.
Lameere, Aug.

88 Addenda et corrigenda a la liste des
Cerambycides decrits posterieure-
ment au catalogue de Munich.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 1883, v. 27, p.
104—5, ^- R-

89 Contributions a I'histoire des meta-
morphoses des Longicornes de la
famille des Prionidae.

Not seen.
Describes and figures papa of Pn-
randra polita Say.
Leconte, J. L.

90 Synoptic table of Stenolophus.

Bull. Bkl. E. S. 1883, V. 6, p. 13-25.

91 Synoptic table of Acupalpiis.

Bull. Bkl. E. S. 1883, V. 6, p. r5.

92 Synoptic table of Calathus.

Bull. Bkl. E. S. 1883, V. 6, p. 49.

93 Synoptic table of Agonoderus.

Bull. Bkl. E. S. 1883. V.6, p. 53-54.
94: Lists of Coleoptera collected in 1881
by Dr. Bell and others in the Lake
Superior district and in the North-
west Territories, east of the 112th
meridian and south of the 60th par-
allel.

Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. of Ca.

Kept, of Progress for 1880-81-82, p.

29c— 39c-
Leconte, J. L. & G. H. Horn.

95 Classification of the Coleoptera of
North America.

-46—

Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 1883, v. 26,
pp. 38 and 567.
Leng, C. W.

96 Synopses of Cerambycidae.

Bull. Bkl. E. S. 1884, V. 7, p. 7-11;
57 — 64; 95 — lOi; 112 — 16; plate 2.

97 (Notes on a few beetles. )

Bull. Bkl. E. S. 1884, V. 7, p. 76-7.
Lugger, Otto.

98 Spread of the 12-punctured Aspara-
gus beetle.

Am. Nat. 1883, v. 17, p. 199.

99 Food-plants of beetles bred in Mary-
land.

Psyche, 1884, v. 4, p. 203 — 4.

100 List of Coleojjtera found in the vi-
cinitj' of Baltimore.

Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ. v, 3, No.
30, p. 78—79-
Not seen.
Matthews, A.

101 On the classification of the Coleop-
tera of Jsorth America by Dr. J. L.
Leconte and Dr. G. H. Horn.

Ann. and Mag. N. H. 1883, ser. 5,
V. 12, p. 167 — 72.

102 Synopsis of North American Tri-
chopterygidae.

Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1884, v. 11,
p. 113—56.
Merriam, C. H.

103 Kavages of a rare Scolytid Beetle in
the Sugar Maples of Northeastern
New York.

Am. Nat. 1883, v. 17, p. 84-6, figs.
Concerning Gorthyhis pundatissi-
mus Zimm.
Moffat, J. A.

104 (Notes on Calopteron reticulatum.)

Ca. Ent. 1883, V. 15, p. 179—80.
Osborn, H.

105 The Corn-root worm (Diabrotica
longicornis.)

Bull. Iowa, Agric. Coll. Dept. Ent.
1884. No. 2, p. 61 — 69.
Packard, A. S.
lOG Descriptions of the larvK of injuri-
ous forest insects.

Third Kept. U.S..J<:nt. Comm. 1883
p. 251 — 62, plates 6 — 15.

Concernhirj Biipresilda; ami Ceram-
hycidcK.

107 The development of the bark-bor-
ing beetles Hylurgops k Xyleborus.

Third Rept. U.S. Ent. Comm. 1883
p. 280 — 82, plate 22.

108 Mode of oviposition of the common
pine borer (Monohammus confusor).

Am. Nat. 1884, v. 18, p. 1 149— 51.
I(i9 Egg-laying habits of the Maple-tree
borer (Glycobius speciosu.s. )

Am. Nat. 1884, v. 18, p. 1151 -52.
Fatten, W. H.

110 Sound-producing organs in Ano-
mala, Anthonomiis and other Coleop-
tera.

Psyche, 1884, v. 4, p. 146.
Pergande, T.

111 (Ptinus brunneus bred from rat
dung. )

Science, 1884, v. 4, No. 96, p. 5,
Bidl.
Regimbart, M.

112 Essai monographiqne de la famille
des Gyrinidae.

Ann. Soc. Ent. France 1882, ser. 6,
V. 2, p. 379—458, plates 10 — 12;
1884, ser. 6, V. 3, p. 121—90, plate
6; p. 381—482, plates 11 — 14.
Reinecke, O.

113 Longevity of beetles.

Bull. Bkl. E. S. 1883, V. 6, f. 36.
Microclytus gazellula alive ajter
immersion in alcohol for several
hours.

114 Invasion of Phj'tonomus opimus,
Leconte.

Buffalo Freie Presse, Aug. 12, 1884,
Bull. Bkl. E. S. 1884, V. 7, p. 76.
Reitter, Edw.

115 Platypsylla castoris Kits., als Ver-
treter einer neuen europaeischeii
Coleopteren-Familie.

Wien. Ent. Zeit. Jahrg. 3, p. 19-21.
Not seen.
Rey, 01.

116 Description de la larve de I'Anthicus
floralis.

Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon. 1883, new
ser. v. 29, p. 141 — 42.

—47—

Ricksecker, L. E.

117 On the occurrence of Amphicouia.

Bull. Bkl. P:. S. 1883, V. 5, p. 83.
Flt/lng over sand dunes near San
Francisco.
Riley, C. V.

118 On a f^all-making genus of Apio-
ninae.

Bull. Bkl. E. S. 1883, V. 6, p. 61 —

119 Food habits of Megilla maculata.

Am Nat. 1883, v. 17, p. 322 — 23.

120 Damage to silverplate by insects
(Niptus hololeptus).

Am. Nat. 1883, v. 17, p. 420.

121 Number of moults and length of
larval life as influenced by food.

Am. Nat. 1883, v. 17, p. 547—48.
Observations upon Tenebrio moll
tor, T. obscurus and Trogoderma
tarsale.

122 Insects affecting stored Eice.

Am. Nat. 1883, v. 17, p. 790.
Mentions several beetles.

123 Hypermetamorphoses of the Meloi-
dae.

Am. Nat. 1883, v. 17, p. 790 — 91
Revision of the nomenclature of
the larval forms.

124 Enemies of the Egg-jjlant.

Am. Nat. 1883, v. 17, p. 1070.
Mentions Cassida texana, Dory-
phora juncta.

125 Habits of Murmidius.

Am. Nat. 1883, v. 17, p. 1071.
Lives in old rice and straw, spitis
a cocoon; names several cocoon-
spinnimj beetles.

126 Cantharis Nuttalli injuring wheat.

Am. Nat. 1883, v. 17, p. 1174.

127 Hymenorus rufipes as a myrmico-
philus si^ecies.

Am. Nat. 1883, v. 17, p. 1176.
In nests of Formica f us ca.

128 Eeport of the Entomologist.

Rept. Comm. Agric. 1883, p. 99 to

180.
Pages 159—70, p?aie 12, fig. 3,
give descriptions and figures of all
stages of Galeruca xanlhomelama ;
also remedial recommendations.

129 Hitherto unknown mode ofovipo-
sition in the Carabidae.

Science, 1884, v. 4, p. 342.

Chlamius impunctifrons traced
from egg to beetle.

130 The insects of the year.

Science, 1884, v. 4, p. 565 -68.
The seasonal occurrence of insects.
Riley, C. V. & H. G. Hubbard.

131 (Habitats of Mezium.)

Science, 1884, v. 4, No. 96. p. 5,
Bull.
Roberts, C. H.

132 (Notes on beetles.)

Bull. Bkl. K. S. 1884, V. 7, p. 77-9.
Saunders, William.

133 Insects injurious to the White Pine
Pinus strobus.

Rept. Ent. Soc. Ontario, for 1883,
1884, p. 52^59.
Several beetles are reported upon.
Saunders, W. E.

134 Insects injurious to drugs.

Ca. Ent. 1883, V. 15, p. 81—83,
Rept. Ent. Soc. Ontario for 1883,
1884. p. 29 --30.
Mentions six beetles.
Schaupp, F. G.

135 On the occurrence of Amphicoma
(lupina).

Bull. Bkl. E. S. 1883, V. 5, p. 83.
Flying over the sand at Coney Is-
land, New York.

136 Hints for raising Coleopterous
larvae.

Bull. Bkl. E. S. 1883, V. 6, p. n;
16—19.

137 List of Carabidae, found in the
neighborhood of New York City.

Bull. Bkl. E. S. 1883, V. 6, p. 29 to
32; 71—72.
Annotated list of about 214 species.

138 Sea-shore collecting.

Bull. Bkl. E. S. 1883, V. 6, p. 36.
Notes on a few Carabidce.

139 Synoptic table of Bradycellus.

Bull. Bkl. E. S. 1883, V. 6, p. 50.

140 Larva of Galerucella sagittariae
Gyll.

Bull. Bkl. E. S. 1883, v. 6, p. 54.

-48-

141 The species of Cicindelidae.

Bull. Bkl. E. S. 1883, V. 6, p. 73 to
108, plates.

142 Kemarks and descriptions of new
species (of Cicindelidae).

Bull. Bkl. E. S. 1884, V. 6, p. 121
to 124, figures.
Schwarz, E. A.

143 Insects affecting drugs.

Ca. Eat. 1883, V. 15, p. 140;

Rept. Ent. Soc. Ontario for 1883,

1884, p. 30.
Adds Lasioderma serricorne and
Cryphalus jalappce to the list
(jiven by W. E. Saunders.

144 Injury done by Colaspis tristis

Am. Nat. 1883, v. 17, p. 978.

Destruction of the terminal slioots
of the pear and peach.

145 Coleoptera infesting Prickly Ash.

Am. Nat. 1883, v. 17, p. 1288—9.

146 Habits of Blaps and Embapbion.

Am. Nat. 1884, v. 18, p. 76.

147 Carabidae confined to single plants.

Bull. Bkl. E. S. 1884, V. 6, p. 135-6,
Memo monilicornis and ? Psy
drus piceus under pine bark, Dro
mills atriceps in stems of grass
and Onota Jloridana between leaf-
r>J>s of Cabbage palmetto.

148 Notes on the food-habits of some
N.A. Ilhynchophora.

Bull. Bkl. E. S. 1884, V. 7, p. «4-5.
Sharp, D.

149 Eevision of the species included in
the geni;s Tropisternus (fam. Hydro
philidae.

Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1883, p,
91 — 117.
Shufeldt, R. W.

150 Observations upon a collection of
Insects made in the vicinity of New
Orleans, La., during the years 1882
and 1883.

Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1884, v. 7, p.

331—38.

List of species, copy from Riley
of notes and figures of a luminous
larva.
Smith, J. B.

151 New Mordellidae and Notes.

Bull. Bkl. E. S. 1883, V. 5, p. 80-1.

152 Mordellidae, Notes & Descriptions.
Bull. Bkl. E. S. 1883, V. 6, p. 3—5.

153 Synopsis of the Apioninae of North
America.

Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1884, v. 11,
p. 41 — 68, plate 3.
Snow, F. H,

154 Additions to the list of Kansas Cole-
optera in 1881 and 1882.

Trans. Kans. Acad, v, 8, p. 58.
Not seen.

155 Trogoderma tarsale as a Museum
pest.

Am. Nat. 1883, v. 17, p. 199, (from
Psyche V. 3).
Stejneger, L.

156 Contribirtions to the history of the
Commander Island.

Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1883, v. 6, p.
58 -89.

A few families and genera are

mentioned.
Stone, George H.

157 Ej^ilachna corrupta as an injurious
insect.

Am. Nat. 1883, v. 17, p. 198—99.
Feeding on blackwax beans.
Townsend, C. H. T.

158 On the variation of the elytral mark-
ings in Cicindela sexguttata.

Ca. Ent. 1883, V. 15, p. 205—8.

159 Further remarks upon the variation
of the elytral markings in Cicindela
sexguttata.

Ca. Ent. 1884, V. 16, p. 125—27.

160 The proportion of the sexes in Ci-
cindela vulgaris Say and other
notes on the species.

Ca. Ent. 1884, V. 16, p. 227—31.

161 Note on the inequality of the elytra
in Alaus oculatus.

Ca. Ent. 1884, V. 16, p. 238—39.
Troop, James.

162 Strawberry Pests.
Science, 1884, v. 4, No. 91, p. 6,
Bull.

Notes 071 Tyloderma fragarice and
Otiorhynchus ligneus.
Van Wagenen, G. H.

163 (Abundance of Galeruca xanthome-
laenae in New York;

Ca. Ent. 1883, V. 15, p. 160.
Williston, S. W.

164 Protective secretions of a species of
Eleodes.

Psyche, 1884, v. 4, p. 168—69.

(To be continued,)

—49—

New species of Californian Moths

Bv Hknrv Edwards.
FAM. ^GERIADAE.

Pyrrhotaenia Elda, n. sp. (?)

Closely allied to P. //e//«/(//u', P. fraijm-hr and P. BelirensU. The forewings
are bright bluish green, with the internal margin fiery copper red, this color behig
broadest at the base, ceasing before reaching the interior angle. The lower wings
are fiery copper red, the fringes of both pairs golden purple. Front, pectus, palpi,
sides of thorax and abdomen, caudal tuft, three posterior se jments of abdomen, fore
femora, and all the tibi;v fiery i opper led. Hoth pairs of wings are (|uite o]5aque.
Beneath there is on secondaries a black discal spot, and the upper wings are coppery
red with a purple flush, and purplish toward the posterior half.

It is by no means unlikely that this is the 9 "f ^* BJiitiisii. the
lower wings of which are trans|)arent. and should this prove to be the
case it may also be concluded tliat P. kcliaulhi \\\i\\ opaque wings is the
9 o^ P./ragaricp, in wliich the wings are transparent. The fact of
liie different disposition of the abdominal band is against this conclusion,
but a careful study of the group has convinced me that the .se.xes differ
considerably, and in P- animosa Hv. Edvv. , described in Papilio, Vol. 3,
p. 156, thev are distinguished by the character referred to, the lower wings
of the (^ being transparent, while those of the 9 ^''C opacpie. In other
of the genera this peculiarity appears, especially so in Samiina cxitiosa
Walk., and in Falua denudata Harr., and I shrewdly suspect that Rlelittui
(Sesi'a) grande Streck. will prove to be the^ of iJ/. gloriosa Hy. Edw. I
have seen none but (^(^ of the R)rmer of these species and none but 9 9
of the latter. But further observatic>n is needed, and we may have some
time to wait for definite conclusions as the insects are remarkably rare.
P. Elda is the size of/*. Behrcnsii {20 mm.) and is described from 2 9
taken in Siskiyou Co , California, by Mr. James Behrens.

FAM. BOMBYCIDAE.

Nadata Behrensii, n. sp.

Paler in color than either 3'. (fihhosa or iV. Doubhdai/l, the markings therefore
standing out in bolder relief. The apex of the primaries greatly produced and the
scalloped margins strongly defined. The anterior line is more bent in on the costa
towards the base, thus leaving a much wider space between it and the posterior line
than in either of the other two species. The white discal spots are ovate in shape,
not round as in K. gibbosa. and they are surmounted by a very conspicuous dusky
shade. The secondaries have a well defined median band, which in the (^ is paler
than the ground color of the wing, but in the 9 somewhat darker. The underside
is very pale buff, almost sordid white, a reddish shade on apex of primaries, and a
pale brown median band common to both wings. Antennae tawny. Thorax, legs,
abdomen and palpi all sordid white, the latter without black lips.

Exp. wings (^ 45 mm:, 9 5^ in™- Length of body 24 mm., 9
26 mm. I ^ Butte Co., Cal. (R. H. Stretch). i 9 Siskiyou Co.,
(J. Behrens).

ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 8

— 50—

FAM. NOCTUIDAE.

Catocala Andromache, ii. ^il

Allied to (\ Desdeiiiona liy. Edw. (Papilio, Vol. 2, p. 15) but much smaller,
and with confused and indistinct markings to the upper wings. Their color is <^reen
ish drai), the lines all with darker shadings above and below ihem, and more regular
in their outline than in C. JJesdemona. The basal half-line is almost obsolete, the t-a
much produced outwardly in the middle, while the t-p has a strong tooth outwardly
on the third subcostal vein. Reniform and subreniform almost lost in the speckled sur-
face of the median space. Secondaries dull orange, dusky at base and along the abdom-
nial margin. Median band as in C. Desdemoua, widest in the centre, and sharply
produced into a hook, which reaches the abdominal edge. Marginal band white at
the apex, narrowing suddenly in the center, and abruptly and broadly cut by the
orange field leaving an ovate black spot at the anal angle. Underside dull orange,
the primaries bearing a broad black median band, the apex also being broadly black.
In the specimen before me, the marginal band is divided by an orange dash as it ap-
proaches the internal angle. Band of secondaries as on upper side.
E.xp. wings 44 mm. Length of body 20 mm.
I (^ near San Bernardino, Cal. Collection of J. Akliur.st.
No other yellow winged Catocala is known to me from California
e.xcept C. Zoe Behr. , which belongs to another section oi the genus.
FAM. GEOMETRIDAE.

Triphosa pustularia, n. sp. (?)

In this singular form the primaries are blackisli brown, with the posterior mar-
gins, a square patch in the middle of the dark posterior space, and three or four large
patches on the costa, pale fawn color. These marks are in very strong contrast with
the ground shade. The secondaries are also pale fawn color, with the lines dark
brown, and the abdomen is brown with fawn colored band. Underside with reddish
tint, strongly marked discal spot, and the lines all rather indistinct.
E.xp. wings 45 mm. Length of body 18 mm.

I (j^, I 9- Summit, Sierra Nevada, (Hy. Edw.}. i ^ British C\)-
lumbia, (J. J. Rivers). i 9 Soda Spring, Shasta Co.. (J. Behrens).

This may possibly prove to be an extreme variety of the well known
F. dubitaia, but it is so distinct in its markings as to deserve at least a
varietal name.

Triphosa badiaria, n. sp.

Ch'ound color of both wings bright yellowish brow 11, with the linos, bands and
discal spot of a very dark brown shade. The median dark band is of almost equal
width throughout, and only slightly dentate on its edges. The base and costa are also
dark brown. Above the posterior margin, which is black, are some brown lunules,
the same ornamentation being carried around the margin of the secondaries, which
are dusky for their basal half. Underside didl fawn brown, discal spots very distinct,
but the lines only faintly marked. Thorax and abdomen yellowish brown.
Exp. wings 40 mm. Length of body 16 mm.
I 9- Shasta Co, Cal., (Hy. Edw.).

Certainly a distinct species, which cannot, 1 think, be at all referred
to any known form.

—51 —

A note on Scotocryptus.

Bv George H. Horn, M.D.

The above genus was indicaied by Girard (Ann. Ent. Soc. Fr.
1874, p. 574) for a blind Si/p/iide hui v^-as not sufficiently described to
enable me to place it with certainty in my tables of genera. Recently
Dr. Sharp has received a second species and realizing the difficulty above
alluded to deals more fully with the generic characters (Comptes-rendus,
Soc. Ent: Belg. Feb. 1885).

The anterior coxa3 are transverse and moderntel\- prominent and
their cavities enclosed by the meeting of the epiniera anti prosternum.
By the system suggested by me these characters place the genus in tlie
A/n'so/omini us, indicated in my Revision (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1880, p.
319) and with the help of Dr Sharp's notes its place seems immediately
after Agai-icophagus and before instead of after Liodes . The absence of
eyes is otherwise unknown to me in the Anisolomini and it would be in-
teresting to know whether the posterior coxae are separated as is often the
case in blind insects, although no mention of this is made either by
Sharp or Girard and the very poor figure given by the latter seems to in-
dicate that they are contiguous.

The tarsi on all the feet are three-jointed. To this chaiacter Dr.
Sharp attributes considerable value and makes it the sole groundwork for
the separation of a tribe which he places between the Anisoioniini and
ChoUvini. From my own studies this numerical reduction of the several
joints is only another step in the direction so plainly indicated in the
geneia already known. In order that the idea may lie more readily
grasped the genera may be disposed in the following order, the numbers
referring to the tarsal joints:

Triarthron

5-5-5,

<S 9-

Amphicyllis

5-

-5-

-4,

c^-

Stereus

5-5-5,

cf 9.

5-

-4-

-4,

9-

Hydnobius

5-5—5,

S 9-

Aijathidiuni

5-

-5-

-4,

^■

Dietta

5-5-5,

cf ?.

5-

-4-

-4,

9-

Anogdu.s

5-^5-4,

^ 9.

4-

-4-

-4,

9-

Aiiisotoma

5—5-4,

cT 9.

Ai^aricophagu

S4-

~3~

~3»

(^ 9

Colenis

5-5-4,

<S 9-

Aglyptus

4-

-3-

-3,

S '^

Cyrtusa

5-5-4,

^ 9-

3-

-3-

-3,

9.

IsoplasUis

5-5-4,
5—4—4,

9^

Scolociyptus

3

"3-

-3-

d^ 9

Liodes

5-5—4,
5—4—4.

9.

In a stud}- of the above arrangement it will be seen that Scotocrypt-
us follows naturally the course indicated by the genera which precede it.
In ortler that the numerical combinations shall be complete several new

— 52 —

genera will have to be discovered, and the missing genera may be hypo-
thetically indicated as far as the tarsal structure by any one whose inclin-
ations run that way.

In the tribe Chimlnni the tarsi are 4-4-4 in both sexes in the
three genera known to me.

The antenna; of the Aiiisotomini exhibit a somewhat similar tendency
to numerical modifications: tirst, by having nine or ten joints; second,
by the variation of the number of joints compt)sing the club, being either
three, four or five.

In view of the facts above presented I cannot adopt the course of
Dr. Sharp in separating Scotocryptus as a distinct tribe based on the num-
ber of tarsal joints, while the absence of eyes is but rarely of generic value
and in some instances merely sexual.

SriV'OiV^ZMiC'^i NOTES.
My attention has been called by Mr. S. Henshaw to the omission
of the following species from my list of those described by Mr.
Newman. George H. Horn.

Catogenus puncticollis, Ann. Mag. N. H., 1839, p. 399 = C. rufus Fabr.
Endomychus perpulcher, Ent. Mag. V, p. 390 = Mycetina perpulchra Newm.
.Schizotus cervicali.s, Ent. Mag. V, p. 374.
Cicindela ventraiis, Ent. Mag. V, p. 414.

The species is not recognizably described, the name is preoccupied
antl should be dropped.

A. A. A. S.

The next meeting of the American Association for the Advancement
of Science will be held at Ann Arbor, ]\Iich,, commencing August 26th,
1885. The Entomological Club will meet at that place on August 25th
according to its by-laws: exact locality not yet determined.

Will those members of the Club, or other Entomologists who ex
pect to be present, please notify one of the undersigned, and also send
in the title of any papers they expect to read, and the length of time they
expect to occupy, so that a programme can be arranged. The exact
place and hour of meeting, as well as the programme so far as fixed, will
be published later.

Chairman: John B. Smith, Brooklyn, N.Y.
Herbert Osborn, Ames, Iowa.
B. Pickman Mann, Washington, D.C.

Committee.

—53—

On the identity of Cyaniris ladon of Cramer with C. pseud-
argiolus of Boisduval and Leconte.

By Arthur G. Butler, F. L,S., F.Z.S.L.

In the third volume of his "Description de Papillons exotiques",
pi. ccLxx, D, E; Cramer figures a blue Lyccenid under the name o^Papilio
ladon; in his text p. 141 he says — '■"On /' a Irouve au Cap de bon Esper-
ance".

In his Encyclopedic Methodique, vol. ix, p. 678, Godart describes
the species and repeats Cramer's locality.

Mr. Trimen, "Rhopalocera Africse Australis" p. 252, again describ-
es the species but says at the end of his description — "The only example
I have seen is the (^ specimen in the British Museum''.

The specimen mentioned by Trimen bears a label referring to the
Old Museum Register in which I find P. Ladoti Cram. a. S. Africa .^
the locality having evidently been assumed from the fact that Cramer
gives Cape of Good Hope as the habitat of the species.

The specimen described by Mr. Trimen is the form oi C. pseudargi-
olus to which Mr. W. H. Edwards has given the name oi Lyco'tia margin-
aia; it does not wholly agree with Cramer's figure, the latter being rep-
resented by a form nearer to the Lycana violacea of Edwards and difter-
ing from L. marginala in the absence of the brown marginal suffusion
only; a series of this — the typical form of C, ladofi — was in the 'Zeller'
collection labelled •^% LyccEna lucia; two specimens of typical L. lucia
stood with the series, which was obtained from Maine, U.S.A.

The date of publication of Cramer's species is 1782, that of the de-
scription Q){ pseudargiolus is 1833; so that there can be no question as to
the priority of the name C /fli^cw, the only pity is that M. Boisduval
should have failed to recognize the species owing to the false locality
given by Cramer.

^ I < I ^

Notes and News.

In No. I, 'Vol. VIII of the Journal of the Cincinnati Soc. of Nat.
Hist. p. 49 is a translation of an article from the "Bulletin de la Societe
Geologique de France" 3me series, "Vol. XII, p. 676, etscq., endtled
"On the tracks of Insects resembling the impression of plants'. In it
are described the tracks or tunnels made by a species of mole cricket
just under the surface of a clay soil, and the superficial resemblance of
these elevations to stems of certain species of plants is pointed out. It
is suggested that if by any chance such a track were preserved in, or im-
pressed on sandstone, it might very easily be mistaken for a fossil Br achy-

— 54—

phyUiim or Phymatoderma. The article is of great interest, presenting z.Wr
other difficulty to the student of fossil remains.

Mr, L. O. Howard writes us that during the month of December
enormous numbers of the great water-bug — Behstoma grancHs — were at-
tracted to the electric lights in New Orleans. In the late evening the
pavements along Canal Street were seen almost swarming with disabled
specimens of this insect, and many thousands were destroyed by being
crushed under foot. He states that he was well aware of the readiness
with which this species is altr:ictcd by light, but was hardly prepared for
such a scene as this. The large water lieetle — Cybisler jiml'riolatiis —
was also attracted with the Beiostoma, but in smaller numbers.

Dr. Hagen informs us that the Collection of Lepidoptera heretofore
at the Peabody Museum, Salem, Mass., is now in his charge at Cam-
bridge. The move is a good, and very necessary one. The collection
contams many of Dr. Packard's and some of Mr. Morrison's tspes, and
was slowly a:oin!r to dust and Anthremis when last we saw it.

'J o^

Lt, Casey has also donated his collection to the ]\Iuseum at Cam-
bridge. Having been ordered to California on military duty he was un-
able to take the collection with him and thus disposed of it. With
Coleoptera, the Museum is now fairly well supplied.

The American Entomological Society has appointed Mr. S. F.
Aaron its curator for the balance of the year, at a salary. This is a timely
action, for the collections of that Society are too valuable to be allowed
to go to ruin. It will be a comfort also for visitors and students to find
some one that knows which family of Lepidoptera is concealed in the
boxes marked Hynienoptera etc.

*
We understand that Prof. Baird, Director of the U.S. National Mu-
seum has decided to appoint an assistant Curator of the Department of
Insects in that Museum, at a salary of $1500 per annum, and that
Prof. Riley the Honorary Curator, in view of the fact that this action
will secure the permanent care of collections, in case of his death or re-
moval from Washington, has decided to turn over to the Museum all-his
own collections, the larger part of which are already deposited in the
Museum. Also that increased attention will be given this Department
after July first. Prof. Riley is now looking for a competent man to take
the place and will be glad to receive applications.

—55—

It may be of some interest to learn how much of a collection the
National Museum can at present boast of From data kindly furnished by
Prof. Riley, the following has been compiled.

ist: Collection, C. V. Riley, 17,725 species with 115,058 specimens,
divided as follows: Hymenoptera 2,550 species, 24,796 spec; Coleoptera
9,058 species, 48,618 spec; Diptera 699 species, 5,646 spec; Lepidop-
tera 2,368 species, 17,098 spec; Hemiptera 1,134 species, 8,862 spec;
Orthoptera 560 species, 6,903 spec; Neuroptera 160 species, 868 spec;
Arachnidae and Myriapoda no species, 425 spec; Galls and Gall in-
sects 734 species, 4,152 specimens; the balance miscellaneus and Insect

Architecture.

There is also an alcoholic collection, principally of adolescent states,

containing 2,850 vials, and a collection of some 3000 slides of minute

insects and larvae mounted in Canada Balsam.

2nd: Collection of Department of Agriculture. Containing a large
lot of material accumulated in the practical work of the division, and by
the collections of its employees. It contains about 5000 species — mostly
exotic — not in the Riley collection.

3rd: Collection of the National Museum. This is the poorest of the
lot, and consists principally of the material sent in during the past three
years from all sources. There are about 20CO species not in either of
the other collections.

4th: I'he e.xhibit collection of Economic Entomology prepared
for the New Orleans E.xhibition, valuable for its economical interest. A
catalogue of this has been printed.

This forms a good nucleus, and in charge of a competent and enter-
prising curator it will quickly take rank as one of the most important in
the country. The large collection of larva; forms a distinct and decided
addition to its value.

In the Proc. Ac. N. Sc. 1885, p. 24, Mr. Strecker describes a new
Co/ias (t/is), from the Rocky Mts. on the boundary between the U. S.
and British America. Mr. Strecker says: "'It is an act of temerity to de-
scribe a Colias as new under any circumstances in these days, and doub-
ly so to describe it from e.xamples of the female sex alone, yet I have no
apprehension that the above insect will not stand as a valid species."

Mr. Strecker is usually not much of a splitter, and it is somewhat
curious that he should feel so positive of his new species, while Mr. W.
H. Edwards, who has been strongly suspected of a leaning to numerous
species, contends that it is nothing but a slight variation of a well known
western form — Meadii I believe. It will be something new to find Mr.
Edwards trying to prove species identical.

-56-

Mr. Strecker also (loc. cit. p. 26) describes a specimen o'i Cecropia
with an extra primary, or rather the rudiment of one. Rather an in-
teresting and rare monstrosity!

*
In the May No. of the "Correspondenzblatt des Entomologischen
Vereins 'Iris' zu Dresden", Mr. J. Rober describes a similar monstrosity
o{ Limenitis populi; the specimen is a (^, and has besides four normally
complete wings an additional left secondary, equal to a fragment con-
taining the first three veins.

Mr. Hulbert writes us from New Britain Conn, that Anflu, }i<i) is
geniitia is not uncommon near that place on rocky hills. It flits with a
jerky motion, which renders it easily distinguishable from Pieris rapit
with which its white color might cause it to be confounded.

Lt. T. L. Casey in his new location is not idle — he has sent us
some "Miscellaneous Notes'', from which we cull the following:

The description of a somewhat singular deformity may be of some
interest. The specimen is one of a large series and of a species of
Eleodes, very common about San Francisco; it is remarkably uniform in
sculpture, being very smooth and polished with minute and sparse
punctuation. In this specimen, however, the left elytron is entirely cover-
ed with a regular series of small closely placed costce which are confused-
ly and conspicuously though minutely rugulose, and separated by well-
marked striae; the right elytron is of the normal smoothness. The con-
trast between the two is so great that it almost seems as if the left elytron
had been removed and another of exactly the same form but of a roughly
sculptured species had been substituted.

I cannot account for this eccentricity except possibly that in bygone
ages the species was roughly sculptured, and that by reason of compar-
atively recent changes of condition and modification of surroundings it
has become smooth. The phenomenon could then be considered to be
the result of an effort on the part of nature to bring to light its pristine
features, in the same manner as in the human species, where as is well
known, characteristics of ancestors long since passed away, frequently
re-assert themselves in the children of after generations.

Involuntary Movement after Death.

A chicken jumping spasmodically about alter its head has been
severed and after actual death has taken place is a familiar sight to most
of us. These movements are simply the result of involuntary contract-

— 57-

ions and relaxiitions oftlie muscles, and are analogous to a phenomenon
which I have noticed in beetles, but of course on a much more extended
scale. On several occasions while examining minute Staphylinida^ which
had been dead thirty hours or more, witli ordinary powers of the mi-
croscope, I was surprised to find a feeble motion in the outer joints o(
the antennae. 1 his motion was a gentle and irregular waving to and
fro, the base of the organ being [jcrfectly rigid, and reminding me of
similar twistings olten to be obstived in the tif) of a cat's tail when the
base of that appendage is entirely motionless. These movements have
undoubtedly been noticed and recorded before, and they are simply men-
tioned here because it may be supp(>scd that so small and sleniler an
insect, having been in alcoln)! for twelve hours and gummed for about
the same or longer period subsequently, would have become so dry and
rigid as to prevent any such movement.

I was very careful to see that no draughts or other disturbing causes

could give rise to this singular action. T. L. C.

* « *

In iiur next number we shall commence a very interesting article on
"Bees and other hording insects; their specialization into females, males
and workers'. Foi the Lepidopter'sts, who may perhaps think their in-
terests rather neglected thus far, we have a su{)ply (»f literature, which
we shall present at an early date.

Book Notices.

Report of the Entomologist, Charles V. Riley, M. A., Ph. D.. for the year 1884.
Washington, (lovt. Printing Office, 1885. From the Report of the Dept. of Agri-
culture for 1884, pp. 285—418 and plates I to X.

The public is accustomed to careful and valuable Reports from Prof
Riley, and this is not behind the others. As usual, a number of new
species of economic interest are described and illustrated and the life
histories of quite a number are worked out. Cabbage insects are pro-
minently treated of and the life histor\ of several Noctuid species is
given. Reports on special subjects studied by field agents during the
summer of 1884 occupy a portion of the Report and treat of pests that
for some reason have attracted unusual attention. Ten plates illustrate
the insects treated of and their life habits, and still further enhance the
value of the Report.

"Descriptions of North American Chalcididse from the collections of the U.S.
Department of Agriculture, and of Dr. C. V. Riley, with Biological Notes. To-
gether with a list of the described North American Species of the Family, by L. O.
Howard. M. Sc., Assistant, Bureau of JMilomology."

KNTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA U

-58-

'I'his paper is issued as l^uUetin No. 5 of the Bureau of Kntomulogy
and its scope is sufficiently set forth in its title. Mr. Howard has for'
some time past made a special study of the parasitic Hymenoptera, and
we are pleased to see some of the results of his patient and persistent
labor. Six sub-families are embraced in the [)resent paper. All the
iijenera and a large number of new species are described. The paper is
a valuable addition to the literature of this most interesting order.

Catalogue of the Exhibit of Economic Entomology at the NN'orld's Indusirial
and Cotton Centennial Exposition, New ( )rlfans 1884-85. Washini^ton, (Oept.
of Atjricuiiure) 1884, pp. i — 95.

Boletin de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias en Cordoba (RcpuMico Ai^r-
entina) Tome VII, Eniraga i, 2 et 3. Hueiio.s Aires 1884, pp. 1—392. [All oc-
cupied by an article on the Staphylind?e of Buenos Aires, by Felix Lynch Arri-
biilzaga] .

Contributions to the Descriptive and Systematic Coleopterology of North
America. Part II. By Thos. L. Casey, Lieut, of Eng'rs, C. S. A. Phila(lel])hia,
December 1884, pp. 61 — 198.

Mr Casev has here given us a pamphlet, for which, with the best
po.ssible intentions, it is im})t)Ssible to say a word of praise. He dc-s(.ril)es
93 new species, several of them in genera that have not vet been worked
up. Thus there are several new species of BembidiuDi, or as Mr. Casey
calls it " Bimbidiorr \ a new Tachys which it takes eiver a page of brevier
type to describe, which is two millimeters long, and is unitjue. Such de-
scriptions are aggravating, for their minuteness of detail, and after all
they amount to nothmg but addititinal names for the lists.

There aie also three new species of Cratacanthus based on color and
jiroportion of parts. This, in our opinion is unwarranted; diihius is an
e.xceedinglv variable form, and every species tlescribed by .\Ir. Casey is
re[)resented in our series.

Mr. Casey in his introtluctory remarks, stated that he used a bin-
ticular microscope with mechanical universal-jt)inted stage clip for hold-
ing the pin. This as we can testify from personal inspection is a fine
instrument, but the great difficulty is that it exaggerates unimportant
characters — every indivitlual has peculiarities, in which it difters from
other individuals of the same species, and Mr. Casey's careful descript-
ions are individual, and not characteristic of species, Mr. Casey entirely
fails to make anv allowance for variation. His illustralitm in reference
to astronomical minuiness of detail is totally inapplicable. This science
has for its aim the discovery of the laws regulating stellar motions. The.se
laws are immutable — there is no allowance to make lor variaiions; while
in the Coleoptera there are scarcely two specimens exactly alike.

—59—

We think a great deal of Mr. Casey, a)id believe him to be a close
observer, a careful and conscientious student, and able to take a high
rank as a coleopierist; nevertheless, or for that very reason, we are very
sorry to receive such a paper from him It is an obstacle, rather than an
aid to students, and we think that some day Mr. Casey will say of this
as Dr. Leconte did of one of his early pai)ers — I quote from memory —
"One of the crude results of my earlier studies was a monograph of the
genus Pasimdi/ms, where, being then inexperienced in the recognition
of species, individual characters were given a value which subse(]ueut
studies and material proved they did not possess''. He adds that he
should have considered it a favor, had the manuscript been returned to
him for revision or declined. J. B. S.

Revised Catalogue of the Diurnal Lepidoptera of America, North of Mexico,
by W. H. Kdwarils. Irans. Am. Ent. Hoc. XI, 18S4, jip. 94, [Issued February
I Nth, 1S85].

This brings the list of species to the beginning of 1885. .^ notable
feature is an index t(j genera and S|)ecies, but altogetlier the work is
harilly an improvement over the ])revious edition. Of course Mr. Ed-
wards allows none of the conclusicms of recent writers on butterflies to
influence him in his estimation of species.

Notes on the Systematic Position of some North American Lepidoptera, by
John B. Smith. Trans. Am. Eni. Soc. XII, pp. 77-84, pi. Ill, [February 1885].

Discusses the genera classed as ZygcpiiuJcc in the lists.

On the North American Asilidae yVixn il). By S. \V. Willi^toii. M.I)., Trans.
Am. Ent. .Sue. XII, pp. 53-76, (January 1885).

Contains synopses of Liphri.t. Ma/lop .ara, Promachus, Erax, and
Proilocan/hus. Dr. W'illiston here continues his monographic work, and
there is now no reason, why, in the families thus classified, students
should not be able to collect and arraniife intellitrentlv.

Society News.

Brooklyn Entomological Society. May 5th, 1885. 'Jweuty-one members
present, Mr. (.'ramer in the chair. The Secretary reported the correspondence
with the President of the Agassiz Association, and submitted a proposition for a
course of Introductory Lessons to be prepared by Members of the Society. It
was resolved that the annual excursion oi the Society be to Passaic Falls, Patter-
son, I\. J., on May 30, 1885, and Mr. lloberts was api)oiuted a committee to ar-
range details and notify iuembers. Prof. F. Fillon was elected a member.

Mr. Angell read a paper on some variiitions of Chrysiiinela {ihiladelpliica Lee
and IScaldris Lee, leading to a belief in their specific identity. This was illu-
strated by drawing of the varieties showini; the gradual change of mac-ulation

— 6o—

from that typical of one form, to that typical of another.* Mr. Smith added that
these variations were largely s< U-cted from material obtained by him, and then-
were some interesting facts as to the localities from which those specimen came.
In Cambridge he collected several hundreds of V. sralnris, all perfectly alike. In
the i)ineries of New Jersey he collected ('. philadelpfiir{(, slightly variable but with
no particular tendency toward scalaris. In Cape Cod both species were iV>und,
and both somewhat variable, showing a tendency to an obliteration of the lines
of demarcation between species. Specimens from the Adirondacks further close
the gaj), while material received from Canada showed a surprising range of valu-
ation and furnished most of the interesting forms completing the links between
the species. This was interesting because he had found that in both Coleoptera
and Lepidoptera, species that elsewhere were constant enough showed a decided
tendency to variation in the same localities. The fauna of Northern New^ York
and Canada is one of extreme interest and deserves careful study.

Mr. Waters exhibited a specimen of Anisotn Ileilii/hrddtil together with the
cocoon from which it was obtained. Mr. Hulst remarked on this, that all the
other species of Anisota had naked pupte and were subterranean, while here was
a species apparently congeneric, which had a double cocoon like Cecropia, spun
on mesqiiit: not a solid cocoon, but net-like, .so as to show the pupa. Mr. Doll
said that the geometrid EucateiTd );r/ri«r/« raised by him, spun a very similar co-
coon, also double. Mr. Hy. Edwards joined the meeting after adjournment and
remarked on this subject that under some.'-ircumstances the species of Daiaini
will spin a light cocoon among deJ/ris, so als"- as" to mo'st of the other Bmnhycida'
that are usually subterranean.

Entomological Society of Washington. April 2, 1885. Mr. Schvvarz ex-
hibited specimens of lihopalopus sdiKjunncDJt'is Horn and remarked that this
Cerambycid is one of the few species peculiar to the mountainous regions of the
Alleghanie.s. He contrasted this scarcity of peculiar mountainous species with
the rich montane and colline faun.e of Europe, given as the reason of the differ-
ence, the long-established cultivation of the soil in Europe by which the fauna
and flora of the plants have become differentiated from those of the less cultivat-
ed hills and the uncultivated mountains.

Mr. Howard made a statement in regard to the parasites of Thyridopteryx
ephemei-arfm'mis. He had found the larviB of Ilemiieles ihyrklopfmgis being eaten
by a Chalcid larva, presumably that of the Pteroinalas commonly bred from the
bags of the TltyrUJopteryx. He generalized on the difficult distinction between
primary and secondary parasites.

Dr. Marx read a paper on the Arachnidpe collected by Dr. Turner in North-
ei'n Labrador. The best presented families are the Lycosoidcn, the Dras.i<>)d(f
and Tomisoidce.

May 6. — Mr. Schwarz exhibited newly hatc^hed specimens of Epicn'rus iin-

fmratus, still possessing the mandibular appendages. One specimen illustrated

the process of losing these appendages. They do not break off in one i)iece, but

the basal third remains attached to the mandibles and must be lost at a later

time.

A discussion took place between Dr. Barnard and Messrs. Stewart, Schwarz

and Howard respecting the collection of Nei;roptera. '

* The paper with plate illustrating the varieties will appear in an early
number.

Amerigana

VOL. I.

BROOKLYN, JULY, 1885.

NO. 4.

Bees and other Hoarding Insects.

Their Specialization into Females, Males and Workers.*
By Edwin A. Curley.

I beg that you will note the order in which I have mentioned the
sexes. It is females and males, and not males and females. In a scien-
tific discussion, I feel constrained to tell the unvarnished .truth regardless
of the consequences to the social fabric; and among the Hymenoptera, it
is most certainly a fact, that the ladies are all-important, and the gentle-
men approach as closely to perfect insignificance as it is fairly possible to
conceive. The happiness of a hundred thousand most willing slaves
depends upon the mother-bee of the hive, while three thousand lie
males do nothing but eat and loaf, and flit in the sunshine, in the hope
of that hymenial favor which only one of their number is destined to re-
ceive; while to the one that attains the one short flight in the sunshine
of wedded bliss, which is the sole object of his existence, the immediate
consequence is the sharp pain of mutilation, and then a lingering death
to be promptly followed, or perhaps to be accompanied by the execution
of his 2,999 insignificant and now worse than useless rivals.

In discussing the differentiation of bees into females, males, and
workers, I shall have no need to call your attention to any new discover-
ies in the world of wonders among those minute creatures that we have
had with us for all ages, and whose life we are just now beginning faintly
to understand. My illustrations will be drawn mainly from other orders,
in which it will be impossible for me to make a mistake without its being
readily seen by some of the general public as well as the specialists.

* Read before the Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Dec, 29, 1884.

—62 —

The limits of this paper will not permit elaborate definitions, or fine
discriminations, and I have therefore to ask that you will kindly make
your own definitions, taking care to give to my words in general, the
narrowest sense compatible with the use to which I apply them.

From the creatures and the plants, that man has domesticated for
his use, we have learned nearly all of the lessons in heridity, which we
have no good reason to unlearn, and m\- first illustration shall be from
one of these, the barn yard fowl.

If we mate a Black Spanish fowl with a Buff Cochin, and hatch out
the eggs as the bees do theirs, in an incubator, till we have a hundred
chicks, among these we shall find a very great diversity. Some when
f ally grown will be nearly, if not quite as heavy as the Buff Cochin, and
some will weigh little, if any, more than the Black Spanish. Their re-
spective weights will probably vary between those natural to their se.x in
the two varieties to which their progenitors belong, but much the larger
number will be very nearly halfway between. And as color is not neces-
sarily correlated with weight, it is quite possible that the heaviest chick
will be the blackest; that is to say, that he may take his color almost en-
tirely from one parent, and his weight and form from the other. In color
every one of tne hundred chicks will, w^hen fully grown, be in some de-
gree distinguished from every other; and if we take color, size and form
together for our guide, there will not be one among the whole number
that we cannot readily distinguish from every other. Now this particular
cross from the great difference in size, form and color of the parent stock
enables us to see very clearly a fact which the closest and most careful in-
vestigation shows to be a general law It is this:

All offspring are variable by heridity. And under some circu/iis/ances
the variations are ivide.

Nearly every youth, who has amused himself with an aquarium,
knows that he can dwarf his fish if he chooses to do so. Other things
being equal, the weight of a fish depends upon the amount of food it is
allowed to consume. This variability is so great among fishes, that of
two as nearly alike as possible, either one may be fed so that he shall ex-
ceed a pound in weight, before the other, receiving very little food, shall
turn the scale at an ounce.

Thus insufficiency of food affects the development of all organs.
Ail breeders of animals have some knowledge of this fact as applied to
their own business, and of which our fish merely affords a striking ex-
ample. It is an inevitable deduction, that when the food is of the general
quality which is suitable for the due nourishment of all the organs but is
insufficient in amount, the stronger organs, if such there be, will take

more than their j^harc, and the weaker mgans will i^^o to the wall. From
this matter of food supply we have a general law, which may be stated as
follows:

Lan'ng creatures are variable froin the amount and quality of their food.
And among some orders the limits of this variation are wide.

It is scarcely necessary for me to go into the fact, that the insects
being exposed to more extreme vicissitudes than the larger orders of
animal life are much more variable in almost every respect. It will be
interesting, however, and it may be inslrucdve in the line of our inquiry
to point out some powers of \-ariation in sex in a very common plant,
which, while they are very much greater than those of the bee, have some
points of striking resemblance.

Indian Corn is pictured to the unobserving mind, as a plant bear-
ing something good to eat at the side, and a tassel on the top. The
botanist tells us that the tassel on the top is a male plant, that at the side
is a female plant, or perhaps more than one, that all these are joined
upon one stalk, and that the something good to eat, is the product of
the female plant, fertilized by the pollen of the male. All this is fact as
far as it goes; but it gives us no conception of the whole truth.

On going into the field in bloom, we find that nearly all of the
stalks have tassels on the top; they are male plants. In a good field we
shall find perhaps half of them with reproductive females at the side, say
two good ears of corn to a hill. There are therefore nearly twice as
many perfect males as there are of perfect females. We find also, that
the undeveloped females are very numerous, from one to half a dozen on
a stalk. And a close examination shows that the number of females that
become developed is almost endrely a matter of food. Such an investi-
gation shows also some plants bearing only a female on the stalk and
some that are endrely undeveloped in both sexes.

Thus in our field of Indian corn we have male stalks, male and fe-
male stalks, female stalks, neuter stalks. And the stalks that bear deve-
loped male and developed female individuals all have, {a) a male indi-
vidual on the top, {b) one, two, or three females at the side, (e) one to
six undeveloped females at the side, and possibl}' with, possibly instead
of {c) they may have, (</) one to half a dozen buds and germs of females
at the side.

If, when the corn is ripe, we go with the farmer and gather a basket-
ful, we shall invariably find that on each ear there are kernels less per-
fectly developed than others, and we shall have every reason to believe
that in the basketful there are some kernels that could not reproduce,
that some kernels would reproduce, but would, under the most favorable

-64-

circumstances give but imperfect offspring, and that there would be a
very wide range in the degrees of the imperfection of the f)lants produced
from these imperfect kernels.

As a matter of fact, the farmer in planting, selects with care the
most perfect ears, and the most perfect parts only of the ears so selected,
and yet we have the males, the females, and the neuters or undeveloped,
for the result, as I have described them.

Indian corn is so extremely variable in this matter of sex, that care-
ful experimenting in this direction would be likely to give most interest-
ing results in a single lifetime.

Having now illustrated some principles of variability, and given
some idea of the extent to which it may go, under our own observation,
we must deal with the question before us by way of hypothesis.

Let us suppose a primitive or typical Bee among the honey seeking
insects of early days. She is necessarily a creature having such attributes
as Txre common to all species of bees which are her offspring, but in
many respects she is very unlike our Hive Bee of to-day We see her
at a time when this typical species has already learned the wonderful
lesson of thrift. She stores honey in times of plenty to provide for times
of want. She is feeding her offspring from her stores. As the keen com-
petition of life goes on, she must provide for the wants of her offspring
for an ever increasing period, and, as her powers in this respect are taxed
to the utmost, her powers of reproduction are of necessity diminished;
.she produces some imperfect eggs, and she produces fewer eggs. Still
the vast majority of her offspring perish, either for lack of sufficient food
or as prey to natural enemies befc)re their power of self defence are suffi-
ciently developed for successful flight or resistance.

It is quite reasonable to suppose that the bee has been subjected to
such vicissitudes as these. The extraordinary differences in the sizes of
the various living species of bees would indicate the truth of the theory
of insufficient food as far as we have yet followed it. If we have a species
of bee only one-eight of an inch in length w-hile some others are an inch
and a quarter in length and stout in proportion, it will take one thousand
(looo) of these Lilliputian bees, to weigh as much as a single specimen
of one of these largest species. Is it not most reasonable to suppose that
this tremendous variation in size, is chiefly due to the matter of food
supply, as is the well known fact in the very laige variation we can thus
make in the size of an individual fish?

Now when the food supply is so very scant that the size of the off-
spring is necessarily much dwarfed, evidently the weakest will die in the
process of rearing; evidently also, the mother-bee whose reproductive

-65-

powers are the weakest as to the number of offspring, and whose maternal
instincts are the strongest, that is to say, the one that lays the fewest eggs
and takes the best care of her young, will best succeed.

If any broods of young perish altogether from famine, it will be
those that are so numerous as entirely to overtax the powers of the
mother-bee in feeding them. Thus we gradually approach a time when
the care of the mother-bee extends to a period in the life of the offspring,
when they appreciate and respond to her affection. The offspring are.
still numerous and the struggle for existence is severe. The food supply
is sufficient to bring the young to that point in existence when they are
capable of applying with some prospect of success the instinct, that is to
say, the congenital knowledge inherited from the mother. And as the
mother-bee continues after this period to help* them in their struggle for
existence, they see and understand her assistance, and they neccessarily
respond to her affection. Here is definitely established filial love, in re-
sponse to maternal affection and it is necessary that this filial love should
be established in strength even in this little insect, before it is possible
that the specialization under consideration shall commence. It must
not be supposed that the size of these tiny creatures renders them incap
able of this strong feeling, — we must in this respect as in others go by
the evidence of our senses and the necessities of the case. Without strong
affection the whole life of these bees is quite inexplicable, while with it
their conduct is the natural outcome of a certain amount of intelligence
applied to certain conditions of existence.

Among all creatures nursed with a mothers care, filial love grows
stronger and stronger, according to the capacity and circumstances of
the offspring and the strength of that affection which calls it forth. But
when the time for mating approaches the young seek other relationships
and so far as it is incompatible with these does filial love decay.

But what happens if the young are by nature incapacitated for these
other relationships.''

Then filial love necessarily grows with the individual and strengthens
with her strength.

The mating instinct may be almost or wholly lacking; and if wholly
lacking, then all of that part of the highly nervous organization, inherited
from the mother that is devoted to the affections, will have no other out-
let than in filial love.

The common life around us, and man himself will perhaps afford
us some partial illustrations of this necessary law. The best illustration
outside of the insect world is one of which the facts may be easily ascer-
tained by any person who will make the inquiry.

—66—

The breeding of mules is an important industry. The horse and
the ass are capable of strong aflection, but their colts seldom develope a
filial love which has a controling influence on their adult life.

But the mule, the hybrid between the male ass and the female horse,
except in very rare instances is congenitally incapable of reproducing its
kind. It has more or less of the instinct for mating, but it necessarily
does not have the strong se.xual passion of a perfect equine animal. Its
love for its mother however amounts to a master passion; it is not spas-
modical, but it is intense and it continues as long as there is an oppor-
tunity of showing it. It is capable of transfer to another subject and
those who breed mules in large numbers take a useful, instructive and
amusing advantage of this fact.

When the young mul#sare weaned, the mothers are withdrawn from
their companv, and one, otherwise worthless old mare is substituted for
many mothers. The pooi young things turn to the good natured old
mare as to a very goddess; while she receives their worship with the
equanimity of her sex, never hinting in the mildest terms, that it is an
idolatry that should be abated. As the dilapidated goddess herself may
be depended upon for her staid qualities, it follows that her worshippers
are thereby kept out of mischief. And the poor mule is not a backslider,
it is always a consistent worshipper.

1 have stated that filial love is absolutely necessary to the specializa-
tion under consideration. It should be added that it must be intense in
its character and capable of replacing to a large extent the maternal in-
stinct of the perfect creature.

From the fact that insufficiency of food would affect the growth of
all organs we deduced the further fact that it would affect weak animals
the most, giving those not congenitally perfect an irregular development.
It follows also, that if a very young animal congenitally perfect, receives
for a long period only sufificient food to sustain life, the organs not vital
will be more or less dwarfed in their proportions, as compared to the
vital organs.

For here the law of parsimony is absolute. The vital organs must
receive a certain supply, or the life perishes. The non-vital organs make
no such imperative demand, and they consequently get less in propor-
tion. And an organ that is entirely useless to the life of the individual,
would under such circumstances receive no nourishment whatever; ex-
cepting only as it is correlated to the organs that are useful or vital. The
re-productive organs of the young of all species are entirely useless to the
life of the individual; their powers are latent, and excepting as they are
correlated to other organs, thev make no demand for nourishment. Star-

-67-

vation must therefore dwarf the reproductive organs of very young in-
dividuals, in proportion to those which are very important, or absolutely
necessary to life. In plants this fact is constantly shown all around us
and our maize is a striking example.

The reproductive powers of swine are very great. But a young pig
that is half-starved will not only have its reproductive powers very much
retarded in their growth, it will have them diminished ni their ulti-
mate strength. This is a matter in which general observation fur-
nishes the proof. I have not asked fish-culturists the question but I am
absolutely certain that other things being equal, the number of fish-eggs
will depend upon the size and thrift of the individual, and these, other
things being equal depend upon the quesdon of food.

It is easy to imagine a possible case among the vertebrates or even
the mammals in which a perfectly normal organism by long continued
insufiiciency of food, is allowed a slow development of those organs that
are absolutely necessary for its life, and of the others most nearly corre-
lated to these, while the organs of reproduction, in the incipient or un-
developed stage in which tliey were when starvation commenced, still
remain till they become fixed and immutable notwithstanding any a-
bundance of food that may be given at a later period of life.

Let us now go back to t;^e variability of eggs as shown by our hun-
dred chicks or the variability of seeds as shown by our ears of corn.
This variability is variability of the germs, and this is congenital variabil-
ity. This variability as shown in the hundred chicks gives us from three
to six pounds for their adult weight and they all differ in color, form, or
both.

We take no account at present of the fact that our primitive bee as
shown by her offspring of to-day was far more variable than fowls, but we
note that she was a hoarding msect, gathering with great care and in-
dustry in good times, food for dmes of scarcity: that she supplied her
young from her stores; and that they responded to her maternal cares
with filial affection.

We left her at a time when the struggle for existence was keen and
some of her offspring starved through no fault of her own. She was ex-
hausted with a constant search for food and the cares of a numerous and
starving family.

This necessarily involved the fact that her reproductive system was
quite out of balance, she was incapable of producing as many eggs as
her progenitors, and many of those that she did produce were imperfect.

Of these imperfect eggs some addled and some hatched out imper-
fect offspring.

—68—

At this point we proceed to inquire into the nature of the imper-
fections of the offspring.

There would probably be quite a variety in these defects. One
might be wanting in legs, another deficient in wings, another insane,
another deaf, another possibly congenitaliy blind, or perhaps wanting in
that sense, whatever it is, by which ants and bees intelligently converse
with their fellows.

All of these and many other congenital defects are possible and even
probable, because we see them in other and the least changeable orders
and species of creatures.

But the greatest in number of all the very important defects, would

be defects of the reproductive organs; because they are the organs in the

mother which have been most affected by her unfortunate environment.

Under these circumstances, what must become of all the imperfect

offspring in a sharp struggle for existence.'

Manifestly all wanting in legs, or wings, or eyes, or in any organs
necessary for quick and intelligent movements in attacking or resisting
enemies, or in collecting food, must die at an early age, notwithstanding
any possible care of the mother.

Manifestly none of those defective in the reprod' ctive organs would
so die, unless they were also defective in some other particular, unless
indeed the struggle became so keen, that perfect and imperfect went to
the wall together.

Manifestly also, these insects, thus congenitaliy imperfect in the re-
productive organs, would have a great advantage over all others in the
struggle for existence, from the time at ivhich the reproductive period in
those others commenced.

If altogether incapable of reproduction, they would have vitality
enough for themselves and a surplus to expend.

The energy inherited from the hardworking progenitors would be
too great for idleness. The surplus must be expended at the dictates of
love or hate. Hate, beyond that healthy indignation at attack or imposi-
tion which is necessary to self-protection, is unnatural to such beings.*
But they have one to love, and that is the mother. The perfect offspring
depart to reproduce their kind, and the one, two, three, or the dozen, of
the imperfect ones, stay behind with the mother bee, or if she dies thev
transfer their affection to some one of their perfect sisters.

Now another hoard of honey must be gathered, and another lot of
eggs laid, hatched out and cared for. The female bee works industriously,

* Lubbock's instances of ants attacking strangers and not rescuing friends by no
means demonstrates the opposite of this proposition.

-69-

and true to her instinct, denies herself of necessary food, that she may
lay by the more for her future oftsprin_^^

And now these creatures, happy in their deprivation, capable
of supplying their own wants with ease, insist on gathering food for the
mother-bee. She takes it with eagerness, tastes and stores it away. And
after the young are hatched out, the like attempt to feed the mother-bee
results in feeding them. Thus this family have for a time a great ad-
vantage in the struggle for existence and there is a perfectly adequate
motive for the conduct of the kind little creatures who minister to the
wants of the mother-bee.

Still this happy family is not precisely the foundation of our modern
bee-hive; it is really too affluent for ccanplete success.

The mother-bee, no longer overworked, recovers her health and un-
fortunately lays perfect eggs; with the help of the nursemaids she rears
her young without overtaxing her powers. Her family and any others
like it have very decided advantages over the old type, to which never-
theless thev inevitably revert, to fall into a state of starvation as before;
for, in this family, the nursemaids have and can have, no probable suc-
cessors while there is plenty to eat.

If this happens to one family of bees, it will probably happen to many
families. The temporary affluence of one family caused by the pre-
sence of the helpers will itself increase the depth of poverty in the neigh-
boring families, and this poverty will give them helpers in undeveloped
bees in the next generation, by which in turn they will be raised to af-
fluence. Thus there will be alternating generations of bees, that is to
say generations with helpers, followed by generations without them.

Among those that go forth from the mother-nest to find mates and
rear families of their own, are some that are congenitally weak in the re-
productive organs. The majority of these meet with sound mates and
the variation dies out. But some individuals thus congenitally imper-
fect, meet with like mates. The congenital weakness of the reproductive
organs is intensified in the offspring. The majority are perhaps so im-
perfect as not to be able to reproduce their kind. Any of these that
reach maturity will be glad helpers of the mother-bee.

Their less imperfect brothers and sisters are defective in many de-
grees. The offspring of one never reach maturity. Those of another
nearly all thrive and there are a dozen reproductive females among them.
In their migrations at swarming time these bees sometimes become
established near less affluent families, congenitally perfect, and are some-
times crossed with them .

Here we have the bees in a contlition of the greatest variability as

ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 11

to reproductive powers, But all of those that are getting on well in the
world have among their offspring some that cannot reproduce, and help-
ers are consequently numerous.

About this time the paupers are established as a d'stinct variety.
Sick and discouraged with the unsuccessful battle of lile, they are more
or less tolerated in the affluent families of their neighbors. But when
they have recovered their bodily strength, they have not also regained
their mental balance. They have become accustomed to a life of toler-
ated dependence; so they live in the nest and lay eggs to be reared l)y
their industrious neighbors. Sometimes the imposition becomes toi)
great for good nature to stand and there may be a terrible slaughter ol
ihe innocent paupers and their offspring. 'l"he ones however that most
nearly resemble the useful members of the community escape destruction
and thus are established the Cuckoo- Bees, their similation of virtue being
ever the closer as indignation increases at their vice. '

The varieties become extremely numerous; many of them however
becoming rapidly extinct. At first in all families where there are help-
ers there are almost or perhaps quite as many undeveloped males; but
this being for bees, a hurtful variation the tendency of natural selection
is to their diminution. On the whole those families are the most suc-
cessful in which there are the largest number oi' undeveloped females.

All this time experience is being gathered in the mothers and differ-
entiated and stored in their systems, to re-appear as instinct and intelli-
gence in the offspring.

Sometimes the most affluent families come to want, and perfect fe-
males are dwarfed in their reproductive organs by scarcity of food and
are only capable of being helpers.

From all this diversity there is at last a type evolved which is on
the whole the best for the majority of the bees. This type is one in-
volving a degree of imperfection in the reproductive organs of all offspring
unless highly stimulating food in large quantity is supplied from a very
early stage of growth. Thus the normal product is simply a helper and
the number of males and females in proportion to the number of helpers
and the food supply is a matter entirely under the control, not of chance
nor of the mother, but of the community. This then, 1 think, is the
foundation of the Hive-Bee family, the highest l\pe of the flying Hy-
menoptera.

As instinct enlarges and intelligence increases, the helpers take
more and more upon themselves the care of the lujusehold. They be-
come pre-eminently the workers, and their officious interference is con-
tinually stopping the mother-bee's toil, and stuffing her with the best

—71 —

Food they can obtain. She gives herself up more and more exclusively
to the work of reproduction, and her powers increase till she becomes
capable of changing food into eggs and individually starting a hundred
thousand existences in her single lifetime.

Between this highest t\pe of the bee and the lowest, we find several
hundred varieties all capable of explanation, either as progressive or re-
trogressive, developments from our primitive bee. Many of them are
highly specialized in their social habits, and it seems tome that all those
that have two fully developed sexes and one or more undeveloped sexes,
must neccessarily have thrift, intelligence and love, as the foundation with-
out which it is impossible that sucli creatures should of themselves build
up such a singular condition.

It seems to me that hunger, something approaching starvation, is
necessary as a beginning of the specialization. Now we all know that
from their capacity to increase with enormous rapidity, some insects are
subject to great vicissitudes in the matter of food. The locusts, for in-
stance, increase in numbers till having eaten everything in their native
habitat, they leave it in dense masses that obscure the heavens, and which
devastate vast regions. Of the next brood, immensely more vast in
numbers than even these, comparatively a small remnant reach maturit}',
and scarcely any reproduce their kind. The race grows up again from
the few starved individuals too weak to leave the old habitat and of which
a few managed to survive long enough to lay some eggs. Those doubt-
less produce many imperfect insects, but these specializations are not use-
ful to the race in this case, and they cannot survive. I think it likely
however, that man could specialize locusts and many other insects in this
way without difficulty. I think it likely that he could with great care
so specialize fish and possibly fowls and with great patience and much
difficulty some of the mammals. I think also that if mules were from a
thrifty hoarding stock like squirrels they would be in the habit of feeding
the old mare as the workers feed the mother-bee. But while it may be
allowable to me)ition these as interesting possibilities I do not propose to
discuss them in this paper.

There is another element which is, I think, very important in fixing
the definite type of the workers, and whicn 1 had intended to discuss.
But while I think that element important in the bee and perhaps abso-
lutely necessary for the still higher specialization of the ant, I think also
that a permanent body of workers is necessarily evolved from the condi-
tions which I have assumed as natural and proper to the primitive bee.

To recapitulale in few words;

—72—

I presuppose a primitive bee fertile and affectionate, hoarding and
intelligent.

I show that great want will necessarily diminish the number of
her eggs.

That it will render some eggs imperfect by deranging the repro-
ductive organs of the mother.

That consequently some of the offspring will be defective in the re-
producing organs.

That while other imperfect bees will generally die before maturity,
those imperfect only i)i the reproductive organs, will live if the perfect
offspring live.

That some of these being incapable of mating, will not go away for
that purpose, but will stay with the mother-bee.

That having surplus energy to expend, they will use it in accord-
ance with the instinct of the race, in gathering and storing food.

That the surplus food will be utilized by the mother-bee, and that
therefore this family will be affluent.

That being affluent the formerly overtaxed mother will recover her
health, and that her oflspring will thereafter be perfect.

That consequentl}- these nursemaid-bees will have no successors,
and the family will therefore be again reduced to want.

That some bees of the same hatch with the nursemaids will be con-
genitally imperfect notwithstanding that they leave the mother and find
mates.

That the offspring of congenitally imperfect bees will be extremely
variable.

That some of this oflspring will be unable to reproduce and that
they will remain with the mother-bee as nursemaids or helpers.

That these helpers from the congenital imperfections of their moth-
ers will have successors; substantially as is seen among the hive-bees
and the humble-bees of the present day, and

That the variation thus started will eventually be reduced to a given
type or types — by the survival of the fittest.

That whatever other circumstances may aid in producing the result
in question, this is sufficient of itself to account for the specialization of
the bee and the ant into females, males and workers.

—12>—

Record of some Contributions to the Literature of North
American Beetles, pubhshed in 1883 — 84.

By Samuel Henshaw.

(Continued from p. 48. )

I=.^:E^T II.

CICINDELIDAE.

Onius ambiguus Schaupp 142 p. 121 Cal.— Cicindela perviridis (var.) iSchaupp
141 p. 79 Cal. Or. Ut. Newfld. ; C. nigrior {var.) Schaupp 141 p. 79 Geo.; C. Hoinii
Schaupp 141 p. 80, pro anthracma {{ Horn; C. graminea {i^ar.) Schaupp 141 p. 80,
Kans. Cal.; C. pacifica (var.) Schaupp 141 p. 84 Cal. Ut. Nev. ; C. scabrosa [var.)
Schaupp 141 p. 84 Fla. ; C. Laurentii [var.) Schaupp 141 p. 87 Cal.; C. tenuicincta
(car.) Schaupp 142 p. 122 Col.: C. lunalonga Schaupp 142 p. 122 Cal.

CARABIDAE.

Bembidium vinnulum Casey 9 p. 15 Ariz. — Tachys litoralis Casey !) p. 15, N. J.
Trechus hydropicus Horn 76 p. 273 Va. — Anophthalmus audax Horn 76 p. 272
Ronald's Cave. — Fterostichus zephyrus Casey 9 p. 2 no loc. ; P. osculans Casey 9
p. 2 no loc— Amara apachensis Casey 9 p. 3 Ariz.; A. marylandica Casey 9 p. 4
Md. ; A. pallida Casey 9 p. 5 N.Y. ; A. fenuginea Casey 9 p. 5 N.J. — Metabola vi-
vida Bates 43 p. 298 Ariz. Mex. N. Son. — Dercylinus («. ;/.! Chaud. 13 p. 525 pro
Evolenes impressa Lee. — Discoderus robustus Horn 72 p. 52 Ariz. — Harpalus lustrans
Casey 7 p. 64 pro lucidus || Lee; H. opacus Casey 9 p. 8 Pa.; H. manhaitanis Ca-ey
9 p. 9 N.Y., H. vespertinus Casey 9 p. 10 Ariz.; H. placidus Casey 9 p. 10 N.Y.;
H. coiivictor Casey 9 p. 12N. V.; H. canonicus Casey 9 p. 12 R. I. ; H. lu>tialis
Casey 9 p. 12N.Y. ; H. Knescens (Ja.sey 9 p. 12 N.Y. R. L — SeKaiophorus aneo-
piceus Casey 9 p. 13 Ariz. — Slenolophus gracilis Casey 9 p. 14 Ariz. — Ameiinus (?i. <j.)
Casey 9 p. 7 pro Bradycellus linearis Lee. — Bradycellus lucidus Casey 9 p. 8 Ariz. —
Tachycellus Kirbyi Horn 71 p. 51 Ont. Ohio. — Anisodactylus arizonse Ca.sey 9 p. 6
Ariz. — Pscudoniorpha angustata Horn 70 p. 16; 76 p, 274 Ariz.

DYTISCIDAE.

Laccophilus lateralis Horn 76 p. 282 Ariz- — Hydroporus palliatus Morn 76 p.

283 Cal.; H. picturatus Horn 76 p. 283 \V. Nev.; H. quadrimaculatiis Horn 76 p.

284 W. Nev. — Graphoderes occidentalis Horn 76 p. 281 Cal. W.T.

GYRINIDAE.

Gyrinus canadensis Regimljart 112 p. 159 Amer. bor. Ca.; G. corpulcntus Re-
gimbart 112 p. 178 Amer. bor. — Dineutes analis Regimbart 112 p. 216 La. Tex.

SILPHIDAE.

Triarthron pennsylvanicum Horn 76 p. 284 Pa.
PSELAPHIDAE.
Tychus testaceus Casey 9 p. 31 Mass. N.\'. Mich. — Bryaxis gracilis l"asey 9 p.
32 Mich. ; B. inopia Casey 9 p. 33 Fla.

STAPHYLINIDAE.

Titliaiiis (?(. ;/. ) Casey ;• \). i6 pro Aleochara valida Lee. — Empleiiota {n. (j.)
Casey 9 p. 17; maritima Casey \) p. 17 N. J. — Myimedonia tauveli Sharp 43 p. 199
N. Amer. U. St. Mex. — Philonthiis seiicinus Morn 83 p. 182 Ca. Pa. Tex. ; P. nites-
cens Horn 83 p. 182 Vane. W.T. Cal. ; P. aliuaceus Horn 83 p. 183 Cal. ; P. per-
verviis Horn 83 p. 183 Vane; P. bucephalus Horn S3 p. 184 Cal. Vane; P. gentili^
Horn 83 p. 185 Ariz.; P. asper Horn 83 p. 185 Pa. D.C.; P. irinus Horn 83 p. 186
Tex.; P. semiruber Horn 83 p. 187 Cal. Ariz.; P. hasali^ Horn 83 p. 187 Col. P>.
Amer. Wy. ; P. gracilicornis Horn 83 p. 190 Ariz.; P. pubes Horn 83 p. 182 W.T.
Nev. ; P. grandicoUis Horn 83 p. 193 Cal. Vane; P. pul-erulu^ Horn 83 p. 193 (.al.
Ariz.; P. quadricollis Horn 83 p. 194 N.Y. to Mo. Mich.; P. Theveneti Horn 83 p.
194 Cal. Nev.; P. innocuus Horn 83 p. 199 Ariz. P. octidentalis Horn 83 p. 200
Col. Ut. Ind. Terr. Wy. ; P. Schwarzi Horn 83 p. 201 Mass. Mich.; P. hudsonicu^
Horn 83 p. 201 Ca. H. B. Terr.; P. Pettiti Horn 83 p. 201 W.T. Cal.; P. tnangii-
lum Horn 83 p. 202 W.T. Nev. Cal.; P. ferreipeniiis Horn 83 p. 202 W.T. Cal; l*.
caurinus Horn 83 p. 203 Vane, to Cal. ; P. Crotchi Horn 33 p. 203 Vane, to Ariz. :
P. arizonensis Horn 83 p. 203 no loc. ; P. cunctans Horn 83 p. 205 D.C.; P. ivquali>
Horn 83 p. 205 Ca. L. Sup.; P. quediinus Horn 83 p. 209 Mich. Kans. ; P. filicornis
Horn 83 p. 210 Nev. ; P. versutus Horn 83 p. 211 Cal. ; P. disians Horn 83 p. 21 1
Vane. Nev.; P. fallaciosus Horn 83 p. 212 Mass. Pa.; P. brevipc-nnis Horn 83 p. 212
L. Sup.; P. erassulus Horn 83 p. 213 Nev.; P. clunalis Horn 83 p. 213 Cal.; P. par-
vus Horn 83 p. 214 Ariz. ; P. bidentatus Horn 83 p. 214 Cal. Vane. W.T. ; P. viiili?
Horn 83 p. 215 Vane; P. punctatellus Horn 83 p. 215 H. B. Terr. Nev.; P. n.i-
orophthalmus Horn 83 p. 216 Vane, to N. Eng. & Va. ; P. decipiens Horn 83 p. 217
Cal. ; P. instabilis Horn 83 p. 218 Col. Wy. ; P. picicornis Horn 83 p. 218 Nev. ; P.
serpentinus Horn 83 p. 219 Ky. ; P. quadrulus Horn 83 p. 221 Cal. Ariz. ; P. viri-
danus Horn 83 p. 221 Middle States W^ lo Mo. ; P. Leeontei Horn 83 p. 222 Cal.
Col. ; P. aurulentus Horn 83 p. 222 W.T. B. Col. Col. Mieh. Ky.; P. inversus Horn
83 p. 239 Col. — Actobius nanus Horn 83 p. 225 Ca. Mieh. N. Engl.; A. inutilis Horn
83 p. 225 Mich. N. Engl. ; A. fratereulus Horn 83 p. 226 N. 111. Mieh. ; A. senilis
Horn 83 p. 226 Col. Nev. Cal. ; A. infimus Horn 83 p. 227 Cal. ; A. oereatus Horn
83 p. 228 Cal.; A. patella Horn 83 p. 229 Mich. N. V. ; A. loxatus Horn 83 p. 229
D.C.; A. punctieeps Horn 83 p. 230 Cal. ; A. parens Horn 83 p. 230 Mich, to D.C. ;
A. pusio Horn 83 p. 230 Col. ; A. jocosus Horn 83 p. 232 Del. N. C. ; A. jueundus
Horn 83 p. 232 S. C. ; A. elegantulus Horn 83 p. 232 Cal. Ariz. — Cafius seminiiens
Horn 83 p. 236 Cal.; G. luteipennis Horn 83 p. 237 Cal.

Dianous zephyrus Casey 10 p. 11 Vane. B. Col. — Stenus punctiger Casey 10 p.
13 Col.; S. gemmeus Casey 10 p. 18 Geo.; S. bilentigatus Casey 10 p. 19 Va. ; S.
seulptilis Casey 10 p. 22 Nev. Cal. W.T. ; S. laeeophilus Casey 10 p. 23 Ont. ; S. ver-
licosus Casey 10 p. 25 Vane. W.T. ; S. trislis Casey 10 p. 27 Cal.; S. Austini Casey
10 p. 28 N. H. L. Sup. B. Col. ; S. ranops Casey 10 p. 29 S. States; S. delawarensi>
Casey 10 p. 30 Middle States; S seetator Casey 10 p. 31 W. T.; S. zunieus Casey 10
p. 32 Ariz.; S. tacomce Casey 10 p. 34 W.T. ; S. strangulatus Casey 10 p. 39 N.V.
Mieh.; S. tenuis Casey 10 p. 40 Ont. Mass.; S. difficilis Casey 10 p. 41 Middle States
Mass. Ont.; S. Pettiti Casey 10 p. 42 Ont. Middle States; S. scrupeus Casey 10 p. 43
Ont. L. Sup.; S. intrusus Casey 10 p. 44 Mass. Mich. Ca. ; S. rugifer Casey 10 p. 47
Col. ; S. anastomozan Casey 10 p. 48 N. H. ; S. shoshonis Casey 10 p. 49 W, T. ; S.
insularis Casey 10 p. 50 Vane. B. Col.; S. vexatus Casey 10 p. 51 W.T. ; S. Schwarzi
Casey 10 p. 52 Mass.; S, pauper Casey 10 p. 53 Mass.; S. subtilis Casey 10 p. 54
Mich.; S. indigens Casey 10 p. 55 Mass.; S. simplex Casey 10 p. 56 Or.; S. vicinus

—75—

Casey 10 p. 57 D.C. Pa. Ala.; S. ingratus Casey 10 p. 58 Midi.; S. neglectus Casey
10 p. 59 Ma';s. Ont. Ill Neb.; S. scabrosus Casey 10 p. 60 L. Sup.; S. vespertinus
Casey 10 p. 61 W.T. ; S. convictor Casey 10 p. 62 W.T. ; S. confusus Casey 10 p. 63
Mich. ; S. inornatus Casey 10 p. 64 Mass. Mich. L. Sup. ; S. placidus Casey 10 p. 65
Mich. ; S. mendax Casey 10 p. 66 Mass. ; S. eriensis Casey 10 p. 67 Mich. ; S. sphser-
ops Casey 10 p. 68 Mass. ; S. militaris Casey 10 p. 69 L. Sup. ; S. pluto Casey 10 p.
70 Mass.; S. incultus Casey 10 p. 71 Ariz.; S. corvus Casey 10 p. 72 B. Col. Cal. ; S.
montanus Casey 10 p. 74 N. H. ; S. costalis Casey 10 p 77 Nev. Cal. ; S. alveolatus
(Jasey 10 p. 78 Nev.; S. ellipticus Casey 10 p 79 Cal.; S. adelops Casey 10 p. 80
N. Cal.; S. luctuosus Casey 10 p. 81 Cal. Nev. B. Col.; S. pusio Casey 10 p. 82
Mass. Ca. L. Sup. ; S. nanulus Casey 10 p. 83 B. Col. ; S. atomarius Casey 10 p. 84
Mich. Mass. ; S. virginiie Casey 10 p. 87 Va. ; S. texanus Casey 10 p. 88 Tex. West.
States; S. venustus Casey 10 p. 89 no loc. ; S. occidentalis Casey 10 p. 90 B. Col.; S.
pacificus Casey 10 p. 91 Cal; S. abstrusus Casey 10 p. 92 N.Y. N. J.; S. arizona;
Casey 10 p. 93 Ariz. Tex.; S. integer Casey 10 p. 94 Mass.; S floridanus Casey 10
p. 95 Fla.; S. mammops Casey 10 p. 97 Mass. L. Sup. Col. B. Col. &c. ; S. gravidus
Casey 10 p. 98 Mass.; S. animatus Casey 10 p. 99 L. Sup. ; S. tumicollis Casey 10
p. 100 Mich.; S. carinicollis Casey 10 p. loi Mich L. Sup.; S. insignis Casey 10 p.
102 Cal. ; S. dolosus Casey 10 p. 108 Col. ; S. viliosus Casey 10 p. 109 Cal. ; S. secti-
lifer Casey 10 p. no D.C; S. milleporus Casey 10 p. in N.Y. (jeo. Fla.; S. jejunus
Casey 10 p. 112 B. Col. ; S. vinnulus Casey 10 p. 112 Mass. L. Sup. Mich. ; S. caro-
linae Casey 10 p. 116 Ala. Fla.; S. ageus Casey 10 p. 116 Mass.; S. pudicus Casey
10 p. 117L. Sup. ; S. minor Casey 10 p. 118 Mich.; S. rigidus Casey 10 p. 1 19
Mass.; S. incertus Casey 10 p. 120 Neb.; S. parallelus Casey 10 p. 121 Mass.; S.
noctivagus Casey 10 p. 121 N. H. ; S. lucvilentus Casey 10 p. 122 Cal.; S. juvencus
Casey 10 p. 123 Mich.; S. pauperculus Casey 10 p. 124 Mich ?; S. haplus Casey 10
p. 125 Mich. ; S. enodis Casey 10 p. 126 Col.; S. dives Casey 10 p. 127 Cal.; S. sub-
griseus Casey 10 p. 127 Cal. B. Col.; S. terricola Casey 10 p. 128 Nev.; S. mundulus
Casey 10 p. 129 W.T.; S. tuberculatus Casey 10 p. 129 Fla.; S. indislinct-
us Casey 10 p. 130 Mich.; S. brumalis Casey 10 p. 131 Mich.: S. gratiosus Casey
10 p. 133 Mich. ; S. mouticola Casey 10 p. 134 N.H. ; S. curtus Casey 10 p. 135
Mich.; S. alacer Casey 10 p. 135 Fla. Tex. Ariz. Col. S. III.; S. hirsutus Casey 10
p. 137 Mich.; S. vestalis Casey 10 p. 138 Cal. ; S. tahoensis Casey 10 p. 139 Nev.;
S. nimbosus Casey 10 p. 139 Col ; S. pugetensis Casey 10 p. 140 W.T.; S. vacuus
Casey 10 p. 141 Cal. ; S. amicus Casey 10 p. 142 Col. ; S. exilis Casey 10 p. 143
Cal.; S. californicus Casey 10 p. 145 Cal. Nev.; S. gil^ Casey 10 p. 146 Ariz.; S.
dispar Casey 10 p. 147 Mass. Tex. D.C. Kans.

Areus (/i. r/.) Casey 10 p. 150; A. retrusus Casey 10 p. 154 B. Col; A. fraternus
Casey 10 p. 155 Wy. L. Sup.; A. umbratilis Casey 10 p. 156 B. Col; A. croceaius
Casey 10 p. 158 Neb. Mich. L. Sup. N.Y. D.C; A. advena Ca.sey 10 p. 158 L. Sup.;
A. europs Casey 10 p. 160 Md. Va. ; A. megalops Casey 10 p. 161 Fla.; A. lugens
Casey 10 p. 161 Mass.; A. plicipennis Casey 10 p. 162 B. Col ; A. agnatus Casey 10
p. 163 B. Col; A. Sayi Casey 10 p. 164 Cal; A. amabilis Ca.sey 10 p. 166 Del; A.
perforatus Casey 10 p. 169 Ariz.; A. nitescens Casey 10 p. 170 Fla.; A. pollens
Casey 10 p. 172 W.T. Cal; A. paten.s Casey 10 p. 172 Col; A. reconditus Casey
1^ P- 173 Mass. L. Sup. Iowa; A. propinquus Casey 10 p. 174 N.H.; A. canadensis
Casey 10 p. 175 Ont. N. Ill; A. pinguis Casey 10 p. 177 B. Col. W.T. Ur. Nev.
Cal; A. utenis Ca.sey 10 p. 178 Col; A. trajectus Casey 10 p. 179 Col; A. papa-
gonis Casey 10 p. 180 Ariz.; A. obsoletus Casey 10 p. 181 Ont.; A. artus Casey 10

-76-

p. 182 N.V.; A. dilutus Casey 10 p. 184 La.; A. meridionalis C.i^ey 10 p. 185 Fla.;
A. varipes Casey 10 p. 187 Mich. ; A. dissenticns Casey 10 p. 190 L. Sup.; A. Hub-
hardi Casey 10 p. 191 L. Sup. ; A. laetulus 10 p. 192 Cal.; A. leviceps Casey 10 !>.
193 B. Col.: A. politulus Casey 10 p. 193 B. Col.; A. simiolus Casey 10 p. 194 I..
Sup. ; A. pertinax Casey 10 p. 195 Wy. ; A. lucidus Casey 10 p. 196 Cal.
Euoesihetus brevipennis Casey 9 p. 20 Mich.; E. punctatus Casey 9 p. 21 Fla.; E.
floridre Casey 9 p. 21 Fla. ; E. similis Casey 9 p. 22 Fla. ; E. mundulus Casey 9 p.
23 Mass.; E. robustulus Casey 9 p. 24 Mass.; E. iripennis Casey 9 p. 25 Ohio; E.
texanus Casey 9 p. 26 Tex.; E. atomus Casey 9 p. 28 Fla. — Edaphus carinatus
Casey 9 p. 30 D.C. ; E. luculentus Casey 9 p. 31 U.C — Lilhocharis tabacina Casey

7 p. 65 no loc.

TRICHOPTERYGIDAE.
Ptilium Hornianum Matthews 102 p. 143 Tex. — Plenidium speculifer Matthews
102 p. 151 Mass.; P. Ulkei Matthews 102 p. 151 D.C.

CUCUJIDAE.
Silvanus gila; Casey 8 p. 73 Ariz. — La."mophU^us terminalis Casey 8 p. 83 Tex.:
L. floridanus Casey 8 p. 85 Fla. ; L, Horni Casey 8 p. 89 Cal. ; L. rotundicollis Casey

8 p. 89 S.C. ; L. quadratus Casey 8 p. 90 Gulf States; L. Schwarzi Casey 8 p. 91
Fla. D.C; L. extricatus Casey H p. 92 Mo.; L. pubescens Casey 8 p. 93 Cal.; L.
truncatus Casey 8 p. 93 Mich. ; L. denticoinis Casey 8 p. 94 Tex.— Lathropus pubes-
cens Casey 8 p. 96 Cal. — Dysmerus {n.g.) Casey 8 p. 97; basalis Casey 8 p. 97 Fla.
Telephanus Lecontei Casey 8 p. 103 Ariz.

HISTERIDAE.

Hister gentilis Horn 70 p. 285 Ariz. — Echinodes decipiens Morn 76 p. 286 Ariz.

NITIDULIDAE.

Carpophilus zuni Casey 9 p. 34 Ariz. — Epurjea papagona Casey 9 p. 35 Ariz.

BUPRESTIDAE.

Gyascutus carolinensis Horn 76 p. 2S8 N.C.

CIOIDAE.

Ennearthron californicum Casey 9 p. 36 Cal.; E. unicolor Casey 9 p. 37 N. V.

SCARABAEIDAE.

Lachnosterna subpruinosa Casey 9 p. 38 Atlantic States. — Anomala oblivia Horn

HI p. 163 Pa. to Geo.

CERAMBYCIDAE.

Phymatodes ater Lee. 96 p. 100 N.Y. — Pcecilobrium {71. g.) Florn 77 p. 11

CHRYSOMELIDAE.

Cryptocephalus ellipsoidalis Casey 7 p. 66 Mass. N.Y.-Disonycha pulchra Casey

9 p. 31 Pa. ; D. arizonce Casey 9 p. 52 Ariz. — Chsetocnema paupercula Casey 9 p. 53
N.Y. — Psylliodes extricata Casey 9 p. 54 N.J. ; P. ?enescens Casey 9 p. 55 N.Y.

Microrhopala dimidiata Horn 76 p. 292 Tex. ; M. vulnerata Horn 76 p. 292 Ariz. ;
M. montana Horn 76 p. 294 Mont. — Odontota californica Horn 76 p. 297 Cal. Ariz.;
O. gracilis Horn 76 p. 298 Tex. — Charistena perspicua Horn 76 p. 298 Ariz. N.Mex.
Octotoma marginicoUis Horn 76 p. 300 111. S.C. Tex. -Stenopodius (n.g.) Horn 76
p. 301 ; flavidus Horn 76 p. 301 Cal. Ariz.

TENEBRIONIDAE.

Eurymetopon piceum Casey 9 p. 40 Ariz. ; E. emarginatum Casey 9 p. 41 Ariz. ;
E. papagonum Casey 9 p. 42 Ariz. ; E. carbonatum Casey 9 p. 43 Ariz. ; E. sculptile
Casey 9 p. 44 Ariz. ; E. dubium Casey 9 p. 44 Ariz.— Emmenastus nanulus Casey 9

p. 45 Cal.— Asida macra Horn 76 p. 304 N.Mex. Ariz,— Coniontis elliptica Casey 9
p. 46 Cal.— Eusaltus poliius Horn 76 p. 304 Cal. — Eleodes arcuata Casey 9 p. 47
Ariz. — Platydema pernigrum Casey 9 p. 49 Ariz.; P. parvulum Casey 9 p. 50 N.Y.;
P. opaculum Casey 9 p. 51 Pa.

MORDELLIDAE.
Moidella carinata Smith 152 p. 3 Fla. Tex. La. ; M. flaviventris Smith 152 p. 3
Tex. Fla. — Mordellistena conformis Smith 152 p. 4 Tex.; M. hirticula Smith 152 p. 4
Tex. La.; M. immaculata Smith 152 p. 5 D.C. ; M. erratica Smith 151 p. 80 Fla.;
M. tarsalis Smith 151 p. 80 Tex. ; M. pratensis Smith 151 p. 80 Fla.

ANTHICIDAE.
Corphyra flabellata Horn 76 p. 306 W.Nev. — Noxotus nuperus Horn 82 p. 168
Ariz. Mex. Kans. ; N. calcaratus Horn 82 p. 170 Nev. Ariz. L. Cal. ; N. denudatus
Horn 82 p. 173 Cal.

MELOIDAE.

Cantharis gentilis Horn 76 p. 311 N.Mex. Ariz.; C. occipitalis Horn 76 p. 312
Cal.; C. incommoda Horn 76 p. 312 Cal. — Calospasta viridis Horn 76 p. 312 Col.
N. Mexico.

CURCULIONIDAE.

Apion vespertinum Casey 7 p. 67 Cal.; A. erraticum Smith 153 p. 44 Tex. Iowa;
A. obsoletum Smith 153 p. 44 Dae. Mich. Ca. ; A. erythrocerum Smith 153 p. 44
Kans. Middle States D.C. Tenn. ; A. robustum Smith 153 p. 45 Tex. Mo. Iowa; A.
punctinasum Smith 153 p. 46; Wy. Dae. Col.; A. parallelum Smith 153 p. 47 D.C.
Tenn.; A. estriatum Smith 153 p. 47 Ca; Col. Tex.; A. ovale Smith 153 p. 47 Mo.
Cal.; A. impunctistriatum Smith 153 p. 48 Tex. D.C; A. desolatum Smith 153 p.
48 Geo.; A. sordidum Smith 153 p. 48 Utah; A. floridanum Smith 153 p. 49 Fla.
Cal. Ariz. la. D.C; A. obesum Smith 153 p. 49 Mich. Tex.; A. parvulum Smith
153 p. 49 Middle States; A. atriceps Smith 153 p. 49 Geo. I'la. Cal.; A. minutum
Smith 153 p. 50 Fla. N.Y. ; A. opacicolle Smith 153 p. 50 Cal. Ariz. Or.; A. texa-
num Smith 153 p. 51 Tex,; A. ellipticum Smith 153 p. 51 Neb. La.; A. californicum
Smith 153 p. 52 Cal. ; A. decoloratum Smith 153 p. 52 D.C. N.C Ariz. Md. Va. ; A.
concoloratum Smith 153 p. 52 Cal. W.Va. Geo. Mich. Fla.; A. carinatum Smith 153
p. 52 Fla. Tex. Neb.; A. brevicolle Smith 153 p, 53 Cal. Tex. Ariz.; A. typicum
Smith 153 p. 53 Cal; A. abdominale Smith 153 p. 53 Ariz, III. D.C; A. anienna-
tum Smith 153 p. 53 Cal. Ariz.; A. coidatum Smith 153 p. 54 Cal.. A. capitatum
Smith 153 p. 54 Mich. Neb. Or.; A. oblitum Smith 153 p. 54 Col, Cal. Tex. Kans.
Fla. ; A. turbulentum Smith 153 p. 56 Middle States Tex. Cal. ; A. minor Smith 153
p. 56 Cal, La.; A. dilatatum Smith 153 p. 56 Ariz.; A. herculanum Smith 153 p. 56
Pa. N.Y. D.C, Mass.; A. pyriforme Smith 153 p. 57 Ariz. ; A. Walshii Smith 153
p. 57 pro lanuginosum || Walsh; A. vicinum Smith 153 p. 58 Col. Cal. N.Y, D.C;
A. modestum Smith 153 p. 58 Ariz. Kans. Fla.; A. perminutmn Smith 153 p. 59
'lex. Geo D.C. Mass.; A. gii.seum Smith 153 p. 59 Middle, South & West. States;
A. fraternum Smith 153 p. 60 South. & West. States; A. varicoine Smith 153 p. 60
South. & We.st. States; A. extensum Smith 153 p. 61 Mont. Kans.; A. seneipenne
Smith 153 p. 61 D.C; A. contusum Smith 153 p. 61 Dae; A. tenuirostrum Smith
153 p. 62 Tex. Kans. Neb. D.C; A. attenuatum Smith 153 p. 62 Kans.; A, con-
ferium Smith 153 p. 63 West. & South. States; A. patruele Smith 153 p. 64 U. S.

Podapion {n. g.) Riley 118 p. 61; gallicola Riley 118 p. 62 D.C, L. Sup. Mass.
Tyloderma nigrum Casey 9 p. 56 N. 111. ; T. punctatum Casey 9 p. 57 N.Y. — Balan-
inus obtusus Blanchard 3 p. 107 N.H. Mass. Tex. Neb.

ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA. 12

-78-

Notes and News-

In the Vol. of the Stettiner Entomologische Zeitschrift for 1884,
which has just come to hand, we note that our good friend Dr. Horn
has also been elected honorary member of that society. It gives another
proof of the high standing Dr. Horn has made for himself.

*

Early this spring I found under the bark of a tree a specimen of
Coptocyda aurichalcea as bright and glittering as ever a specimen I saw in
life. It was perfectly dry, and a mere shell and had evidently been dead
a long time. In no collections I have ever seen, have I found any speci-
mens at all approaching the living insect in beauty. I mentioned this
to Drs. Hagen and Horn, at Cambridge, recently, and Dr. Horn says
both Dr. Leconte and himself had tried in every way to restore or pre-
serve the color of this insect, without success: he suggests that the living
insects be confined, kept perfectly dry, and allowed to die of starvation
and possibly in that way fine cabinet specimens might be obtained. Dr.
Hagen says that a drop of Glycerine under the elytra preserved tlieir
lustre for some time but eventually they became dull. Will our Coleop-
terological friends try their hands at this during the coming season and

report success.''

* *

In Can. Ent. XVI p. 131, Miss Murtfeldt gavesomenotes on "Atiacus
cincius, Tepper\ In Mrs. Fernald's collection I saw recently, a pair of
A. splendidus De Beauv, labelled A, cincius, and received from Miss
Murtfeldt. The remarks in the Can. Ent. must therefore be considered
as notes on A . splendidus, the determination (credited to Prof Riley by
the bye,) being erroneous. Splendidus is credited to our fauna in Mr.
Grote's list of 1882; but I have never seen a specimen from the U.S. and
do not remember having seen any note of its being found north of Mex-
ico. Still it is very likely that it will yet occur near the border.

From cinctus the species is readily distinguished by the shape of the
transparent spots, which in splendidus take the form of an elongate tri-
angle, or arrow head, and extend to and sometimes cross the outer
median line: in cincius on the contrary the spots are smaller, not regu-
larly triangular but more rounded; those of secondaries of an irregular
diamond shape: they never cross and rarely even touch the outer median
line. Other characters are not wanting to separate the species, but those
above mentioned are the most obvious. The error in determination was
a very natural one, as Mr. Tepper had but recently figured the species,
and a cursory comparison with the figure would indicate identity.

—79-

Newark, N. J., now has an Entomological Society with about 15
members. Some of our Newark friends are excellent collectors, and
will no doubt be heard from before long. We wish them good luck and

prosperity.

* * *

Early in June we had the pleasure of seeing Mr. Thaxter and his
collections at Kittery Point and obtained some hints on collecting at
light. One point may be interesting, and that is that Noctuids always
fly against the wind, and unless your light is placed so that they can fly

thus to get to it, your success will be small.

* *

In Dr. Horn's Scotocryptus paper in our last number, p. 51, is
"Aglyptus 4 — 3 — 3 (^ 5"- The "9" is owing to a slip of the pen, and
should be omitted.

Dr. Coding, of Ancona, 111., writes us "Having read Mr. Stretch's
article" 'Anal appendages of Leucardia acrcBa , (Papilio III, 41), I was
interested in the capture of a specimen of Ctenucha /ulvico/lis whWe the
insect was in the act of protruding similar appendages. These 'anal
antennas' were about I of an inch long, of a milk white color, and cover-
ed with short yellowish gray hairs, very closely resembling a lamp chim-
ney cleaner" as observed by Mr. Stretch.

The insect was captured while flying around a lighted lantern, the
appendages being plainly seen by quite a number of persons. I have
never observed these organs in the insect mentioned by Mr. Stretch. "

This is interesting as showing similarity of structure between the
ArctiidcB and this species, classed as one of the ZygcenidoE. Will our friends
all over the country watch the insects they attract to light, and find
whether any other species shows this peculiarity, the function of which is
not yet satisfactorily explained.

In an old (1879) foreign Journal I fcmnd recently a note of some
interest. A pair o'i Anih. /)^r;?y/ emerged from the cocoon together; next
morning they were found in coitu and so remained until 4 p.m. that day.
They then separated, the ^ was removed and killed, and the 9 began
ovipositing. About 6 p.m. another (^ emerged, which immediately and
before the wings were yet fully unfolded, sought the female and remained
in coitu until 8 a.m. next morning. The 9 then continued the egg-laying
business and all the eggs proved fertile. The interesting point is, that
it controverts the accepted theory that a 9 once mated exercises no
further attraction to the (^ (^ and is unmolested by them. Have any of
our readers observed similar instance.'^.''

— So—

The new Check list of Coleoptera, by Mr. Henshaw will be ready
for distribution some time in September. JMr. Henshaw has promised
to furnish manuscript for annual supplements, which will be published
in our Journal. What we need now, is an addition that will bring our
Lepidoptera lists up to date, and may-hap the present year has also that
in store for us.

Lt. T. L. Casey has sent us $50 for a life-membership in the B'kln.
Ent. Soc. This sum goes to our publication-fund. Will not some of
our other friends help us along in the same way.'

Mr. Curley's paper, on a previous page, is an interesting contribu-
tion, and one deserving of study; many will not be inclined to agree
with him in his deductions; but it presents facts in a somewhat novel
light, and we are ready to receive criticisms.

Society News.

Brooklyn Entomological Society. June 2, 1885. — Twenty persons present,
among them Dr. Geo. H. Horn, honorary member of the society; Mr. Cramer in
the chair.

A communication from Capt. D. H. Mnrdock, presenting the Society with
a small lot of Anthnhiu'm, was read by the Secretary.

Mr. Smith read a paper ni:)on some structural peculiarities of the Zyoaniida'
and Bomhycida;, touching upon some points of correlation of habits and struc-
ture, and dwelling somewhat on the modifications of the genital organs of the
male. These strirctures \t seemed i3robable would furnish characters of great
systematic value, and their modifications in the Noctuidfe were now being
studied by Prof. Riley and himself in the preparation of a monographic work on
the N. A. Noctuidas. A system of classification of the Sphingkke, Zygcunidce and
Bomhyeidce was outlined, placing the Sphingida; lower in the scale then at present
catalogued.

Dr. Horn illustrated some modifications of structure in Corphyra, referring
more especially to the (^ sexual pieces.

The balance of the evening was spent in discussing methods of collecting
on the sea-shore. Mr. Weeks had succeeded in taking quite a number of
Dyschirms paUlpenms by digging on the site of a dried up pond until he found
water which he then poured over the old banks.

After informal discussion the Society adjourned until the fir.st Tuesday of
September.

Will the members of the Society please collect during the season in all ord-
ers, outside of their specialities and turn over the material to me for the benefit
of the Society's collection? I am ready to receive donations to the cabinet at my
office, No. 4 Fletcher St., N.Y., or will call for specimens if notified.

CHAS. W. LENG, Curator.

rigAna

VOL. I.

BROOKLYN, AUGUST, 1885.

NO. 5.

An Introduction to a classification of the N. A. Lepidoptera.

Bv John B. Smith.
(Continued from "Bulletin" VII, p. 141.)

In the previous papers of the series is given a synopsis of the famiHes
of the Lepidoptera and a review of the genera of the Rhopalocera. The
present paper deals with the SphingidcE which in our lists are catalogued
immediately after the Rhopalocera.

This group or division has had rather a hard time of it at the hands
of recent authors, no two lists being alike. Sometimes there would be
a dozen species to a genus, then a dozen genera each with one species,
and in the next list we would find as many genera, but with ditfercnt
names, or the same genera differently applied. To straighten out the
confusion thus caused will be the task of the monographer of the group,
and is beyond the province of this paper; those names which are used in
Mr. Grote's most recent list will be used here, though not all of the
genera are adopted and the sequence is changed.

On this point of sequence of genera, I have adopted an order based
on their structural relations. It is a matter of small importance
because the genera are mterchangeably related, Ardonoius for in-
stance having the structural characters of both Pogocolon and Smerinihus,
while Deidamia unites S?7ierinihus with Sphinx. No linear classification
will therefore show the true relationship of the genera, and my scheme
is to begin with the most typical genus of the series and thence work to
that form most nearly like the following group. lam unable to com-
prehend why Mr. Grote places the "Phalrenoides" (^/^^mwMi'd/t'j') between
the "Eumorphae" {Philampilusz.nd allies) and the "Manducae" [Sphinges)

—82 —

for they are entirely out of place there and the "INIanducae''' and "Eu-
morphae" are certainly closely enough related.

The Sphingidae are distinguished by their usually large size, plump
robust bodies, usually long, conic and cylindrical abdomen and prismatic
antennae. The venation has been figured in Vol. VII of the "Bulletin"
and the distinctive feature in that respect was found to be a distinct cross
vein, connecting the costal and subcostal of the secondaries, near base.
The wings of the typical Sphinges are usually rather narrow, long and
stiff, capable of great resistance to the air, as well as of rapid motion;
and the habits of the insects, or at least a large part of them, hovering
over a flower while feeding, requires such a structure. Usually they fly in
the early evening, though many, among them the MacroglosscB fly in the
hottest sunshine, and are often mistaken for humming birds. The Smer-
inthides on the contrary, incapable of feeding, are rarely taken, though
somedmes attracted to light.

The larvae are usually furnished with a distinct caudal horn, or an
eye like spot denoting its usual position, though some species lack all
trace of it. It is the habit of the larva also to rest with the thoracic seg-
ments raised, and somewhat curled, and this, giving them a fancied
resemblance to the Sphinx, is said to have prompted the name.

Among our forms two distinct groups may be distinguished. The
Sphinges, with long corneous tongue, prominent head, and rarely serrate
antennae, and the SmerinthiJes with short weak membraneous tongue, re-
tracted head, usually serrate or pectinated antennae in the i^, and general-
ly angulated dentate or crenulate outer margin of forewings.

The true Sphinges, or those with long corneous tongue divide readi-
ly into two distinct series on the shape and proportion of the antennae.

In the Macroglossoe they are distinctly clavate toward the tip (which
is furnished with a small bent hook) and usually fully one half the length
of the primaries. In the others the antennae are either tolerably equal
throughout or they are thickest in the middle, tapering to each end.

Most, if not all the Macroglossoe are diurnal in their habits, flying
about flowers in the hottest sunshine.

Macroglossa {Hetnaris) contains those of our species with more or
less transparent wings, and unarmed tibice.

Pogocolon {Plerogon) has opaque wings of much the same form as
Macroglossa but has spinose tibiae, the anterior armed with a series of
long corneous claws at outer side and tip. I cannot separate Lepisesia
from Pogocolon, and Euproserpinus also seems congeneric. These genera,
each containing a single species, have a somewhat different habitus from
that of the more typical Pogocolon, and serve to show the close relation-
ship of that genus to Macroglossa.

-83-

To some extent intermediate between the MacroglosscB and the
Sphinges are three genera which are aberrant wherever placed.

Amphion, Adlopos and Thyreus have no special relationship except
in the tufted abdomen. There is always a prominent anal tuft, and usu-
ally there are more or less distinct lateral tuftings. The tongue is strong
and the antennae are not clubbed.

Atiiphion is perhaps nearest to 3Iairoglossa and has a similar body
form; the ornamentadon is also similar, but the primaries are exxavated
below apex, and again below middle, and the hind angle is somewhat
prominent. The single species, nessus, is a very pretty one, with a nar-
row, clear yellow band across the abdomen.

Aellopos is somewhat depressed. The head is much more prominent
than either of the preceding, the antennae are remarkably slender, almost
setaceous, with a small recurved hook at the tip; the thorax is narrow,
the primaries inserted well back, and the abdomen is long, broad, ob-
tusely terminated, and the tip is furnished with a fan like tuft. The
primaries are narrow with even, very oblique outer margin. The narrow
thorax well produced before the insertion of wings, and the narrow pri-
maries, recall Dilphonota .

Thyreus is a very peculiar form, with strc)ng Smerinihid tendencies,
but long corneous tongue. The (^ antennae are thickened and serrate,
the head is not prominent, the body is plump, convex, and the abdomen
short, very broad and obtusely terminated. The anal tuft is pointed and'
the lateral tufts, extending nearly to middle are round and truncate.
The primaries are excavated below apex, angulated at middle and again
excavated above the hind angle. The Smerinthid features are prominent
but not more so than the characters which lead to its association with
Amphion.

Efiyo is a very recognizable form, distinguished by the prominent
thoracic crest. The primaries are narrow, but else very much as in the
preceding. The abdomen is elongate, conic, with a fan like tuft, distinct
in the (^ only The distinctly crested thorax is unique in the N. A.
Sphingids and serves to isolate the genus at a glance.

The series of typical Sphinges may be headed with the genus
Sphinx which includes Daremma, Diludia, Ph/egethoniius [Alacrosila)
Dolba and Hyloicus of Mr. Grote's list.

The characters common to all these, are oblong, or subquadrate
thorax, the primaries inserted well forward, the head moderately promi-
nent, the abdomen conic, robust, primaries with even, somewhat round-
edly oblique outer margin, sometimes with the anal angle somewhat
marked. The legs are long and strong, the fore tibiae moderate in length,
robust, and usually furnished with a series of claws or stout spines at

-84-

outer side, and a similar series along outer side of tarsi. The hind tibiae
are always longest and are furnished with two pairs of very long unequal
spurs. The species classed as Phlegtthojitius are more robust, with
broader head, somewhat more prominent palpi and rather broader wings.
Sphinx is applied to the narrower winged species with long acute apices.
Daremma has rather more retracted head and more rounded outer mar-
gin. Hyloicus is very like Daremma but there is an excavation in the
secondaries before anal angle, Diludia has the hind angle of pri-
maries marked, and lacks the armature of the fore legs. This has per-
haps a claim to generic distinction, but the armature here is a variable
quantity and not decided enough in its character to be given much weight.
Dolba is applied to a small, dark species, with rather short stout ab-
domen and unarmed fore tibia?. None of these generic names seem
worthy of adoption, since the characters upon which they are based are
evanescent.

Cauiethia is rather a peculiar form with the habitus of Pogocolon,
but the structure of a true Sphinx, except for the wider head and more
prominent eyes, which ally it to Dilphonota. It falls in naturally after
Dolba. It certainly does not belong with Macroglossa.

Ceraiomia has a more retracted head, smaller eyes, and longer, ob-
tusely terminated abdomen. The larval character of C. quadricornis (4
short horns on shoulder) is so peculiar that I should expect that more
differences will yet be discovered in the imago. The genus should pre-
cede Sph^x in cataloguing.

Pachjh'a, Philampdus and Deilephihi agree in having a larger head,
more prominent eyes, and robust thorax, with the insertion of primaries
further back than in Sphinx. The legs are longer, less robust, and the
fore legs especially are longer and weaker than in Sphinx. The primaries
are wider, slightly excavate below apex and above hind angle. Second-
aries with distinctly marked anal angle.

The differences between this series and the series Sphinx are difficult
of enumeration because mostly comparative, but I think the foregoing
will serve to separate them.

Inter se these genera are distinguishable — Pachjlia by its very large
size and obtusely terminated abdomen; Philampelus by conic abdomen,
long fore tibia and unarmed (i. e. no armature other than the ordinary
spines) tarsi; and Deihphila by having the fore tibia at tip, and the tarsi
at the sides furnished with longer claw like spines. I cannot separate
Argeus from Philampelus.

Amphonyx and Dilphonota have still more prominent head, )iarrower
thorax still more produced in front uf the base of primaries, very long
conic abdomen, and long, pointed primaries. Amphonyx atitcEus is a

-85-

large insect, the middle of secondaries semi-transparent, and tiie outer
margin of primaries even. The third joint of palpi is produced in the
form of a small curved horn. Dilphonota contains smaller species with
dentate outer margin of primaries, and the thorax with a distinct divided
crest. The latter structure is peculiar to this genus so far as I know,
among the N. A. representatives of the family.

These two genera really belong nearer to the true Sphinges than
Pachylia and allies; but are placed here merely for convenience of com-
parison.

In the remaining genera of this series, a long step is made to the
Smeri7ithids in the weak legs with the small spurs of the middle and hind
tibia. The head is as in the Sphi?iges and the thorax is rather shorter
than in that group.

Chccrocampd has short narrow primaries and an unusually long
slender, conic abdomen. The secondaries also are very narrow, and ex-
cavated before the anal angle. The species are of the most elegant in
our fauna.

Darapsa has wider wings and heavier, shorter abdomen, the thorax
is proportionately weaker, and the head more retracted. The wings are
much as in Philampdus. I cannot separate Ampelophaga versicolor from
this genus.

Deidamia is one of the connecting genera between this group and the
Srneriiithids. The head is retracted, the (^ antennae serrate, the primaries
shaped like Smerin/hus. But the tongue is distinct and for this reason
1 place it at the end of the present series.

The Smeriuthides are distinguished by the short membraneous
tongue, retracted head, serrate or pectinate antennse of the (^, usually
angulated or scolloped primaries, less conic and more obtusely terminated
abdomen, which is also more woolly and less smoothly clothed than in
the preceding group, and by the weak short legs in which the spurs are
greatly reduced in size and often wanting in part. The posterior legs are
much reduced in length and strength, and mstead of being the most
robust, they are in this series the weakest pair. As a whole the tendency
to the Bombycidc£ is unmistakeable and very strongly marked in every
respect.

The genera are closely related and with the exception of Arctonoius
and Ellema which I class with this series, they are often lumped under
the generic type Srnerinihus .

Tripiogon contains two large species, moaesta and occidenialis, with
very strongly retracted head, scolloped outer margin of primaries, and a
heavy claw terminating the tip of fore tibia. The middle and hind tibiae
have each two small spurs at tip. The secondaries are not ocellated.

— 86—

Paonias has the outer margin of primaries similarly crenulated, but
lacks the claw of the fore tibia. It is smaller, and has the secondaries
ocellate, differing from S?ntrinihus only in the outer margin of primaries.
Whether or not this ought to warrant the genus is a question, and in
the limited number of species in our fauna it should be considered rather
as specific than generic.

Smerinthus has the primaries excavated and angulate and the second-
aries ocellate. The antennae of the ^ vary in the length of the pectina-
tions; but the differences are specific and not generic. The tibias are
unarmed and the posterior pair have only a single pair of small spurs at
tip. I cannot separate Cahisymbolus Grt. from this genus.

Cressonia is a very distinct genus. The palpi are long, the third
joints prominent, pointed and divaricate, the tibiae heavily spined, the
posterior with two pairs of spurs. The antennae of the (^ are bipectinate
in true bombyciform fashion. The outer margin of wings is dentate or
scolloped, but not prominently so. This is one of the most distinct of
the Sphingid genera, the palpi being abnormally developed.

Arctonotus is a peculiar genus, which Mr, Grote classes with the
"Caudiberes'', and which in the armature of the fore tibia is related to
Pogocolon; but by the weak short tongue, the serrate and bristled (^ an-
tennae, and woolly body is nearer related to the Smerinthides. It seems
out of place anywhere. The primaries are small, stout, the outer margins
even. The posterior tibiae have two pairs of spurs.

Ellema is usually classed as a Sphingid genus but the tongue is
short, the legs are weak, and the posterior tibia have only a single pair
of spurs. The (^ antennae are serrate and furnished with tufts of bristly
hair and the head is retracted. The outer margin is even, and the apex
somewhat rounded.

Exedrium Grt., based on Sphinx halicarnice. Strk. , probably comes
here. Mr. Strecker's description gives no structural details of any kind,
and I have only seen the insect to make a superficial examination of it.
It has a strongly bombycoid appearance, the wing form being much like
that of Hetei'ocampa and the body compact, robust. The tongue is prob-
ably weak, and the legs short.

In synoptic form the scheme above developed is as follows:

Tongue long, strong, corneous SPHINGIDES. 1

Tongue short, weak, membraneous SMERINTHIDES. 8

I — Antennae clubbed at tip and furnished witli a short bent hook , 2

Antennae not chibbcd, equal, or thickest at middle, either bent at tip or slender,

curved 3

2 — Tibiae imarmed, wings more or less hyaline Macroglossa.

Tibiae spinose, anterior armed at sides and tip Pogocolon.

-87-

3 — Abdomen tufted at tip, and usually also at sides 4

Abdomen not tufted at tip or sides 5

4 — Body short, plump; abdomen pointed at tip; primaries excavated below apex

and again before hind angle Amphion.

Abdomen elongate, flattened, rather abruptly terminated; anal tuft fan like;

primaries very narrow, pointed; antennce very slender Aellopos.

Abdomen short, obtuse, broad, with brush like lateral tufts; aniennce thick, in

(^ serrate; primaries angulate and excavate Thyreus.

Abdomen conic, with a fan like tuft at tip; thorax with a distinct sharp crest

behind collar, primaries as in Thyreus Enyo.

5 — Spurs of middle and hind tibite very long, unequal, legs robust Q

Spurs of middle and hind tibiie short, weak, more equal; legs weak 7

6— Proihorax not much extended before base of primaries; fore legs short and stout.
Abdomen conic, pointed, fore tibia and tarsi usually armed with spines or claws

at ouicr side Sphinx.

Abdomen conic, pointed, head much broader, eyes larger; size very small;

secondaries yellow with black margin Cautethia.

Abdomen obtuse at tip, head retracted, wings wider Ceratomia.

Prothorax more extended before the base of primaries, head larger, thorax robust;
anterior legs longer, weaker; primaries with outer margin sinuate.

Abdomen obtuse Pachylia.

Abdomen conic; anterior tibia and tarsi unarmed Philampelus,

Abdomen conic; shorter; /a^igrior tibia and tarsi with claw like spines at outer

bide Deilephila.

Piothorax still further produced before ba^e of primaries; head large; eyes very
promineni; abdomen long and rather ^lender; thorax narrower.
Thorax untufted; third joint of palpi projecting forward like short horns; outer

margin of primaries not dentate Amphonyx.

Thorax with divided crest, outer margin of primaries dentate Dilphonota,

7 — Wings very narrow, small, abdomen long, conic, very smoothly clothed

Chcerocampa.
Broader winged, less robust, head more retracted, abdomen shorter, less regu-
larly conic Darapsa.

Primal ies angulaied, abdomen obtuse, head crested, strongly retracted; (^ an-
tenna; serrate Deidamia.

8 —Primaries with outer margin scolloped ur evenly crenulated.

Anterior tibia with a heavy claw at tip Triptogon.

Anterior libia unarmed Paonias.

Primaries with outer margin excavate and angulate Smerinthus.

Primaries with outer margin evenly dentate; 3rd joint of palpi unusually long;

divaricate at tip Cressonia.

Primaries with outer margin even.

Anterior libia armed with a series of long claws; plump, robust, body woolly

Arctonotus.
Anterior tibia unarmed; form more slender, less robust EUema.

(To be continued.)

Synonymical Notes No. 2.
By Geo. H. Horn, M.D.

The species here considered are those described in a large and rather
rare foho volume entitled '■'Insedes recueillh en Afrique et en Amerique"
by A. M. F. J. Palisot de Beauvois, bearing date 1S05. The species
described are of all orders and were nearly all collected by the author
himself during the year 1786 — 1797 and by reference to the descriptions
the regions of our country visited by him can readily be ascertained.

• The present essay will consider the U.S. Coleoptera mentioned by
Beauvois whether the species are described by him as new or quoted
from other authors. In the following list I have arranged the genera
alphabetically for easy reference and follow the species with the initial
B. for Beauvois, the other abbreviations being sufficiently known.

In the case of any change in the name, whether in the genus or
species, the present equivalent follows the Beauvois name.

The first attempt at a translation of the Beauvois species was made
by Chevrolat (Ann. Fr. 1853) but not in a very satisfactory manner as
many were not seen by him. A work of this kind is never very easy and
can best be done by one well acquainted with the separate regions from
which Beauvois obtained the species.
Agathidium oniscoides, B. p. i6o.
Blaps metallica, B. p. 140 = Hoplocephala bicornis.
Callidium fulminans Oliv. p. 248 = Arhopalus fulminans.

erythrocephalum Oliv. p. 248 = Neoclytus erythrocephalus.
Cerambyx garganicus Oliv. p. 247 = Chion cinctus.
Cebrio bicolor Fab. p. 9.
Copris viridis B. p. 24 = Canthon viridis.

obtectus B. p. 25 = Onthophagus Hecate.

capistralus B. p. 57 ^ Choeridium histeroides.

Ammon Oliv. 92 = Copris minutus.

canadensis B. p. 92 = Onthophagus Janus.

stiiatulus B. p. 92 = idem,

latebiosus Fab. p. 93 =: Onthophagus Hecate.

subceneus B. p. 105 = Janus.

carolinus Fab. p. 198.

carnifex B. p. 198 = Phanceus cainifex.
Elater oculatus Linn. p. 213 = Alaus oculatus.

luscus Oliv. p. 213 = myops.

verticinus B. p. 214 = Elater rubricollis.

griseus B. 214 = Limonius griseus.

ramicornis B. pp. 10 and 214 = Dicrepidius ramicornis.

rufipes B. p. 214 (1).

-89-

Harpalus viridiKneus B. p. loS.

dubius B. p. io8 = Cratacanthus dubius.
Helops contractus B. p. 121 = Meracaniha contracta.
tenebrioides B. p. 121 ^ Tenebrio tenebrioides.
taeniatus B. p. 121 = Helctps micans.
obliquatus Fab. p. 122 = Penthe obliquata.
ameiicanus B. p. 122 = Helops umhdatus (2)-
tristis B. p. 139 (3).

carolinensis p. 162 ^ Scotobates calcaratus.
saperdoides Oliv. p. 162 ^ Xylopinus saperdoides.
calcaratus B. p, 162 idem.

Hister cylindricus B. p. 178 (4.)
elongatus B. p. 178 (4).
latipesB. p. 178 (g).

subhaemisphericus B. p. 180 ^= Hister abbreviatus.
interruptus B. p. 180.
regularis B. p. 180 = Epierus regularis.
Lamia nodosa Fab. p. 244 ^ Acanthocinus nodosus.

dentator Fab. p. 244 ^ Monohammus titillator.
Melasis picea B. p. 7 = Zenoa picea.

Melolonlha angustata B. p. 30 ^ Macrodactylus angustatus.
paradoxa B. p. 173 ^ Rhipidandrus paradoxus.
Passalus cornuius Fab. p. i .
Prionus imbricornis Oliv. p. 242.

Scai-abteus nasicornis-americanus B. p. 75 = Xyloryctes Satyrus.
Blackburnii Fab. p. 75 = Geotrupes Blackburnii.
Broscii B. p. 89 = Strategus Antreus 9-
splendens B. p. 89 = " splendens.
ferrugineus B. p. 90 = Bradycinetus feirugineus.
rubeolas B. p. 90 = Aphodius rubeolas.
Cephas Oliv. p. 90 = Bolbocerus farctas.
tumefactas B. p. 91 = idem,

truncatus B. p. 41 ^ Phileurus truncatus.
Tityus B. p. 138 = Dynastes Tilyus.
Antaeus Fab. p. 210 = Strategus Antceus.
Scarites marginatus Fab. p. 106 = Pasimachus marginatas.
depressus Fab. p. 106= " depressus.

sublsevis B. p. 107 = " sublsevis.

Georgia B. p. 107 ^ Morio Georgire.
quadrimaculatus B. p. 107 = Clivina bipustulata.
Spbaeridium pallidum B. p. 157 (g).

crenatum B. p. 158 ^ Sphneridium scarabreoides.
Iceve B. p. 158 (6).
unistriatum B. p. 158 (2).
Sinodendron americanum B. p. 192 ^ Siuodendron cyliudricum (9).
Stenocorus cyaneus Oliv. p. 249 = Desmocerus palliatus.
Trichius scaber B. p. 58 = Osmoderma scabra.

variegatus B. p. 59 = Valgus canaliculatus.
squamiger B. p. 160 = squamiger.

seticollis B. p. 59 = idem.

ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 14

— 90—

Tenehrio sublaevisB. p. 163 = Nyctobates pensylvanica.
femoratus B. p. 163 = Haplandrus femoiatus.
minimus B. p. 164 ^ Opatrinus notus.
variolosus B. p. 164 (7)-
elongatus B. p. 164 =: Zophobas morio.
Trox scabrosus B. p. 175.

unistriatus B. p. 175 = Trox suberosus.
crenatus B. p. 176 idem.

denticulatus B. p. 176 idem,

serrulatus B. p. 176 :^ Trox tuberculatus.
Trogosita virescens Oliv. p. 125.

angustata B. p. 125 ^ Languria angustata.
marginata B. p. 125 = Tenebrioides marginata.
maxillosa B. p. 125 = Gnathocerus cornutus.
mutica B. p. 126 (8).
depressior B. p. 126 (8).
subnigra B. 127 (8)-

NOTES.
I — Elater rtifipes. The name being preoccupied at the time it was

given and not being recognizably described should be dropped,
2 — Helops americanus Beauv. Should be adopted for the species now

called ufidulahis Lee.
3 — Helopi tristis Beauv. This is certainly not a Helops but I cannot

identify it. Is it American.-'
4 — These two species cannot be identified and should be dropped from

the insufficiency of the descriptions.
5 — The occurrence of a species so large (13 mm.) in our territory is very

doubtful.
6. — S. pallidum 2ii\d S. Icrve are said by Chevrolat to be Camptodes

(Ann. Fr. 1853; p. 631). I think there can be no doubt that -S".

pallidum is Pallodes silaceus Er, and Beauvois' name should prevail,

S. Icrve I cannot identify while vS. unistriaium seems to be Dacty-

losternum abdominale Fab.
7 — This is called an Iphthimus by Chevrolat. It should doubtless be

omitted from our lists.
8 — These species are Tenebrioides but it is impossible to identify them

by the descriptions and figures.
9 — This species is European and does not occur in the U.S.

We call attention to the advertisement of the New Check list of
Coleoptera on our cover. It is now in press, and subscriptions may be
made through the Brooklyn Entomological Society.

* *

The position of assistant curator of Entomology in the U.S. Museum
will be filled by "ye Editor", who will nevertheless see that Ent. Amer.
is issued promptly, as heretofore.

—91 —

The Influence of Climate on Cicada septendecim.
By C. V. Riley.

I have instituted the present season a series of experiments in the
transferring of the eggs of Brood XXII {septendecim) of the Periodical
Cicada, to the extreme southern states, where no septendecim brood is
known to occur and of Brood VII (tredecini) to northern states where no
tredecim brood is known to occur. The purpose of the experiments is to
test the effect of cH mate on the permanency of the two races; in other
words, whether the larva in its subterranean Hfe will be influenced by
variation in the mean annual temperature. It will be interesting to ob-
serve whether or not the tredecim race will require more than 13 years
for development when transferred north, or the septendecim race fewer
than 17 years when transferred to the south.

The details of the experiments will be placed on record. The
following transfers have already been made through the kind assistance
of the gentlemen mentioned:

BROOD VII {Tredecim).

EGGS RECEIVED FROM.

EGGS SENT TO.

July I, 1885
" 6, 1885

" 13, 1885
" 13, 1885
" 13, 1885

p. H. Skipwith, Oxford, Miss.
W. L. Peieis, Senatobia, Miss.
J. G. Barlow, Cadet, Mo.
P. H. Skipwith, Oxford, Miss.
P. H. Skipwith, Oxford, Miss.

J. A. Lintner, Albany, N.Y.
J. H. Comstock, Ithaca, N.V.
Herbert Osborn, Ames, la.
Saml. Henshaw, Boston, Mass.
R. Thaxter, Kittery Pt., Me.

BROOD XXII {SeptenderAm)

DATE.

EGGS RECEIVED FROM,

EGGS SENT TO.

July I, 1885
" 6, 1885
" 6, 1885
" II, 18S5

F. M. Webster, Lafayette, Ind.
F. M. Webster, Lafayette, Ind.
F. M.Webster, Lafayette, Ind.
E. Roeder, New Hope, Pa.
E. W^ Allis, Adrian, Mich.

E. A. Smith, Tuscaloosa, Ala.
Geo. Noble, Savannah, Ga.
J. E. Willett, Macon, Ga.
D. L. Phares. Agr. Coll. Miss.
R. W. Jones, Columbus, Miss.

The Periodical Cicada on Staten Island

Bv VViLLiA.M T. Davis.

In 1877 the Periodical Cicada occurred on Staten Island in count-
less numbers. In places fences, trees and bushes were brown with
cast skins, while the whir of their flight and monotonous song could be
heard in every direction. This was the Hudson River brood, or that

—92 —

numbered Xll by Mr. Riley, and is the only one that seems to be gener-
ally remembered by observing persons on the Island. I recall thinking
at the time, while 1 watched the pupa crawl up the garden fence and cast
their skins as night came on, that I would not see any more of these in-
sects on Staten Island until 1894.

However, on May 8th, 1881, while collecting insects with Mr. Leng
in the neighborhood of Watchogue, Stat. IsL, we found a red-eyed
Cicada pupa under a stone, and on June 5th, eight specimens were col-
lected, all of them males and many of those being wet, having recently
immerged. By the 12th of June they had become quite numerous, and I
noted at the time that "about one tree I counted 52 pupa skins of the
red-eyed Cicada''.

This year I made special search for this Harvest fly, and as it occur-
red in the neighboring territory, I hoped to find an individual or two on
Staten Island. On July 4th, while walking along a wood-path with my
friend, Mr. James Raymond, he found the upper left wing of the insect
I had been looking for, a)id which some bird had evidently torn from its
owner. I have this fragment now, and there is no doubt of its identity.

From the above it seems that whenever the 17-year Cicada has oc-
cured as a brood or ' 'Locust year'' happens in the vicinity of Staten Is-
land, that a few individuals have appeared on it. This fact has been ob-
served before by Mr. S. 8. Rathvon, (mentioned by Mr. Riley), in
Lancaster Co., Pa., who noted all those broods in his locality; but it
may be of interest to again call attention to it in connection with a new
location.

NOTE. — Mr. Leng has this year also found a few pupa on Staten Island, but not
common anywhere. J. B. S.

^ I < I ^

Descriptions of New Lepidoptera.

By B. Neumoegen.

Sphinx Separatus, n. sp.

Head, thorax and abdomen of mouse gray color, with darker shades on pro-
thorax and thorax, shading laterally into whitish gray. Lateral lines of prothorax and
patagice prominently marked in black, inner marginal line hardly distinguishable.
Gray dorsal band on upper side of abdomen, with a black dorsal centre line on last
and anal segments, ornamented with black segmentary bands. Primaries of mouse
gray color, with markings like in Sph. lutjens Wlk., in brownish black, but the apical
diagonal dashes, the undulating transverse line, which runs partly along outer margin
and in an irregular bend turns and rests within the central part of inner margin, as
well the two horizontal dashes between median nervules, much more prominent and
pronounced than in lugens. The space between interior and anterior transverse line
and along costa, above discal spots of brownish hue, leaving in discal cell and above
centre of inner margin, interspaces of grayish white. A round basal, black blotch.
Secondaries whitish gray, with large margmal and prominent medial bands of brown-

—93—

ish black, the color in marginal band fading into gray towards anal angle. A black
basal blotch. Fringes in primaries and secondaries whitish gray, ornamented with
dark brown at intersection of nerves; less marked on secondaries. Below: legs and
abdomen mouse gray. Primaries and secondaries brownish gray, the basal regions
shading into light gray and assuming a whitish tint near anal angle of secondaries.
The anterior transverse line on primaries and the marginal and medial bands on sec-
ondaries well pronounced. Fringes as above.

Habitat: New Mexico. Length of body 28 mm. Expanse of wings
1 10 mm. = 4.40 inches.

Types in coll. Prof. F. H. Snow and B. Neumoegen.
This stately insect has been, for many years, confounded with Sph.
lugem Wlk. , which comes from Mexico, although a few specimens have
been found in our South-Western States. Lugtns Wlk., is a considerably
smaller insect of brownish olive tint, with delineations not so prominently
marked, and faint basal blotches. The excellent figure of Mr. Strecker's
Sph.lugens Wlk. (H. Strecker's No 13, fig. 12), would do well for Sph.
separatus, if the color were changed and the other differences prominent-
ly marked.

Arctia v. Mormonica, N. var.

This is a beautiful variety of the Incoirupta type. Head, thorax and wings
whitish yellow With black markings. The two black dots on prothorax mis^ng and
the black stripes on thorax and pategise slender. Primaries have the black markings
of the various horizontal and transverse lines so diminudve that they appear merely as
a number of irregular dots and dashes. Secondaries have a marginal transverse row
of black dots and a prominent discal dot. A bright rose colored shade along basal
margin. Abdomen bright rose, with black dorsal and lateral lines, and black
anal tip.

Habitat: Northern Utah.
Types coll. Hy. Edwards and B. Neuma?gen.

This insect is the connecting link between the Nevadetjsis and doda
groups, and shows how near akin they are Mormonica., but for its color
and slender markings, resembles A. Anthoka Bd. in its primaries and A.
Mexicana Gr. and R. in its secondaries.

As I stated, at the time, in Papilio Vol. VIII, p. 151, A. incoirupta
Hy. Edw., is undoubtedly the typical form and A. Nevadet^is Gr. and R.
but a variety; but entomological etiquette, much to the detriment of clear
scientific understanding, giving the first disvoverer the preference, Naa-
densis will have to lead the line, which stands, as far as we know, now:
A, Nevadensis, Gr. and R.
V. incorrupta, Hy. Edw.
V. Sulphurica, Neumgn.
V. Mormonica, Neumgn.

A. elongata Stretch, from Spokane falls, Wash, T. , lately described,
seems to be but another local form of this extremely variable insect.

Arctia v. sulphurica: This is simply a correction for the v. ochracea

—94-

Neum. mentioned in Papilio III, p. 151; ochracea being pieoccupied by
Mr. Stretch for a var. of ^. Achaia .

Adelocephala Bicolor var. Suprema.

A brilliant variety of this handsome Bombycid. Head, thorax, abdomen and
legs pearl gray. Primaries brownish shading oft' into pearl gray, from apex along ex-
ternal and interior margins to base." Two distinct silvery white discal dots. Fringes
pearl gray. Secondaries bright rose color, fading into pearl gray along margins.

Below, primaries bright rose color, shading into pearl gray along costa and mar-
gins. Secondaries uniform pearl gray, sprinkled with brown granules.
Habitat: Iowa;
Types coll. Mr. Geo. Franck and B. Neumcegen.

Some New Species of Hispini.

By John B. Smith.

While arranging my collection of Chrysomelida. recently, I found
that an Odojitota given me by Mr. Julich which superficially resembled
dorsalis was really a distinct species. As it seems probable that speci-
mens of this species are confounded with dorsalis in collections I desire
to call attention to the form. In order that our knowledge of the His-
pini might be brought to date, Dr. Horn has kindly sent me such new
species as were in his own collection,

Microrhopala uniformis, sp. nov.

Temiinal joint of tarsi very little longer than lobes of third; antennal club elon-
gate. Moderately robust, black, shining. Vertex not sulcate. Thorax rather longer
than wide, wider at base, sides arquate, surface cribrate; a shallow fovea at base.
Elytra nearly parallel, each distinctly tricostate, the intervals biserialely punctured
except between the second and third in which four rows are observed at the apical
fourth; margin not serrate.

Length 4 — 4.5 mm. Hab. Ariz.

Two specimens; one somewhat immature, and therefore piceous. Dif-
fers from porcata to which it is most nearly allied by not having the vertex
sulcate, by the longer thorax, the sides more distinctly arquate, and by
the more robust form. The species is to an extent intermediate between
the groups irito which the genus is divided, the posterior tarsi having the
fourth joint very obviously exceeding the lobes of third, while in the an-
terior tarsi it is scarcely longer.

Odontota Horni, sp. nov.

Elytra with ten series of punctures, with three entire costse; reddish yellow, sut-
ure narrowly black, the sides and tip not serrate or crenate. Antennae and legs
black. Head black, coarsely punctured. Prothorax yellow above and below; above
coarsely punctured, the punctures deep and somewhat elongate; a smooth deeply im-
pressed median line. Meso and meta-thorax black, sternum yellow. Abdomen pale,
sides piceous. Size and form of dorsalis.
Length 6 mm. Hab. Mass.

This species bears a deceptive resemblance to dorsalis, and may be
confused with it in collections. Superficially it diff"ers only by the nar-

—PS-
rower, equal, sutural vitta. It difters further in the bicolored underside,
the want of serrations at the sides of elytra and in the presence of a dis-
tinct impressed median line on thorax. Several specimens from Mass.
are in Mr. Julich's collection, and he informs me he has seen the same
species in Mr. Lugger's collection taken near Baltimore. Dr. Horn says
there is a specimen of the same species in the Leconte collection,
Odontota lateritia, sp. nov.

Elytra with eight series of punctures, divided into twos by three costse. Form
slender, parallel, margins of elytra distinctly serrulate. Above, uniformly blood red
in color; beneath, head and prothorax red, else black. Antennae and posterior legs
black; median legs piceous, anterior legs rufo-piceous. Vertex with a median sulca.
Thorax slightly wider at base, sides arquate; coarsely and densely punctured with an
impressed median line, and a shallow transverse basal fovea.

Length 6 mm. Hab. Ariz. i specimen.

A very distinct species, belonging between nervosa, and gracilis. It
is more robust than gracilis and more parallel than nervosa. Its uniform
blood red color is characteristic and differs immediately from the two
other species belonging to the same section.
Charistena bicolor, sp. nov.

Head and elytra metallic dark blue, shining, thorax red. Beneath prothorax
and abdomen red, else blue black. Elongate, sides of the elytra parallel, margins
not serrulate. 'I'horax as long as wide, feebly arquate in front, parallel behind. Disc
hardly convex, with a large, shallow, fovea at base; sparsely punctured at middle,
more densely at sides. Antennae black, legs red.

Length 45 mm. Hab. New Mexico, i specimen.

The second and third joints of antennae are equal in length, and
the species is close is Ariadne. It stands before that species in the se-
ries. The intermediate femora do not appear to be serrulate, and the
margins of the elytra are also smooth. It differs from all other species
by the uniformly red thorax: the red legs also distinguish it from Ariadne.

On the discovery of Thoracantha, a tropical genus of

Chalcid flies, in Florida.

By Wm. H. Ashme.-\d, Jacksonville, Fla.

It may be interesting to many of your readers to know that that
interesting genus of the Chalcididcc, Thoracantha, has a representative in
the United States.

This spring, among other interesting captures, I took a beautiful
male specimen of this unique genus, feedmg upon the flowers of the
gall-berry Ilex glabtr, being I believe the first of the genus discovered on
the North American Continent.

The genus has heretofore been considered tropical, all the described
species having been taken in the tropics.

Thoracantha fiircata Fabricius, is from Africa and Brazil; T. striata

-96-

Pert}" and T. Laira'l/ii Gneuxx are from Brazil; while T. nasua Walker is
from Philippine Islands, so that the discovery of the species in the U. S.
is doubl}- interesting.

As my species does not agree with any of the descriptions accessible
and is probably new, I name it in honor of the ''Land of Flowers" apd
submit the following description.

Thoracantha floridana, n. sp.

(^. Length .17 inch. Black, shining, coarsely rugose. Head small, trans-
versely rugose, not visible from above and held horizontally under the abnormally
developed thorax: eyes moderate, oblong oval, mandibles large, curved, and 4-den-
tate; antennae black, 12-jointed, 9-branched, scape moderately long, cylindrical, 2nd
large, globular. 3rd to nth short, cylindrical, slightly widened and truncate at tip,
each emitting along sparsely pubescent sub-clavate branch; 12th joint very long, about
same size as the antennal branches and making the antennce apparently ten-branched;
thorax enormously developed and elevated, strongly rugose, the rugosities taking the
form of longitudinal grooves, with short sparse pubescence; parapsides wide apart,
distinct; scutellum abnormally developed, projecting posteriorly over the abdomen in
the form of two long slightly curved horns, which are longitudinally grooved; wings
are slightly brownish or fuliginous and when at rest lie flat under the horns; the mar-
ginal vein is long, thick, and brownish black, stigma a large brown black spot with
the postmarginal vein very long; abdomen pedunculated, peduncle longer than ab-
domen, finely sculptured, cylindrical, slightly bent near the middle and thickest at
base, abdomen smooth shining, black, compressed and when viewed from the side,
triangular; legs testaceous, pubescent, coxae well developed black, upper part of
femora and upper edge of tibiae brown, two apical spurs on posterior tibiae, with one
small spine on middle pair.

Described from one (^ specimen.

Notes and News.

The meetings of the Entomological Club of the A. A. A. S. will be
held in room "H" of the University of Michigan. The first meeting
will be held on the 25th of August at 2 P.M. and the following is the
programme for that meeting: i. Annual address of the President, Dr.
John G. Morris. 2. Election of Officers for the ensuing year. 3. Re-
ports of Officers and Committees. 4. New business. 5. "A biographical
sketch of Dr. Wm. Le Baron, late State Entomologist of Illinois" by Dr.
F. W. Coding. 6. Notes on structural and systematic characters of some
N. A. Lepidoptera, by John B. Smith.

Other papers have been promised by Prof. C. V. Riley, Prof. Herbert

Osborn, Rev. Geo. D. Hulst, Dr. D. S. Kellicott and Prof. J. A. Lintner.

* *

*

Mr. Ricksecker has written us a letter that is interesting enough to
print almost in full; he says:

"Allow me to add my testimony to the fact, that at least some Cur-
culio larvae are lignivorous. At Monterey, Cal., I took numbers of

—97—

Cossonus piniphUus Boh. from a partly decayed pine log, and at Spokane
Falls, W. T., I found Cossonus crtnatus Horn under the bark of pine logs
and stumps that were still sound. Magdalis Le Contei Horn I have su-
spected of depredating in living pine-trees, but am not certain of this. Of
Stolytidoi I have seen great swarms o{ Pityophllwrus piibipennis Lee. in the
branches of newly-felled Live Oaks, and have taken the same or an allied
species from sticks of oak that had previt)usly been peeled for tan-bark.
P. hamaius Lee, Tomliis plastographus Lee. and several species o^ Den
droc/onus burrow in pine and spruce timber.

It must not be inferred, however, that because some of these insects
burrow in timber-trees that they are destructive to our forests. Many
species will never attack a healthy tree but have an acute sense for dis-
covering an injured or dying tree or cme that has recently fallen. It is
the same with many Buprestidce and Cerambycidai. I have taken a
dozen Buprestis upon a single pine log, and at night, in a wood-cutters
camp, many specimens oi Monohammus and Acanlhocinus were taken on
the piles of cord-wood (pine), and some were shaken from young pines
that had been injured by fire, but none were observed on healthy trees.
The apple-tree-borer, Chrysobothris ftmorata, attacks young fruit trees
that have been scorched by the sun, but its natural food is the oak for I
have seen dozens of them in the branches of a small Live-Oak that had
been cut down less than an hour. Xylotrechus nauHcus Mann., were
also there, in great numbers, some copulating and others ovipositing.
Thus also I have observed a swarm of many hnndreds oiMelanophila con-
sputa and M. longipes Say, where a brush fire had scorched some young
?,^\wcQ Xx^&'s, i^Abies Douglasii\ M. /ulvoguUata d^ho attacks the spruce
and M. genii/is the [)ine, Ergates spnculatus Lee. flourishes equally well
in spruce or in pine, but our common Hylotrupes ligntus Fab., I have
found only in Redwood*, {Sequoia sempervinns), ?in6. A^eoclyius amjuncius
Lee. only in the Madrone.

In all these cases, however, it is only the dying or recently deceased
wood that is attacked. Every tree that falls in the forest, every limb
that is broken oft" by the wind, every stick that is cut by the wood-chop-
pers axe, is attacked by its own peculiar species. They come from all
directions. They swarm about it, and run up and down upon it The
sexes will be in copulation; some females will be hunting for suitable
crevices in the bark, in which to deposit their eggs; other females will
be seen in the act of ovipositing, and last of all, not infrequently, — the
parasitic Hymenoptera, in their turn, seeking the eggs of the wood-lovers,

* Mr. Julich informs me thiit in the cast, lie has found this species confined to
red cedar. Ed.

ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA IS

-y8-

and depositing their own upon them. In due time the eggs hatch, the
larvae bore the wood and Uve their required time, until they come forth
as imagines to renew tneir war upon the dying or injured trees. As
these species are generally represented by thousands of individuals in a
given locality, it is easy to imagine how destructive they would be to
our forests and orchards were they to attack healthy trees. As it is, their
operations are fruitful of good in that they aid nature in the grand scheme
of life. The fallen tree is perforated in all directions, moisture enters the
perforations and Termites, fungi and decay all add their forces in reduc-
ing the wood to soil.

Many interesting facts continually come under ones observation,
but the difficulty is in determining what is new and what is not. Thus,
I was astonished some ago, in watching a swarm of perhaps a thousand
Melanophila consputa and M. longipes, on some spruce trees and logs,
after, a fire in the woods. A large old spruce log, partly decayed, and
full of termites, had been subjected to considerable heat, and some of
the bark had slipped off. Here I saw and watched four different individ-
uals of Melanophila devour the scorched termites, which was the first
instance I had observed of a carniverous habit in the BuprestidcE. This
may, however be well known to others, Then again some very common
facts seem to be little known. For instance, I once told Dr. Leconte
that our common Mdrius coniraclus was a bombardier beetle and he was
surprised to hear it.''

Melanophila longipes has been known to take playful nips out of ex-
posed portions of the human body, but actual carnivorous habits have
not been heretofore recorded to our knowledge. As to Meirius, the in-
formation is new. Dr. Horn has collected this insect and never noticed
the bombardier habit, and Mr. Julich has also taken them in large num-
bers without making that observation. Have any others of our Western

friends noticed this fact.^

♦ *

The death ol Mr. H. K. Morrison has made an opening for an in-
telligent, enterprising and good collector. Coleoptera and Lepidoptera
find a ready sale, and other orders are attracting increased attention here
and may also be disposed of in Europe. Who will undertake this.''

To facilitate exchanges among collectors we will hereafter publish a
separate page of advertisements of offers and requests to exchange. A
uniform charge of 5 cents per line will be made and the ads. will remain
until crowded out by others. Desiderata may be mentioned and lists of
duplicates added. Check list numbers or names may be used.

—99—
Book Notices.

Cut Worms. A paper read before the New York State Agricultural Society, at the

Annual Meeting, January 21, 1885, by J. A. Lintner, Ph. D., New York State

Entomologist. 8vo. 35 pp. figures.

Contains a brief review of the literature, a synopsis of their life hist-
ory, and a compilation of what is known of remedies.
Studies among the Meloidae. By Geo. H. Horn, M. D. Tr. Am. Ent. Sec.

XII, pp. 107— 116, March 1885.
Descriptions of New North American Scarabaeidae by Geo. H. Horn, M. D.

Tr. Am. Ent. Soc. XII, pp. 117— 128, March 1885.
Contributions to the Coleopterology of the United States (No. 4) by Geo.

H. Horn, M. D. Tr. Am. Ent. Soc. XII, pp. 128—162. March 1885. Plates

V and VI illustrate these articles.
On the species of Canthon and Phanaeus of the United States, with notes

on other genera, by Frederick Blanchard. Tr. Am. Ent. Soc. XII, pp. 163 — 172,

May 1885.

We are glad to see Mr. Blanchard in the ranks of our systematic
workers. He has been long and favorably known as a collector, and his
paper gives evidence that he is able to do good work in the systematic line.

The Periodical Cicada. An account of Cicada septendecim and its tredecim race,
with a chronology of all broods known, by Chas. V. Riley, Ph. D. Bulletin No. 8,
Uiv. of Entomology U. S. Dept. of Agricult. June 1885, pp. 46, figures.

This pamphlet is accompanied by Circular No. 16, giving the di-
stribution of the two broods due this year, and stating that notes of the
appearance, the numbers and distribution of the broods are desired. It
would be a desirable thing for all Entomologists to gather what infor-
mation they can in reference to these insects if they appear in their locali-
ties and send the same to Prof Riley.

Descriptions of some new Cerambycidae with notes by Geo. H. Horn, M.D.
Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XII, pp. 173 — 197, June 1885.

Gives synopses of Oxoplus, Sie7iosphenus, Mottilema, Monohammus,
Goes, Onciderus, Eupogottius and Dysphaga.

Synopsis of the Throscidae of the United States. By Geo. H. Horn, M. D.

Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XII, pp. 198—208, June 1885.
A Study of the species of Cryptobium of North America. By George H.

Horn, M. D. Tr. Am. Ent. Soc. XII, pp. 85 — 106. PI. land II. (Feb. 1885.)
Dr. Horn here gives us an exceedingly interesting paper, illustrating
some remarkable peculiarities of structure. These were touched upon
in the March Meeting of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, and are
here elaborated. Of many species there are three forms of structure of
the 4th ventral segment of the ^.- One is called a perfect (^, another
an imperfect (^, the third an incomplete (^. These are but descriptive
termis and are not applied to differences of function. It is however an
e.xceedingly interesting question whether these differences in structure

— lOO —

have not some corresponding physiological difl'erence. It seems highly
probable, and yet it is difficult to imagine what it could be. The com-
plete (^ is the most common, the imperfect (^ nearly as plentiful while
the incomplete (^ is comparatively rare.

The imported Elm Leaf Beetle. Its habits and Natural History and means of
counteractint; its injuries. Bulletin No. 6 of Div. of Ent. U. S. Department of
Agriculture pp. i8; i pi. May 1885.

Insects affecting growing wheat. By F. M. Webster. Purdue Univ. Bulletin
No. 3. Indianapolis April 1885, pp. 6; 3 Plates.

Obituary Note.

We are sorry to record the death of Mr. H. K. Morrison, of Morgan-
ton, N. C. Mr. Morrison was born at Boston, Mass , January 24, 1854,
and died at his home in Morganton, June 15, 1885, of inflamation of
the bowels. The passion for collecting insects was strong with him from
childhood, and in his twentieth year he determined to give up his busi-
ness as shoe dealer and devote himself entirely to Entomology. At this
time he began publishing, and described quite a number of heterocerous
lepidoptera and made valuable notes and observations, especially in the
Noctuidae. The papers were principally in 1873. 1874 and 1875 i" ^^
Boston Proceedings, and Proc. Ac. N. S., Phil. Many notes and shorter
papers are in the Canadian Entomologist for those years. They display
strong appreciation of characters used in systematic Entomology, and
render it a matter of regret that he did not continue the study. However
he had determined to earn his living as a collector, and the long trips
necessitated by this made systematic work an impossibility; the more so
as justice to those purchasing from him required that rarities should go
to them in the sets taken. In the spring of '76 he went south, collect-
ted in Georgia and the mountains of Western N. C. , in '77 he married
and establishad his home in Morganton, whence his later trips were made.
In '77 he also made a three months trip to Colorado; the summer of '78
he collected in the black hills; '79 '" Nev., Cal. and Utah, '80 and '81
in Wash. Terr, Or. and So. Cal.; '82 and '83 in Arizona, '84 in South-
ern Florida and in the spring of '85 he again spent some time at Key
West. Mr. Morrison was a dilligent and careful collector and found a
large number of new species in all orders, so that "Collected by Mr.
Morrison" appears everywhere in descriptive papers. He was well known
not only everywhere in America, but also in Europe, and had built up
quite an extensive business in this line. His premature death has de-
prived our science of one of its most active workers in the collecting line
and will leave a vacancv hard to be filled.

merigAna

VOL. I.

BROOKLYN, SEPTEMBER, 1885.

NO. 6.

Descriptions of New Species of Heterocera.

By R. H. Stretch.

As many of the readers of "Entomologica Americana" are aware,
I have for the past three years been engaged on a monograph of the
groups Zygainida:, Ltthoxudce and Anindce of North America, intended to
collate all the literature thereon, and to illustrate all the species with a
good recognizable figure. The work is now in such a state, that its com-
pletion depends only on my ability to secure a certain number of types
for figuring; and in this place I propose, while describing certam new
forms, so as to obviate the risk of their being described while the work
is in the press, and so creating synonyms, to indicate my desiderata and
ask assistance from those who may be fortunate enough to possess the
species, either in the form of drav/ings or photographs, or the loan of
the insects themselves. At this date there are drawn about 350 figures,
illustrating 210 species, most of them already printed.

Scepsis Wrightii. 9-cr- Similar to S.fulficoUis, but smaller. Head, palpi,
antennae, legs, thorax and abdomen, black, the latter with blueish reflections. Pro-
thorax white with very pale yellowish tinge, not extending to the underside of the
head and palpi. Primaries dark brown, as in fulvicoUis, but with paler fringes and
yellowish costa. Secondaries diaphanous, with irregular blackish margin, as in fnlri-
coUis. Beneath as above.

Expanse of wings i.io inches. Had. Southern California, Wright.

Described from 7 (j^9' received from Mr. G. W. Wright, after
whom it is named. Readily distinguished by its smaller size and the
tint and distribution of the prothorax coloring.

102 —

Harrisina australis. (^. Similar to 11. Americana, bui larger. Head blacli.
Antenna; black, wiih a melallic blue tinge. Abdrimen and legs black. Prothorax
orange, the color extending to the base of the pata;^ia, and underside of the head and
breast. Wings shaped as in americana, but more opaque, blacker and with a more
positive blackish-green reflection.

E.xpanse of wings 1.15; length of botly 0.50 Indies. Hub. Florida,
Hy. Edwards.

Out of the four American species this is the only one which has the
underside of the head yellow, and this character will instantly separate
it. In size, the range o'i americana is from 0.75 to i.oo inch, with an
average of about o. 90 inch, so there is a notable difference in size as well
as color.

Harrisina metallica. Similar to americana but much larger. Entire insect
above and below, lustrous blueish-green, with the wings a shade yellower than the ab-
domen. Prothorax orange, the color not extending to the underside of the head.
The wings have the apices much rriore produced than in americana or australis.

E.xpanse of wings 1.60 inches; length of body 0.50 inch. Hab. New
Mexico, Prof Snow.

Very distinct from any of the other American forms. The types
were received from Prof Snow under the name 0^ H. americana, and it
may probably be in other collections under that label.

Nola hyemalis. 9c:f- Head and palpi whitish, palpi darker beneath. Ab-
domen pale. Body beneath, and legs darker. Primaries very pale gray, resulting
from a sprinkling of minute brown dots on a white ground, somewhat darker towards
the outer margin and apex. Costa with a dark brown streak at the base, and' wings
crossed with three indistinct lines made up of dots. Basal line most distinct, at one
third from the base, oblique, straight, parallel with the outer margin, with a distinct
brown dot near the costa, made up of tufted scales. The second line is slightly beyond
the middle, parallel with outer margin for half its length, then rounding rapidly to
the costa. The third line originates near the anal angle, is parallel with the second,
and leaves the terminal space broadest on the costa. Each of these lines is followed
outwardly by a very narrow white shade, and the lip of the wing is faintly striped,
owing to the varying depth of color of the veins and interspaces. Fringes long, dark-
er than the wing, and distinctly separated therefrom by a very narrow pale line.

Secondaries very pale, shaded with darker tints at the apex. Fringes very long,
concolorous. Beneath, immaculaie, primaries darkest.

Expanse of wings o 80 inch. Hab. Crystal Springs, San Mateo
County, (Hy. Edwards); Alameda County, Calif (Behr).

Does not appear to be uncommon in March and April on fences
and at light.

Cisthene plumbea. Head and thorax lead color. Abdomen bright red above,
dusky beneath. Primaries lustrous drab or lead color, with a somewhat triangular
whitish spot on the inner margin, two thirds from the base. Secondaries clear pink,
with a broad costal lead colored margin, which is continued along the outer margin,
decreasing in width to the anal angle. Beneath as above, but somewhat j^aler.

— 103—

Expanse c-f wings 0.85 inch. ILih. Texas, Belfi-age.

Similar to ?^/;//<m/(7, but uf a darker and different tint and fewer
pale markings.

Cisthene lactea. Eyes black. Antennre brown. Palpi black. Tongue as
long as the body. Entire insect otherwise white above and on the body parts, the
underside of the wings being smoky, especially the primaries, on the latter are usually
sbc small black spots, three on the costa, equally spaced; one just outside the discal
cell, and two in the space below the median vein, one of them being near the base,
and the other near the outer margin.

Expanse of wings 0.70 inch. Hah. Providence Mountain, Bernar-
dino County, California.

This species may not strictly belong to Cislhme but the material is
too scant to allow of dissection.

Crocata Belfragei. Eyes black. Head, palpi, collar, thorax and primaries,
concolorous, clear yellowish brown. Secondaries reddish, with a moderately wide,
outer, blackish border. Fringes red. Beneath reddish on all wings, as are the
underside of palpi and abdomen ; the latter above, dull orange, with a dorsal and
lateral series of black .spots. Legs somewhat dusky.

Expanse of wings 0.85 inch. Hab. Texas, Belfrage.

Intermediate in size between ruhuundaria and cosiata, and very
different from either in color and shape of the primaries, which are square
at the tips, the inner margin being much longer proportionally, and the
outer margin less oblique than in either of the species mentioned.

Crocota costata. Eyes black, head reddish, palpi same with dusky tips.
Thorax pale stone color, collar very narrowly edged with red. Abdomen pale red.
Underparts reddish; outside of legs dusky. Primaries pale stone color, dusted with
red scales, which are most conspicuous along the costa and on the discal vein. Sec-
ondaries pale reddish, of the tint of red -lead. Beneath, all wings pale reddish, not so
dark as secondaries above.

Expanse of wings 1. 10 inch. Hab. Texas, Belfrage.

Allied to rubicundaria, but larger; with the primaries and thorax of
a very different color; the primaries are long and comparatively narrow,
with the outer margin very oblique.

Crocata obscura. Pale fawn color to smoky brown; when of the latter color,
the entire insect is concolorous, except the eyes which are black, and the costa of the
primaries beneath which is enclosed to red. The same is the case when entirely fawn
color. Sometimes the primaries are fawn color and the secondaries smoky, in which
case the head, thorax and abdomen are the color of the primaries.

Expanse of wings 1.05 inch. Hab. Pennsylvania, Strecker; New
Hampshire, Fernald.

This insect has been sent to me under the name of J'erruginosa,
Walker, and is so described by Packard in his monograph of the Bom-
bycidos, but this cannot be ■3,.% ferruginosa has a discal dot on the sec-
ondaries like brevkortm.

— 104 —

Callimorpha reversa. oV- Head and piotliovax ochre yellow. Palpi ochie
yellow, !)lack at the tips. Patagia white. Thorax white, with a broad central brown
stripe. Abdomen white, with traces of a narrow dor.-al stripe. Legs yellowish, coxae
(jf anterior pan- with a round black dot; outer edges of anterior and middle pair
dusky. Primaries silky white; inner margin, costa, and outer margin rather broadly
edged with dark brown, interrupted at the apex. A brown band crosses the wing
IVum the anal angle to the costa, about two-fifihs from the base; from the centre of
this band, a second brown band runs to the outer margin just below the apex, divid-
ing the wing into three piineipal white patches. The basal patch is triangular (some-
times divided by a narrow basal brown band). That on the outer margin is more or
less ovate, and is frequently divided near the apex by the brown nervules into three
sub-equal spots; and the costal patch is more or less clearly divided into three sub -
e<iual spots, by an expansion on the discal vein of the brown co.stal margin, and by
toothed enlargements of the brown markings, between the discal vein and apex. Sec-
ondaries clear white, immaculate. Beneath as above, but the markings are more ob-
scure, and the costa of all the wings is tinged with yellow ochre.

Expanse of wings 1.50 to 1.90 inch! Hab. Canada, Saunders; New
^'ork, Hy. Edwards; Kansas, Prof. Snow.

This species has long been confounded with Leconlci, Harris and
Doubleday discu.ssed the question of their specific identity, and Canadian
Entomologists have long contended that two species were included un-
der the latter name, but so far as I know without pointing out the most
recognizable character, which is to be found in the main transverse band
of the primaries. In Lecontei, this starts from the inner margin and goes
to the ape.x, while in reversa, it starts from the outer margin and goes to
the anal angle, being exactly as in Clymene, Just as is often the case in
the latter species, the transverse band is sometimes partly absolete near
10 the costa, and this seems to be the chief variation.

Arctia approximata. Q. Head and palpi black beneath, front and vertex
pale. Thorax ereain color; prothorax with two black spots, thorax with three black
stripes. Abdomen tyl above, with dorsal series of black spots; tip and underside
black. Legs black touched with cream color. Primaries velvety black, with all the
margins, the nerves and nervules, terminal W, terminal transverse band on which
the W rests, and longitudinal streak, dark cream color. The tenninal band is in-
complete, wanting the portion between the subcostal and median veins. A small
pale dot above the origin of the first median vein, is all that remains of the median
band. No basal or sub-basal bands. Secondaries clear red, yellowish round the
i)lack spots, which consist of the discal spot of the median row, all four of the sub-
marginal row, and the two apical spots of the marginal .series, which are fused to-
gether round the apex. No basals clouds. Beneath as above, but colors more
diffused.

Expanse of wings 1,45 inch., length of body 0.52 inch. Hab.
Canada, Hy. Edwards.

A small species close to SaiDidtrsii, of which it may be only a
variety. The pattern of the primaries resembles no other species. The
secondaries are like Saun</ersn znd in/ermei//a. Described from i Q,

sent me by Henry Edwards, who states that he has another identically
the same.

Arctia obliterata. (^. Head beneath and palpi black; above pale yellowish,
with black spot between the antennze. Thorax pale yellowish, wiih two prothoracic
and three thoracic stripes. Abdomen black above, yellow ochre along the sides, with
black lateral spots; beneath whitish with two rows of black spots. Legs black;
femora of the anterior pair touched with ochre; outside of all the tibisc whitish.
Prmiaries dark blackish brown; costa, fringes and inner margin, narrowly pale
yellow, as well as the veins, longitudinal stripe, terminal W, and costal half of the
terminal band, this being all that is left of the transverse bands except traces of the
median. Secqndaiies dull red with black spots, the marginal and submarginal rows
being all present and of good size. There are faint traces of all the row of median
spots, but the discal one is the only one conspicuous. Base unclouded. Apical spots
slightly fused into a narrow apical border. Beneath, as above, but the colors paler
and more diffuse.

E.^panse of wings 1.30 inch. //ad. (?)

Described from i (^ in only fair condition, sent me many years
ago by W. H. Edwards, Esq. After seeing all the other American
Arc/tans I can refer it to none. The ornamentation of the primaries
places it in the Quenselii, gelida group, characterized by the presence of
only the costal half of the terminal band, which imparts to them a very
distinct character. Obliterata is however the only one in which the sec-
ondaries are spotted, and also the only one in which they are red.

Arctia elongata. O . Head and palpi black, front very narrowly margined
with pale yellowish white. Thorax the same color, with two prothoracic and three
thoracic stripes which occupy nearly the entire surface. Abdomen above yellow-
ochre, last segment whiti.sh; terminal hairs, two lateral rows of spots, and a moder-
ately broad dorsal stripe, black. Thorax and abdomen beneath, black, with a few
pale marks on the edges of the segments of the latter. Legs imperfect in my speci-
men. Primaries black, markings pale yellowish white. These consist of a narrow
costal border not reaching beyond the median band; a similar border to the inner
margin and the fringes; the median vein very narrowly as far as the terminal band;
the longitudinal streak, terminal W, terminal and median bands both extending from
costa to beyond the longitudinal streak, and traces on the costa of a sub-basal band.
Secondaries clear ochre-yellow, with black spots. All four spots of the marginal and
sub-marginal rows are present, the costal spot of the former, and the three apical
spots of the latter row, being fused into a narrow apical margin. All three spots of
the median row present, the mner one being connected with the base by a black streak.
Fringes yellow. Beneath, similar to the upper surface, but colors less pronounced.

Expanse of wings 1.55 inch. Hab. Spokane Falls, Washington
Territory.

Described from one female in good preservation except the legs and
antennae. Collected by Mr. Ricksecker and presented to me by Mr.
Rivers of Oakland, California. The species is very distinct. In shape

— io6 —

it approaches nearest to Dahurica, the wings being lather narrow, with
the outer margin oblique, and apex acute. If the veins were all pale,
it would somewhat resemble the yellow forms o^ achaia in color, but not
in shape.

Euchaetes murina. cfQ" Kyes dark brown. Head and thorax clear stone-
color, with a pink shade in ihe suture between them. Palpi dusky, a few pink hairs
at their base. Abdomen above reddish, with a dorsal row of small black dots. Be-
neath stone color, as are the legs, the fore coxte of the latter shaded with pink. All
the wings pale stone color, above and below. Fringes and extreme costa paler.
Expanse of wings 1.25 inch. Hab. Tucson, Ariz.
Not uncommon at light in August. In form it is near eglc, but
smaller, and differs from it in having pale costa and red abdomen.

Euchaetes Bolteri. 9- Palpi, eyes and antennae dull black. Thorax white
above, with a fine red line on the front of the prothorax. Thorax below slate color
with a red patch centrally. Legs dark gray; coxae of anterior pair red; base of the
femora white. Abdomen bright orange above, dull white beneath, with a white anal
tuft, a dorsal series of black dots as well as a lateral series. Primaries dull white,
slightly tinted on the outer half witli irregular markings of light stone-drab color.
These markings vary in depth of color in different specimens, and extent; in one
specimen they are so close that only fine white points of the ground color of the wing
show between them. Secondaries pale slate color. Beneath, all the wings are uni-
form pale stone-color.

Expanse of wings 1.40 inch. Hab. Texas, A. Bolter.

The above description was kindly furnished me by ,Mr. Bolter,
drawn up from the three females in his possession. The species is very
distinct, being close to e/egans, but differing in color of abdomen and
tint of wings.

Halesidota scapularis. (j'. Eyes black. Head pale fawn color. Antenna-
stout, long, rufous. Prothorax dirty white, with brown median line. Patagia like
prothorax, brown in front. Thorax brown, with triangular white spot in front. Ab-
domen dark yellow ochre above, banded below with brown and pale fawn color.
Primaries dark brown with six irregular bands of white spots. The first basal and
narrow, the spots fused into an irregular curved band. The second row consists of a
large irregular spot below the median vein, and a long costal spot divided by the sub-
costal vein. The third row has a similar costal spot, a small one below the median
vein, and a large one above and a small one below the submedian vein. The fourth
row has five spots, the middle one very small. The fifth row is submarginal, and
consists of eight lunate spots decreasing in size towards the costa where they also be-
come more ovate! The sixth row is marginal, triangular, a small spot at the end of
each of the nervules. Secondaries very pale fawn-white, with four darker submarg-
inal spots, those near the apex largest. 9- Similar to (^, but the head brown, the
spots on the primaries larger and slightly more irregular, and but two spots on the
secondaries, the largest near the apex. Beneath, the secondaries show a dusky shade
at the middle of the costa, irregularly connected with the apical spot.

Expanse of wings (^ 2.00, 9 2.30 inches. Hab. New Mexico,
A, Bolter.

— 107 —

Allied to Sobrina, Ligtns and Argcntata, but distinguished from al
these by the thoracic parts.

DESIDERATA.

Eudi'yas Stre Johannis, Walker.
Ctenucha Robinsonii, Boisd.
Lycomoipha Palmerii, Packard.
Penthetria majuscula, Hy. Edwards.

" parvula, Hy. Edwards.

Nola anfracia, H. Edwards.
Hypoprepia incid'.a, H. Edwards.
Cisthene tenuifascia, Harvey.
Eulithos a thoracica, H. Edwards.

" composita, H. Edwaids.
Nemeophila Scudderi, Packard.

" Geddesii, Neumoegen.

Alexicles aspersa, Groie.
Spilosoma anligone, Sirecker.
Eclypia bivittata, Clemens.
Leuearctia permaculata, Packard.
Halesidota Davisii, Hy. Edwards.

" mixta, Neumoegen.

" minima, Neumoegen.

" cinnamomea, Boisduval.

" macularia, Walker.

Euhalesidota pura, Grote.
Vanessodes fuscipes.
Euchsetes inopinatus, Hy. Edwards,

Of these desiderata, Endryas StcE Johannis is in the British Museum;
iht iyY)Q% oi L. Pahnerii diVid Leucarciia perviaculaia, as well zs Eciypia
bivittata appear to be hopelessly lost; Ctenucha Robimonii and Halesidota
liyinamomea appear to exist only in the Boisduval collection in France;
Halesidota macularia is in the British Museum, b^ut apparently not
known in the United States; and lastly Nemeophila Skudderi (Platarctia,
Packard) is Nemeophila Sdwynii, H. Edwards, and may be in collections
under that name.

NOTE ON SANDALUS.

Sandalus has always been rather an uncommon insect near N.Y.
while Mr. H. W. Wenzel of Philadelphia has found it commonly enough;
he writes: ''In regard to finding Sandalus petrophy a ^ you inform me that
the insect is rare in the neighborhood of New York. I think if it is
sought for in the rigl^t season and locality it might be found as frequent-
ly as I find it near Philadelphia. I do not think Sandalus is a local in-
sect, as I have found it in several places, not before the end of June, and
the most of them I have captured in the middle of July, and always on
Beech, crawling on the bark or sheltered along the roots of the tree.
Their movements are very slow. 1 have frequently observed them with
head and thorax covered with dirt; have also found them half out of the
ground, but only in the morning. The females are found more frequent
than the males. So far as my experience goes, the larvae evidently live
on Beech. The new classification refers to Sandalus as affecting various
cedars; I have collected in several cedar districts through Southern New
Jersey but never met with a single specimen on cedar, and wherever I
have found them, there was no cedar in the vicinity."

— io8 —

Synonymical Notes. (No. 3)
By George H. Horn, M. D.

During a visit made a short time ago to the Museum at Cambridge,
I had an opportunity to examine the types of the species described b}'
Lieut. T. L. Casey, now the property of the Museum.

The proposed publication of a new hst of the Coleoptera of our
fauna rendered it advisable to go carefully over the writmgs of those who
have specially treated the species of our fauna. With this view the de-
scriptions of Kirby, Leconte, Randall, Newman and Palisot de Beauvois
have been as far as possible re-studied, and those of Melsheimer, Halde-
man and Ziegler are in progress.

In the following pages especial attention has been given to the
species described in an isolated manner, those treated synoptical ly such
as the Euplecti, Eu3esthetus and Steni have been left for future study.

The remarks which follow are based on a comparison of the species
with those of the cabinet of Dr. Leconte, now part of the Museum at
Cambridge.

A few of the species mentioned below have been described in the
Brooklyn Bulletin and are so quoted, the others are in pamphlets pri-
vately printed, entitled "Contributions to the systematic and descriptive
Coleopterology of the United States'", parts i and 2, (the paging being
continuous.) and "Revision of the Stenini of America North of Mexico'".

Pterostichus zephyrus, i, p. 2 = P. adoxus Say, var. rejedus, Lee.
" osculans, id. = P. diligendus Gkd.

" manhattanis, 2, p. 72 = P. lucublandus Say.

Amara apachensis, i, p. 3 = A. remotestriata Dej., var. relucens Mann.
" mai-ylandica, I, p. 4 = A. basillaris Say.
" pallida, i, p. 5 = A. rubrica Hald.
" fenuginea, i, p. 5 = A. rubrica vai:
Bembidium vernula, 2, p. 62 = B. constrictum Lee. (ypkuV.
" acticola, 2, p. 63 = id. slight variety.

" militare, 2, p. 65 = B. picipes Kby.

" vivid um, 2, p. 66 = B. contractum Say.

" dejectum, 2, p. 67 = (1).

" vinnulum, i, p. 15 = (2).

Tachys occultator, 2, p. 69 is allied lo pallklus and morcln.r.

" litoralis, i, p. 15 = T. pallidas Chd.
Bary tachys glossema, 2, p. 70 = T. granarius Dej.

" gemellus, 2, p. 71 (3).

Discoderus pinguis, 2, p. 75 = D. robustus Ho7'7i (i).
Cratacanthus litoreus, 2, p. 74 = C. dubius Beanv.
" bisectus, 2, p. 75 = id.

" lexanus, 2, p. 75 = id.

— 109 —

BradyccUus lucidus, I, p. 8 (5).

vStenolophus gracilis, I, p. 14 = S. ocliiopezus Say.

" scitulus, 2, p. 78 ^ S. conjunctus Sny, var. roiamlalHS Lee.

Harpalus opacus, i, p. 8 = Anisodactylus nigerrimus Dej.

" manliattanis, i, p. 9 = Xestonotus lugubris Dej.

" vesperiinus, i, p. 10 (S).

" placidus, I, p. 10 = H. fallax Lee.

" convictor, i, p. 12 = H. viridiasneus Beam:.

" canonicus, i, p. 12 = id.

" lustralis, I, p. 12 = id.

" fenescens, i, p. 12 = id.

Selenophorus seneopiceus, i, p. 13 = S. pedicularius Dej.
" perpolitus, 2, p. 76 = gagatinus Dej, var.

Anisodactylus arizona;, i, p. 6 (7)-

Bidessus nigrinus, 2, p. 80 = B. affinis Say, var. obacurellus Lee.
Helephorus pallens, 2, p. 81 = H. lineatus Say.
Philhydrus angustulus 2, p. 83 = P. reflexipennis Zimm.
Colon decoiis, 2, p. 84 = C. thoracicum Horn.
FAimicrus vestalis, 2, p. 85, a valid species.

" punctatus, 2, p. 86 := Cholerus Zimmermanni Schaum.
Tychus testaceus, i, p. 31 = T. longipalpus Lee, fide Lee.
Bryaxis facilis. 2, p. 87, near to B. rubicunda Auhe.

" gracilis, i, p. 32, id. id.

" inopia, i, p. 33, very near B. puncticoUis Lee. '

Balrisus denticollis, 2, p. 87 = near B. nigricans Lee.

" virginise, 2, p. 90, allied to B. striatus Lec.

" aterrimus, 2, p. 91, near B. spietus Lec. and B. striatus Lec.
Arthmius gracilior, 2, p. 88 (8)-
Euplectini (species) (Q;.
Tithanis, new genus = Maseochara Sliarp.
Emplenota mantima, i, p. 17 is Polystoma maritimum.
Quedius silvicola, 2, p. 123 ^ Q. fulgidus Fah. var.

Belonuchus moquinus, 2, p. 125 = Belonuchus xanthomelas Solsky, (10).
Xantholinus fucosus, 2, p. 126 = X. emmesus Grav. va.r. fnscieeps Fvl.
Cryptobium capito, 2, p. 127 = C. pallipes Grav.

" convergens, 2, p. 129 = C. floridanum Lee.

" parallelum, 2, p. 130 id.

" proxnnum, 2, p. 132 id.

Lathrobium tricolor, 2, p. 133 = L. ventrale Lec.

" inops, 2, p. 135 ^ L. othioides Lec.

Oius picipes, 2, p. 136 ^ Scopasus picipes.

" punctatus, 2. p. 138 = Scopicus punctatus (H).
Stilicus latiusculus, 2, p. 139, a valid species,
Lithocharis tabacina, B. B. VI, p. 65, a valid species.
Edaphus carinatus, i, p. 30 = E. nitidus Lee.

" luculentus, l, p. 31 id.

Eussthetus (species) i, p. 19 (12)-
Erchomus flavidus, 2, p. 141 = E. vcntriculus Er. imuKitinr-.

ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 17

— I lO —

Coiiurus versicolor, 2, p. 142 = C. crassum Grav. immafure.
imhricalus, 2, p. 143 = C. pubescens Payk.
occultus, 2, p. 145 = C. basale Say.
corticola, 2, p. 145 = C opicum Say.
setifer, 2, p. 147 = id.

Bolitnbius facilis, 2, p. 148 := B. trinotatus 3-. cab. Lee.

" occiduus, 2, p. 150 = B. cincticollis Say.
Bryoporus parvulus, 2, p. 151 = B. rufescens Lee. var. te.staceus Lee.
Mycetoporus inquisitus, 2, p. 152 = M. splendidus Grav.
Apocellus (species) 2, p. 153 (12).
Ptilium fungicola, 2, p. 162 = P. Hornianum Matth.

" truncatum, 2, p. 163 (13)-
Trichopteryx radicola, 2, p. 163 (14).

" funginus, 2, p. 164 = T. discolor Raid.

" longipennis, 2, p. 166 ^ T. parallela Mots.

Cryptamorpha Hubbardi, 2, p. 167 = Psammoecus Desjardinsii Gmr. (15).
Carpophilus zuni, i, p. 34, a valid species.
Epursea papagona, i, p. 35, allied to E. rufida Mds
.Rhizophagus procerus, 2, p. 168, a valid species.
Monocrepidiu5 finitimus, 2, p. 169 = M. auritus Hhst.
Drasterius fretus, 2, p. 170 = D. amabilis Lee.
Anthaxia nanula, 2, p. 174 = D. isneogaster L. et G.
" simiola, 2, p. 175 ^ id.

" jenescens, 2, p. 175 = id.

Lyctus parvulus, 2, p. 175 = L. opaculus Lee.
Ennearthron californicum, i, p. 36, a valid species.
" unicolor, I, p. 37 = E. Mellyi Mellie.

Serica parallela, 2. p. 176 = S. sericea Illig. immature.

" porcula, 2, p. 177 = S. elongatula Horn.
I Hplotaxis levicula, 2, p. 178 = D. punctata Lee.

" popino, 2, p. 179, a valid species.
Strigoderma pimalis, 2, p. 181 = S. arboricola Fab. (16).
Lachnosterna subpruinosa, i, p. 38 (17).

Cryptocephalus ellipsoidalis, B. B. VI, p. 66 = C. insertus Hakl.
Disonycha pulchra, i, p. 51 = D. punctigera Lee.
" procera, 2, p. 182 = D. pensylvanica Illig.

" arizon?e, i, p. 52 = near maritima Mann.

Chsetocnema paupercula, i, p. 53 = C. parcepunctata Or. immature.
Psylliodes extricata, I, p. 54 -= punctulata Slels. very immature.

" angustata, i, p. 55 :^ P. interstitialis Lee. var. eonve.nor Lee.
Bruchus cubiculus, 2, p. 183 = B. impiger IZbrn 9-
Epitzagus ovalis, 2, p. 184 (18).

Eurymetopon piceum, I, p. 40 = E. emarginatum Cas. immature.
" emarginatum, i, p. 41 (20)-

" dubium, I, p. 44 (19).

" carbonatum, i, p. 43, is the (^ of dubium (21).

" sculptile, I, p. 44 = E. emarginatum Ois.

" papagonum, i, p. 42 = id. (22)-

Emmcnaslus nanulus, i, p. 45, nearly related to ohesu.'i Lee.

Conontis eiliplica, i, p. 46 (23)-
Eleodes arcuata, i, p. 47 = E. extricata Sai/ (24)
Blapstinus pimalis, 2, p. 185 = B. piilverulentus Mann.
Platydema pernigrum, i, p. 49 (25).

•' paivulum, I, p. 50 = P. excavatum Say.

" opaculum, I, p. 51 =: P. ruficorne Sturm, var. analp Hald.

Mordella deseita, 2, p. 186 = M. lunulata Helm. var.
Xylophilus densus, 2, p. 187, allied to pi ceus Lee.
Notoxus delicatus, 2, p. 189 = N. monodon Fab. var. Pilatei Laf.
Anthicus facilis, 2, p. 190 = A. spretus Lee.
Rhynchites naso, 2, p. 190 (26)-
Anihonomus moleculus. 2, p. 191, a valid species.
Elleschus californicus, 2, p 193 = E. ephippiatus Say.
Tyloderma nigrum, i, p. 56 = T. pereiim Say.

" punctatum, i, p. 57 = id.

Apion vespertinum, B. B. Vl, p, 67, a valid species.
Brachy tarsus paululus, 2, p. 194 = B. tonientosus Say cf .

The folldwing new genera of Caiabidae have been proposed:

Amerinus for Bradycellux luiuiris Lee. In the first description
(i, p. 7) no distinctive generic characters are given. In fact there are
none if we except the piesence of a few squamules on the middle male
tarsi. The new name is unnecessary.

Glycerius for Bradycellus nitidus Dej. The character given being
the number of setse along the lateral margin of the thorax. The value
of this will be recognized by those having some knowledge of the Cara-
bida?. The name is also unnecessary.

I — Bembidium dejectum C2i?,t\. This species belongs to that series of
the Peryphus group in which the dorsal punctures are at the middle
of the third interval, it should therefore he \A?iced \\\i\\ ephippiger
znd grandicolle (Lee. Proc. Acad. 1857, p. 4).

2 — Bembidiiim vinnuliun Casey. Should be placed in the series with
scopulinum and picipes. It is remarkable in the large and deep
punctures of the stri^.

3 — Barytachys gemellus, Casey. Closely related to incurvus and differs
in the absence of punctures in the basal stria of the thorax.

4 — The difference in the measurement of the episternum of the meta-
sternum between Mr. Casey and myself results from the fact that I
compare the anterior side with the internal edge while Mr. Casey
measures the piece really diagonally.

5 — This species must at present remain in Bradycellus but the middle
tarsi being as widely dilated as the anterior maik it as a very peculi-
ar species.

1 I 2 —

6 — Harpahis vespertinus Casey. Allied to and ver\- closely resembling
ellipsis Lee. and differs in having the elytra very smooth in both
^sexes.

7 — Anisodddylus arizoncB Casey. Belongs to that series in which the
anterior tibial spur is broader at middle and the hind tarsi shorter
and somewhat depressed. It belongs to the group B-b as defined
by me (Proc. Amer. Philos. See. i88o, p. 172) and is related to
nivalis by the single puncture at each angle of the epistoma. In
form it resembles semiputuiatus. It is very black and shining (the
female slightly opaque) the surface sometimes with a slight purplish
lustre,

8 — This form is placed by Leconte with glohicoUis. I find differences
in the form of the sexual fovea in all the males examined.

9 — As the genera and species are treated systematically the value of the
species will be determined in time. ^ It is however the opmion of
Mr. Ulke, to which Dr. Leconte assented, that Nicotheus tibialis is
the male o{ Eutyphlus similis Lee. -

10 — This species is considered a Philonthus by Dr. Sharp. It is not in-
cluded in my synopsis as I thought and still think that it should
either remain in Belonuchus or that the latter should be entirely
united with Philonthus.

1 1 — Orus does not differ from Scopaeus. The antennae are not genicu-
late. 0. picipes is very close to Scopaeus exiguus Er. O. punctaius
is from Owens Valley, Cal., the type was formerly one of two in my
cabinet, it is very close to Sc. brunnipes.

12 — These are treated synoptically and the value of the species can be

determined by any one having the material.
13 — The generic reference seems doubtful. I was unable from lack of

time to dismount the specimen for study.

14 — Of this species I saw the elytra only and could not satisfactorily

determine.
15 — There is no difference between the specimens from Florida and

those from Oregon, Madeira, Mauritius and New Zealand.

16 — The comparisons made by Mr. Casey are between specimens from
New Jersey and Arizona, he having none from the intermediate
regions.

17 — The important characters which define the position of this species
have been omitted. It is however allied to micans.

— 113—

1 8 — Epilragus ovalis is extremely close io plumbcus ami very doublfully
different.

19 — Enrymetopon dubiiim. In the types of this the thorax is a little
more coarsely and not quite so closely punctate as in rufipes and
the sides of the thorax slightly sinuate near the hind angles. In a
large series before me (21 specimens) these characters are evanescent.

20 — E. emarginaium is also allied to rufipes but is more elongate, some-
what convex and with the elytra less densely and somewhat
substriately punctate.

21 — E. carbonatum. The typical series of this species consisted of five
specimens. That to which the label was attached is emarginatiun,
the other four are males of dubium. Supposing the majority to re-
present the species the synonymy is placed accordingly.

22 — The differences between the forms united as e?)iargtnaium are purely
individual.

23 — The species of Coniontis are with our present knowledge purely
opinionative. I preferred to cohsider the forms described as C.
elliptica as smaller forms oirobiista in view of the recognized varia-
tion in Eschscholtzii ?ix\d vialica. There is almost unlimited op-
portunity for new names in this genus.

24 — There can be no doubt in the mind of any one who will examine
a large series oi extricata that cognala Hald. is merely a variety and
that arcuata Casey is the female of cognata.

25 — Plaiydema per nigrum has the form of _7'a72z/j' Fab. but with a more
shining surface and more distinct sculpture. The color differences
alluded to by Mr. Casey are inexact.

26 — Rhynchitis naso is allied \.o fossifrons but the thorax is more densely
punctured: the striae are also more coarsely punctured.

Among the Steni the following synonymy has been observed:

Dianous chalybeus Lee. ^ cserulescens Gyll. A (^ specimen of the latter obtained
by me in Scotland has been returned to me by Mr. Casey as chalybeus.

D. zephyrus Casey = nitidulus Lee.

Areus Casey = Hemistenus Mots. The genus is not considered a valid one.

We call attention to our page of "Exchange" Notices. Those having good
species to offer or desiring a particular line of insects, cannot do better than to avail
themselves of its advantages.

— 114 —

On the Classificaticn of North American Diptera.

(Third Paper.)*
By Dr. S. W. Williston.

"The families Stratiomvidae, Tabanida?, Xylopl:iagida,-, Acanthome-
ridx* and Leptidce form a natural group, which has several characters in
common: three pulvilli, total absence of macrochaetse, and smooth leg.^,
deprived of those bristles and spines that distinguish the Asilidse, and, in
a lesser degree, most of the Bombylidce and Therevidae. "

"The principal families in this group are well marked enough, but
there are, along side of them, many forms of transition, so-called synthetic
types, which render the exact difinition of the families very difficult. ' —
Osttu Sachfi.**

Three or four of these synthetic genera are peculiar to, or occur in,
North America. These are: Arthropeas Loew, Glutops Burgess, and
''Nov. Gai." Osten-Sacken (to include Arthropeas /ep/isO.-S. and an un-
described species fiom Washington Territory). 0[ Bolboniyia Loew, not
enough is known to base any definite opinion — its author was in doubt
about it himself Dr. Brauer, in his recent extensive review*** of the
genera of Xylophagidse and Stratiomyidae, would place them under the
Xylophagidae. Baron Osten-Sacken, on the other hand, would locate
them under the Leptidae. I know but one species, pertaining to the new
genus; its general habitus is so markedly Leplid, that I would agree
with Osten-Sacken that the structure of the antennae should hold a sub-
ordinate value. The larvae possibly, when found, may give more decisive
evidence. Subula, another disputed form, Brauer retained in the Xylo-
phagidae, but pointed out larval relationships with the Stratiomyldae;
Osten-Sacken gave reasons (I.e.) for including this genus under the Stra-
tiomyid^, a view which Brauer afterwards accepted. f

With these changes, however, I am utterly at loss to find characters
that will distinguish these families, and I am here compelled to give an
artificial analysis to separate the disputed forms.

The veins separating the posterior cells are here spoken of simply as
posterior veins. In the distribution of the groups I follow Brauer chiefly.

* See ante p. lo for second paper.
** Berlin. Ent. Zeit., Band XXVI, 1SS2. p. 363.

*** Denkschr. d. matli.-naturw. Clas?e d. kais. Akad. d. Wissenschaften, Band
XLIV, pp. 59 — 110.

t Denkschr. etc. Band XLVII, p. 23.

— 115 —

Thti writings of Loew, Schiner, Gerstacker, Osten-Sackt-n and Biauer
havebeen especially studied in the preparation of this paper.

Empodlum developed pulvilliform, pulvilli present. Without distinct bristles
^diptera eremocbaeta O. S. ). Basal cells of icings large. Third joint of antenncK seg-
mentated or annulated. Tegidce small or rudimentary. Proboscis not adapted for
piercing. Males holoptic or dichoptic* .

I. — Tibice wholly without spurs; veins usually crowded anteriorly

STRATIOMYIDAE.
Tibiae more or less spurred ; the costal vein encompasses the whole wing; two

sub-marginal and five posterior cells always present 2

2. — All the tibise with spurs 3

Front tibiae without spurs 4

3. — Thiid joint of antennae not acute at tip, or, if so, the sculellum with spines on

Its border XYLOPHAGIDAE.

Third joint^cute; palpi cylindrical; scutellum without spines.. *Arthropeas, Lw.

4. — Fourth posterior cell closed. {Macroceromys Bigot) Subula, Meig.

Fourth posterior cell open 5

5. — Face projecting on each side into a rounded conical protuberance, thickly cover-
ed with hair *Glutops, Burgess.

Face with two deep, diverging furrows, running from the base of the antennae to
the oral margin ''Nov. gen." O.S.

XYLOPHAGIDAE,

Species of moderate or large size, more or less elongated, thinly
pilose, or nearly bare. Ocelli present. Antennae elongate, third joint
annulated or segmentated, never with a differentiated style or bristle.
Veins of the wings distinct, not crowded anteriorly, third longitudinal
vein furcate; five posterior cells. Abdomen with seven or eight visible
segments. All the tibiae with spurs at the tip.

The flies are usually found about trees, where they feed upon sap,
or about decaying logs, and are often mistaken for ichneumonids.

I. — All four posterior veins arise from the discal cell; head small; scutellum with

spines Ccenomyia, Latr.

The last posterior vein arises from the second basal cell; head not small; scutel-
lum without spines 2

2.— Fourth posterior cell closed; third joint of antennae much elongate, composed of
numerous distinct divisions, often pectinate; eyes emarginate near the antennas

Rhachicerus, Hal.
Fourth posterior cell open ; third joint of antenna composed of eight annuli, in-
distinctly separated Xylophagus, Meig.

* I propose this term as tiie antithesis of holoptic. •

— ii6—

STRATIOMYIDAE.

Head large, hemispherical. Antennae situated at or below the
middle of the head in profile, short or elongate, the third joint composed
of more or less distinct annuli; usually with a more or less differentiated
style, or bristle. Eyes bare or pilose; ocelli present. Scutellum often
with thickened spine-like points. Abdomen elongate, clavate, oval, or
rounded, flattened or convex above, of five or more visible segments.
Legs never very stout, often slender, tibiae without spurs (except in some
exotic genera). Wings usually with the veins more or less crowded an-
teriorly, often on the outer posterior part weak and faint; third longitud-
inal vein usually furcate, terminating before the tip of the wing: four or
five posterior cells, all open, the posterior veins not seldom more or less
rudimentary. *

Species from three or four to twenty or more millimeters in length,
bare or moderate pilose. They are mosdy flower-flies, and are often .found
upon vegetation in the vicinity of damp places. Larvae pupigerous, that
is the pupae remain within the larval skin till ready to emerge as perfect
insects.

I. — Abdomen with seven visible segments , Beridinae.

Abdomen with onlj' five or six visible segments 2

2. — Three posterior veins, all discal Pachygastrinae.

Four posterior veins, the anterior ones sometimes rudimentary 3

3. — All the posterior veins discal, the last posterior cell contiguous at its base with

the discal cell 4

The last posterior vein arises from the second basal cell, the last posterior cell not
contiguous at its base with the discal cell 5

4. — Third antennal joint with a long, delicately fringed, lamelli form style; usually

large, more or less elongated species; males dichoptic. {Hennetuncn.)

Hermetia, Latr.

Third joint not with such a style; abdomen short, not more than twice as long

as broad Clitellarinae.

5. — Antennae with a slender dorsal or terminal bristle Sarginae.

Antennae never with a slender or long bristle Stratiomyinae.

(To be continued. )

In the article on tlft Sphingicla' in No. 5, the word DUphonoia, wherever it oc-
curs," should read DUophonota.

On the Parasites of Odontota Suturalis.

By L. O Howard.

I publish this short note on the parasites of Odontola Snluralis at the
request of Dr. Riley, who has recently made an exhaustive study of the
habits and life history of this interesting leaf-mining Coleopter, and who
wishes to refer to the parasites specifically in his paper without the necess-
ity of cumbering it with descriptive matter. He has bred four species,
all of which issued in July.

1. Spilochalcis odontotae, m. This is strikingly handsome species, looking
like a dwarfed specimen of S. marm (Kiley.) It was described by the writer to-
gether with other species of the genus in Bulletin 5 of the Division of Entomology.
It issues from the pupa of the Odontota the latter part of July.

2. Sympiezus uroplatae, n. sp. Jfate.— Length 2.61 mm. Expanse 4.6mm.
Flagellar joints of the antennas distinct and somewhat flattened. Whole of pro- and
mesonotum strongly shagreened. Median carina of metascutellum delicate, straight
and clearly definsd. Abdomen ovate. Hind coxae coarsely shagreened above. Color
metallic green; scape yellowish beneath; front femora brownish at base, distal half honey

^ yellow, tibiae and tarsi nearly white ; middle and hind femora brownish, slightly me-
tallic above, tibiae and tarsi nearly white with the exception of a brownish tinge near
base of hind tibiae. Wing veins dusky; stigmal more delicate than with other species.
Described from i (^, bred from mmtoi Odontota [Uroplaia) sutura-
lis, July 24, 1884 at Washington, D. C The larva of the Sympiezus
was observed on opening the mine, to feed externally on the larva of the
Onodonlota.

3. Trichogramma odontotae, n. sp. Female. — Length 0.55 mm., expanse
1. 12 mm. Color: eyes red, head, antennae, thorax and basal joint of abdomen or-
ange yellow, all legs light fuscous, remainder of abdomen light brown. Antenna?
ex'cept scape and including pedicel with a few short sparse hairs. Basal portion of
fore wing included by stigmatal vein slightly fuscous, remainder hyaline.

Male. — Length averages about .05 to .1 mm., shorter than 9) with wings ot a-
bout the same proportionate length. Colors the same except that the abdomen is
darker, and the fuscous patch on the base of the fore wings is more pronounced. In
balsam-mounted specimens no complete division of the flagellum into joints can be ob-
served and the antennae appear 3-joinled (scape i, pedicel 2, flagellum 3). Conspic-
uous whorfs of hair are present, however, indicating possible sub-divisions. The ap
pearence is much like that of the (j^ antennae of Ti: erosicornis, Westw. (Trans. Linn.
Soc. Lond. Ser. 2, Vol. I. (1878) PI. 73, figs. 24 & 25) for which W'estwood erects
the sub-genus Aprohosca.

Descrbed from (^ and 9 specimens bred during the month of July
from the e^g masses of Odontota suturalis on Locust at Washington, D. C.

4. Derostenus (Closterocerus) .sp. A number of the brilliant little species of
this genus have been bred in this coimtry fiom the leaf mines of both lepidopterous and
coleopterous larvae. None have ever been described and as they are very difficult of
separation and approach very closely to the European species, I shall not undertake
to publish an isolated species. A study of the American Entedonina^ will, of course,

ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 18

-ii8-

be made in time, and meanwhile this species may be referred to by the manuscript
name Deivstemts piimus.

The fact ihat a species of tliis genus has been bred from the pupa of
Eiilophus would seem to indicate that Deroskmis may consist of second-
ary parasites and tnat tiiis species may have fed in the larva state on the
larvae or pupae of the Spilochakis or the Sympiezia.

Notes and News.

It seems that Mr. W. H. Edwards has not yet forgiven Dr. Hagen
for his article on Colias. Having on several occasions attempted to dis-
pute Dr. Hagen's conclusions by bringing out prominently the differen-
ces between the species — thus showing how minute and evanescent they
really are — he now makes his attack in a different way and in ' Papilio"
IV, pp. 167 — 171, with great display of logic and fat type, undertakes
to prove that Dr. Hagen for the sake of annihilating several innocent
species of Coliqs, did wilfully, and with malice prepense, manufacture, in-
vent, and as truths publish, certain facts which had no existence. In
other word sthat Dr. Hagen wilfully lied to prove the identity of two spec-
ies of Colias. Of course such charges require no answer from Dr. Hagen.
No one believes them and they therefore do no harm. Still to show that
Mr. Edwards has either withheld evidence he had knowledge of, or did
not inquire far enough before making so grave a charge, the following is
published.

■'Dear Mr. Henshaw:

You probably have "Papilio"'
IV, No. 9 and 10. Will you please read the article 'On some Historical
Errors' on p. 167, and give me any information you may have, in refer-
ence to the matters there stated as facts. I am especially desirous of
learning about those insects caught in copula. Mr. Stretch says he did
not catch them: did you.? What are the facts about that unfortunate
cyanide bottle.'' Please correct any other errors you may know of in the
article, and let me have your reply at as early a date as possible.

Very truly, John B. Smith."

Dear Sir:

A number of the statements in the paper
"On some historical errors'' (Papilio 1884! [1885] v. 4, p. 167 — 171)
by Mr. W. H. Edwards require correction.

Dr. Hagen's statement, that six pairs of Colias were taken in copu-
lation, is correct. Many envelopes, as Mr. Stretch writes, contained
more than a single specimen frequently of widely separated genera, but
in no case were specimens labelled as collected in copulation unless so

— 119—

taken; the six pairs in dispute were labelled by me "(J^ and Q taken in
cop.", so that assumption in this case was unnecessary.

Memory as to the number or per cent of the specimens taken by an
individual collector after a term of nearly two years, is not wholly trust-
worthy and by Mr. Stretch's reasoning it could be logically inferred that
I collected 95 per cent of the Coleoptera. According to my memory
such a conclusion would be far in excess of the truth, through not more
so than that Mr. Stretch collected fully 95 per cent of the Diurnals. It
is immaterial how many or how few butterflies Dr. Hagen collected, but
I can state positively that he caught and handed to me for labelling
more than ^vd pairs of a single species. Mr. Stretch must surely have for-
gotten the many discussions that took place concerning machaon, 7nena-
pia and kto, not to mention others, when he wrote that Dr. Hagen knew
nothing about the butterflies, and I can bear willing testimony that Mr.
Stretch was too energetic and too enthusiastic a collector to allow his
many interesting captures to miss so appreciative an audience as Dr.
Hagen proved himself on many occasions.

Mr. Edwards' statement of Mr. Stretch's remarks, in relation to the
Colias whose color was changed by cyanide are not entirely consistent.
In June 1884 he wrote me that Mr. Stretch claimed that Dr. Hagen was
wholly mistaken in his account of the matter and in Papilio Vol. IV, p.
170 (received in July 1885,) he writes that Mr. Stretch, in answer to his
question as to what he (Mr. S. ) knew about this Colias, "replied that he
knew nothing of it. "

Mr. Edwards' English while not "obscure" is certainly misleading
when he says that Mr. Stretch did not use a cyanide bottle, as he prob-
ably intended saying that Mr. Stretch did not use the cyanide bottle in
question.

Mr. Stretch used a cyanide bottle all the time he collected in Oregon
and Washington Terr.

In regard to the Colias similar in color to C. aslraea, I have only to
say that a yellow Colias recognised in the field as corresponding closely
to, if not identical with others previously collected, was placed in a damp,
freshly prepared cyanide bottle, and when taken from the bottle the
hind wings were wet; the specimen was preserved and the facts noted at
the express wish of Dr. Hagen.

The application of the term "omnivorous' to the new collecting
bottle is not clear to me.

Yours, Saml. Henshaw.

120 —

How shall we collect, in alcohol or cyanide? And how shall we fasten
our small beetles, with gum or with shellac? Practice varies in this re-
spect and each method has its advantages and corresponding disadvan-
tages. Mr. C. Lugger has had an experience this summer that is some-
what suggestive. He transported his collection of Coleoptera to New
Orleans for the exhibition, and the moist heat of that locality soon
began to produce a crop of mould. Careful examination showed that of
insects on cards, those mounted with gum of any kind were uniformly
mouldy, while those mounted with shellac as uniformly escaped. Pinned
insects collected in cyanide began to mould and decay while those col-
lected in alcohol pretty generally remained sound. Southern collectors
claim that they cannot use shellac because it hardens so rapidly that the
insects turn and twist. Alcohol as a collecting medium has the dis-
advantage that it contracts the muscles of the mouth parts. Dr. Horn
says that in Bembidmm and many other small Carabidae and many of the
StaphylinidcB there appears a great difference in the proportions of the
joints of the palpi. Two specimens of a Bembidium examined, showed,
one a minute terminal joint hardly \ as long as the preceding; while
another, obviously the same species, had the terminal joint fully as long
as the second. The first was collected in alcohol, and the terminal joint
was retracted far into the second; while the other, collected in cyanide,
had the joint extended as far as possible. Care and knowledge are thus
imperative in the use of these organs in systematic work.

Book Notices.

Vol. VI, Part 2, of the Trans. Am. Conn, Ac. Arts and Sc, is at
hand and contains the following of interest to Entomologists.
New England Spiders of the family Epeiridae. By J. H. Emerton, pp. 295-

342, pi. 33-40.
New England Lycosidae. By J. H. Emerton, pp. 481-505, pi. 46-59.
North American Conopidae, Conclusion. By. Dr. S. W. Willistoii, pp. 377-

394. pi. 41.

Mr. Emerton here continues his studies on the new England spiders,
and by his clearly drawn plates and careful text gives a great addition to
our knowledge of these handsome though somewhat repugnant insecta.

Of Dr. Williston's paper we need only say it is good. Our readers

know his style of work.

* *

In the July No. of "The American Monthly Microscopic Journal"
is a note by D. S. Kellicott of an aquatic lepidopterous larva probably
belonging to Calaclysta, which forms a free case, similar to that of a
Phryganeid, with silk, holding together fragments o[ Lemna &c.

ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA, OCTOBER, 1885.

PLATE HI.

Americana

¥0L. I.

BROOKLYN, OCTOBER, 1885.

NO. 7.

Proceedings of the EntomDlogical Club of the A. A. AS.

The club met under the rules and pursuant to notice, on the 25th
day of August, at room H of the University of Michigan, at 2 P. M. , 23
persons present.

In the absence of the President, the meeting was called to order by
Prof. Osborn, the Vice-President, who stated that Dr. Morris, the Presi-
dent, had announced his inability to attend.

The Secretary stated that the minutes of the meetings at the Phila-
delphia session of the Ass'n , had been printed in the Bull. Bkln. Ent,
Soc. . the Can. Ent. and in the Proceedings of the Ass'n., and printed
copies were in tiie hands of the members. On motion the reading of the
minutes of the previous meeting was dispensed with.

The following were then nominated and elected officers of the Club
for the ensuing year. President, Prof J. A. Lintner of Albany; Vice-
President, Mr. E. A. Schwarz of Washington, and Secretary, Mr. John
B. Smith of Brooklyn, N. Y.

Prof Lintner taking the chair expressed regret at the absence of Dr.
Morris and the consequent want of a presidential address. He stated
that there had not been during the past year any falling off in the mterest
taken in Entomology: on the contrary the interest had rather increased.
Those in public positions know this to be the case by the increase and
charactei of the applications for information, especially from Agriculturists
which were made both to the U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, and to State
officers.

The chairman of the committee on arrangements reported what had
been done to obtain papers for the present meeting.

Prof Riley moved that hereafter the officers of the club be elected

at the end of the sessions, in each year, and that the officers thus elected
serve at the meetings of the club the following year. This was seconded,
and a resolution to that effect was adopted.

The Secretary then read the following paper, Dr. Coding not being
in attendance.

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH of WILLIAM LeBARON,

l.\te st.\te entomologist of illinois.

By Dr. F. W. Coding.

William LeBaron was born Oct. 17, 18 14, in North Andover,
Mass., and was the son oi Dr. Lemuel divnl Mnrtha LeBaron. His father
was a physician of considerable note, and his paternal grandfather a
minister. His maternal grandsire, Dr. Thomas Kittredge, was a surgeon
whose fame extended from Maine to Washington and was one of a long
line of physicans. Thus it is plain that Dr. LeBaron inherited studious
habits and scientific tastes, and even his life study was decided upon
from earliest childhood.

The neighboring cities soon attracted his less studious brothers, and
upon William devolved the care of the aged mother and grandmother,
both of whom he attended through long illnesses and closed their eyes in
death before he was twenty-five years old.

His early education was acquired under the iron rule of Dr. Putnam
whose school for boys was famed in those days, attracting from far and
near many who afterward attained distinction in their several vocations.
Among his school-mates he was beloved and respected, one of whom
said of him: "He was the boy with the best judgement among us. In
any dispute we always called upon William to decide; for he was always
so fair and so true, that we were all willing to abide by his decisions."

From childhood he evinced a strong love of nature and devoted his
leisure hours to studying her in her various branches. First Ornithology
and then Botany attractt^d his attention; and having made an exhaustive
collection of specimens in each of these departments, he turned his
attention to Entomology to which he ever after remained faithful.

The doctor studied medicine under the tutorship of his uncle. Dr.
Joseph Kittredge, in North Andover, and for several years he practiced
there. We are informed by his family that he graduated from Harvard
Medical College in 1857, hence he must have returned from the West
to complete his medical studies.

In 1 84 1 he married Sarah Jarvis Carr of Ellsworth, Maine, and
in 1844 removed to Geneva, Kane Co., 111. (the old homestead being in
sight of the place where I am now sitting), where the remainder ot his

— 123 —

life was spent with tiie exception of tlie lust year, during; which time he
resided in Chicai^o. While in Geneva he continued in the practice of
Medicine, and lie was known far and near for his skill in diagnosis of
disease and surgical operations.

In 1850 he made his advent into the scientific world by means of
an article published in the old Prairie Farmer, upon the '•'■Chinch Bug"
which was at that time making serious ravages in the wheat crop, then the
most important product of the State. In this article — which was re-pub-
lished in Fitch's 2d N. Y. Ent. Report — he gave the first scientific ac-
count of the life history ol this important pest describing it as new under
the name ol' Rhyparochromus devastator. Of this paper Dr. Fitch says:
"Little requires to be added to this account'. The same is true of the
many scientific papers written by Dr. LeBarott, as he never published
until the entire subject was tlioroughly understood by him. His ex-
haustive researches into the habits of the chinch-dug, and practical sug-
gestions (in this and subsequent papers) as to their extermination, attract-
ed the attention of the leading entomologists of Europe and America,
with whom he ever after mai)itained a close correspondence.

In 1(36 1 he was elected corresponding member of the Etttomological
Society of Philadelphia and soon after member of the Mass. Hort. Soc.

In 1865 he became Entomological Editor of the Prairie Farmer,
to which paper he had contributed at intervals, for years, severing this
connection only when his declining health compelled him to do so.

A collection of Z?/". LeBarons contributions to that paper, of his
ansv/ers to correspondents, and other papers read before various Agricul-
tural and Hordcultural Societies would make a valuable addition to
entomological literature. We have received a hint from his family that
the publication of a volume containing his essays etc., both published
and unpublished has been seriously contemplated, a fact that will be re-
ceived with pleasure by all.

The doctor was thoroughly practical in all he wrote, and his state-
ments of facts could be relied upon implicitly, as he tested his discoveries
again and again before he gave them to the world.

In 1870 two candidates appeared for the office of Illinois State Ento
mologist made vacant by the undmely death of the lamented Walsh —
Dr. Henry Shimer of Mt. Carroll and Mr. Emery of the Prairie Farmer,
both of whom were well qualified for the position. For reasons that can-
not be given at this time, Gov. Palmer refused to appoint either, but
named Dr. LeBaron for the place, taking him entirely by surprise.

From this time he devoted his whole attention to this work that lay
nearest to his heart, until his health gave way under the severity of the
strain. One of the first moves made by him was the purchase of the

— 124 —

Walsli Collection which secured to the State the finest ami most accur-
ately named collection of insects to [)e ft)und in America. But this was
not all; his labors being of an original nature added directly to our
knowledge of insect life and his name will be handed down to posterity
as one of the pioneers of economic entomology.

But Dr. Le Baron's standing as an entomologist will be based al-
most entirely upon his Four Annual Reports, the last of which forms a
most valuable text book for the order Coleoptera. He was moved to
undertake this work by the numerous letters he received from young
men interested in the study of entomology, who could find few books
on the subject, suitable for beginners that were within their means. In
his Fifth Report he proposed to compile a similar work on Diptera, his
specialty. He had collected much material for it, but his sickness and
death cut short his usefulness, just as he began to give to the world the
results of his half century of arduous study and investigation.

Dr. LeBaron died in Elgin, 111., Oct. 14, 1.876, in the 62d year of
his age, leaving a wife and five children. All are highly respected and
esteemed, one son being editor of the Elgin Daily Nevos ■^wd. Post Master,
and another being a successful publisher living in Chicago

The doctor left quite a collection of insects besides augmenting the
Walsh Collection, and that of the State University.

As you are all conversant with his writings I need not remark that
he was a man of fine literary attainments. A finished classical scholar, he
showed a remarkably fine discrimination in the use of words, and as a con-
sequence his meaning was always perfectly clear. He was even an authority
to those about him upon all literary subjects, and many an evening
he spent entertaining and instructing the young people of his neighbor-
hood by his keen analysis of the best English and American authors.

He was an active member of the Unitarian Church, being trustee
both east and west for many years. For nearly a quarter of a century,
consecutively, he held the position of school director, while he was fre-
quently called to fill other positions of trust by his fellow townsmen.

In conclusion, as a neighbor I would say, that more important than
all was the good he did in the community by the example he set and the
high moral standard he held up for all to attain to, who were in any way
connected with him. .A knowledge of his keen discrimination between
right and wrong, and the ease with which he blew away the sophistries
that men of the world use to cover their derelictions from duty, exercised
a restraining influence upon all who knew him.

With a hand ever open to aid the poor and friendless, he gave what
he valued far above money — his time to straighten the crooked paths of
others; and make the doubtful way plain.

The poor of the town flocked to his funeral to look once more upon

one, who had been their best friend upon earth. As his writings were a

guide and a help to those who labored in the same scientitic held, so his

life was a guide and a help to all with whom he came m daUy contact.
His entomological writings both published and unpublished, so far

as 1 have been able to ascertain, areas follows:

"History of the apple-tree VaterpAllar."

Written in Mass. at an earlier date ihan the others.

" Worms Injurious to Dried Fruit.' ^

"Metamorphosis of Insects."

"On the Codling Moth, Carculio and Potato Beetle." Delivered at Cobden, III.

"Insects Injurious to the Peach."

"On the Extermination of Noxious Insects." Delivered in Jo Davies Co.

"Connection between IScientific and Practical Entomology."

Ill two parts. First, delivered at Jacksonville. 111. ; Second, published in Tr.
111. St. Hort. Soc, Vol. 5,

"Insects Injurious to Field Crops."

' 'Sudden Appearance and Disappearance of Noxious Insects. ' ' Delivered at Gale^burg.

"Communications to Prairie Farmer."

"First Annual Report of III. State Entomologist." 1871.

Table of Contents: Introducuoa. — White Marked Tussock Moth.— Fall
Web Worm. — Lester Apple Leaf-folder (n. sp.) — Oyster Shell Bark Louse. —
Caliimorpha Pear Caterpillar. — Green Chestnut backed Plum Caterpillar. —
American bine Chafer. —Green Crt-am Spotted Grape Worm. — Spinous Cur-
rant Caterpillar. — 4-siriped Plant-Bug. — Colorado Potato Beetle. — Rose
SUig. — Pine Leaf Louse.

"Second Annual Report of III. Slate Entomologist." 1872.

Table of Contents: Introduciioa. — Canker Wot- m. -Apple and Walnut
Leaf Grumpier (n. sp.?). — Periodical Cicada. — Pear Flea Louse. — Small
Bronze Flea Beetle. — Spotted Willow Aphis ^n. sp.). — Willow Bark Louse
(n. sp.). — Stalk-borer. —Chinch Bug. — Grasshopper parasite (n. sp.?). —Notes
of the Season.

"Third Annual Report o^ the III. State Entomologist." 1873.

Table of Contents: Introduction.— Codling Moth. — Hand-maid Moih. —
Cottonwood Leaf Gall Louse. --Transporiation of Useful Parasites. — Intro-
duction to Entomology.

"Fourth Annual Report of the 111. State Entomologist." 1874.

Consisting of an Introduction. —Outlines of the Study of Insects. — Tables etc.,
and a Treatise on the Coleoptera of North America.

"Apple Tree Tent Caterpillar." Publ. in "American Ent. " Vol. 2, p. 143.

" Corn Kernels i7i Cocoons of Cecropia Moth ". Publ. in "American Ent." Vol. 2, p. 177.

"Noxious Larvae". Publ. in "American Ent." Vol. 2, p. 232.

"TAe Chalcideous Parasite of the Apple Tree Bark-louse in. sp. ).
"Publ. in "American Entomologist" Vol. 2, p. 360.
(To be continued. )

"Ye editor" has entered upon the duties of his new office at the National Museum,
Washington D. C, and letters should be addressed to him there. Comniunicaiions for
ihe Society and books and pamphlets still go to Brooklyn, N. Y.

— I 26 —

Notes on Chrysomela scalaris, Lee

By G. \V. J. An(;ell.

Lately, svhile examining some specimens of the genus Chrysomela,
I found an insect answering equally well to the descriptions of sia/ar/s
Lee. ox philadelphica Linn. This led me to arrange a series from my
material in tnis group, to find, if possible, intergrades between the two.
Further examination but strengthened the idea, that these so called spe-
cies are but varieties or races of one and the .same insect. Before dis-
cussing the series thus obtained I give the original descriptions ofLeconte
and Linnitus and also the remarks of Rogers and Crotch.

"C. scalaris Leconte, Ann. Lye. I, p. 173.

Oval, greenish blue; elytra punctate, yellowish white spotted with blue. Suture
with a broad metallic black stripe, branched in three or four places. Humerus wi;h a
large lunate spot; under surface bronzed black, antennae and legs ferruginous."

"C. philadelphica Linn. Syst. Nat. II, p. 592.

Oval, greenish black, elytra pale yellow, with a longitudinal stripe near the .sut-
ure and a number of dark green spots; palpi, antennae and legs rufous, under surface
dark green. ' '

Rogers (Proc. Acad. 1856, p. 31) says: "Tliis insect [scalaris) is
closely allied to C. philadelphica of Linnaeus, the difference consists in
the suture being marked with a broad black stripe with which the spots
are connected. In C. philadelphica the suture is black, straight and
narrow, separated from a narrow subsutural black vitta by a narrow
yellow line."'

Crotch (Proc. Acad. 1873, P- 4-9) separates them as follows:

"First vitta joined to suture, which is laterally tridentate scalaris.

First vitta free, suture not green philadelphica.

He also states that in this group the epipleura? of the el}tra are
yellow. This 1 find to be the case in the majority of insects examined,
but it is not entirely constant. From the above descriptions it appears
that the basis of all determinations of these insects has been the metallic
green, tridentate sutural vitta of scalaris and the free, bronzed, subsutural
vitta of philadelphica. In my series I find the following variations from
the typical form. For convenience, I refer to those markings near the
vitta, which being joined to the latter make it dentate, as vittal spots.

A. — V'ittal spots small, hardly linear. Humeral markings broken,
not forming a continuous line, Vitta faintly marked. An interior
humeral spot.

B. — Vittal spots linear. Humeral markings connected, and two
interior humeral spots. Vitta mc>re strongly marked, slightly diverging.

C. — Vittal spots longer. Humeral line curved and interior spots
connected.

■127 —

D. — Vittal spots nearer the vitta,
diverging, almost connected. Hum-
eral line angulated. In these speci-
mens A, B, C & D the markings are
pure bronze.

E. — Vittal spots joining subsut-
ural vitta, making the latter dent-
ate. Humeral lunule pipe shaped
Interior spots combined forming a
single heavy dot. Sutural and sub-
sutural vittas uniting near lower
margin of elytra.

F. — Vittal spots free, vitta sut
ural. Markings greenish bronze.

G. — .Sutural vitta strongly den-
tate. Lower vittal spot free. Mark-
ings green. Margins of prothora.x
light yellow.

H. — Vitta broader and denta-
tions more obtuse.

I. — Dentations still more obtuse.
All markings heavier. This is the
common form o'i scalaris ,

J. & K. — In these specimens the
series reverts somewhat to the p/ii7a-
delphica type. The sutural vitta
and humeral lunule are like scalaris
but the fine lateral spots and red-
dish bronze color of the markings xqc?\\ philadelphica. This series shows
a nearly complete gradual gradation from the finely maculate form of
philadelphica (H) to the strongly marked scalaris type (I). A still more
extended series will, I expect, completely demonstrate the truth of the
opinion here advanced. Should further investigation bear me out, the
wzxiiQ philadelphica \awi\. must stand for both insects, as it has decided
priority. Scalaris is however a well marked race, in some localities very
constant. Hundreds collected at Cambridge last summer show scarcely
any variation, while specimens from New Jersey, Cape Cod and prin-
cipally Canada are decidedly inconstant and variable.

Figure L represents an insect which has long been considered a
variety of jfa/a/'/j. In many collections it bears Dr. Leconte's cabinet
name labyrinthica, but it has lately been determined by Dr. Horn as
identical with C. pnirsa Stal. Its elytral markings are certainly peculiar

— 128 —

and very constant, yet in many specimens o{ stuiaris I have seen, tliere
is a strong tendency towards this lorm. In regard to Crotch's paper, al-
ready quoted, 1 find another important exception to a specific character
given therein. He separates mtiltipunclatti Sa}', and its varieties horn jvt?/-
aris Awd phi/adelphica, h\- its partially yellow protht)rax. An examina-
tion of figure G will show that in this insect, a decided scalaris form, the
lateral margins of the prothorax are light yellow. This leads me to doubt
the validity of viultipumtata as a distinct species, a doubt which Crotch
also expresses, though he gives no reason for it.

Notes on Mexican Lepidoptera, with descriptions
of New Species

By Henry Edwards.

(Fourth Paper.)

I continue the descriptions of a few other fine insects collected by
Mr. Wm. Schaus, at Jalapa, Mexico, which, as far as I am able to ascer-
tain, are new to science. They certainly do not occur in any works to
which I have access, and I therefore think it best to place them on record.

fa:si. zygaenidae.

Lycomorpha notha, n. sp.

Form and size of i. pholus, Uru. Wholly hlui^h-black with the exception of a
triangular patch at base of primaries, a very small patch at base of secondaries, Cillar,
palpi, and inside of fore femora, which are bright orange.

I cf. 19. (No. 228.)

Lycomorpha sinuata, n. sp.

Allied to L. latei'cnla, Hy. Edw. Head, antennce disc of thorax, abdomen and
legs all dull sooty black. Thorax with the sides and base, brick red. Primaries
brick red, with the margins sooty black, very narrowly so at the apex, broadest on
the median vein, thence straight to internal margin. Secondaries wholly sooty
black, except the base, which has a brick red patch. The markings are repealed on
the lower side.

Exp. wings 24 mm. Length of body 10 mm. i O. (No. 230.)

SUB-FAM. ARCTIIDAE.

Gnophaela disjuncta, n. sp.

Somewhat resembling at first sight the common G. vermiculuia, G. & R. The
wings are however much narrower, and have a very striking greenish metallic sheen,
while the spots are totally different both in size and arrangement. Below the median
nerve is a narrow stripe, not quite reaching the base, widening from a mere point to
immediately below the cell, where it is excavated, and surmounted by a rather large
subovate patch, divided in half by the black median nerve. The apical patch is
large, cut into 5 spots by the nervures, that nearest the internal angle being a mere
dot. The secondaries have a large spot at the base, which is also divided into two
by the nerve, the lower being almost oblong; and the upper subtriangular in shape.

129 —

From the costa near to the apex, runs a large pyriform spot, crossed by two black
nervures. The markings are repeated on the lower side. The fore femora and
pectus are bright orange, the rest of the body bluish-black, the abdomen having a
row of 6 small dots on the sides, and not a stripe as in G. vermiculata.
Exp. wings 45 mm. Length of body 17 mm. (J'. 9-

SUB-FAM. NOTODONTIDAE.

Janassa laciniosa, n. sp.

rj*. Bright but pale fawn-color, with darker streaks. The primaries have the
costa shaded with rich coffee-brown, especially on the apical half. There is also a
sub-apical dash, and some streaks of the same color on the posterior margin. , From
the base in centre of the wing runs an olive-brown clouded line, expanding into a
blotch as it passes the cell, but not reaching to the margin. Secondaries sordid white,
yellowish along the abdominal margin, and with a bright brown blotch at the anal
angle. Beneath yellowish fawn-color, costa of both wings stained with brown, and
the ends of the nervures of the primaries also marked with brown. Thorax brown
on disk, fawn-color at the sides. Abdomen fawn-color, darkest at the base.

Q. Dark coffee-brown, costa fawn-color towards the apex, and a pale fawn dash
at internal angle, which in both sexes is a good deal jagged. Secondaries darker than
in the (^, with the brown anal blotch as usual. Beneath, the primaries are dull brown,
paler on the margins. Secondaries fawn-color, with brown dots at the ends of the nerv-
ules. Thorax and abdomen as in the J^, the latter with a brown line beneath. 2 (J',
3 9. Jalapa (W. Schaus, No. 398). Mazailan (Hy. Fdw.).

Exp. wings (^ 42 mm., 9 5° "i™- Length of body (J' 22 mm., 9 20 mm.

SUB-FAM. HEPIALIDAE.

Phassus triangularis, n. sp.

Wings greatly produced into a falcate point at the apices; rich wood brown,
varying in shade, the 9 considerably paler than the (^. Costa arched at the base,
both it and the subcostal nervure very strong and muscular. The costal margin is
pale fawn-color, clouded with brown, three distinct triangular patches, most apparent
from the middle of costa towards the apex. From the subcostal nervure, about 15
mm. from the base of the wing runs a broad ribbon-like band, which passes into a
point as it nears the internal margin, then upward to the edge of the cell, forming a
very open V-like mark. At the end of the cell it is joined to a clear silvery white
triangular patch, behind which is a double while spot. These white spots vary
slightly in shape in different individuals, but the average form is as here described.
The posterior margins are broadly clouded with rich brown, on the field of which
may be seen 3 macular bands, not passing below the median nervure. On the sub-
costal space above the waved broad band is a row of 8 small oblong pale patches, and
at the base of the wing near the internal margin are 4 pale spots, some of them oc-
casionally with brown centre. Lower wings dull brown, pale at base, and with pale
dashes at the apex. Underside wholly dull brown, with pale marks on the costa of
both wings.

Exp. wings, (^ 140 mm., (^ 160 mm. Length of body, ^ 70 mm., 9 85 mm.

A magnificent species, evidcnlly belonging to Walker's genus. The
transformations have been observed by Mr. Schaus, and will hereafter be
referred to.

ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 20

— 130—

Synopses of Cerambycidae.

By Charles W. Lexg, B. S.
(Conlinued from p. 35. <inle.)

Tlie foUuwing paper on the species of the genera erected at the ex-
pense of Elaphidion is based upon material received by Dr. Horn since
the pubhcation of our synopses (No. 2 May). Those synopses were
submitted to Dr. Horn for the insertion of the new species, but the
material then in hand did not jusdfy him in making any changes and
the absence of Dr. Leconte's types q{ Ancfltn prevented the careful com-
parison which has led to these notes. We are greatly indebted to
Dr. Horn for the opportunity of publishing them in this series and
trust the reader may derive great satisfaction from this final clearing up
of a puzzling group.

ROMALEUM, WhUt.

R. simplicicolle Hald. = procerum Lee.

The diflferences between these two species are not constant and the
intergradation in the arrangement of the antennal spines on the outer
side of the third and fourth joints is so gradual as to render it impossible
to draw any line of separation. R. operarium Wht. , B. M. Catal. p 309
pi. VI, fig. 9, is without doubt the same thing.

R. seminitidum n. sp.

Form robust, piceous, moderately shining, pubescence very fine and very sparse,
hte surface being almost nude. Head coarsely and deeply punctured, a space clothed
with yellowish pubescence on each side of the occiput within the eyes. Head slight-
ly Wider than long, base a little narrower than apex, sides irregularly arcuate, disc
slightly flattened, with three callosities, one med.an larger, one on each side slightly
in front of the middle; surf ice roughly grantdate punctate. Elytra wider than the
thorax, slightly narrowing to apex, the apices sinuously truncate, the sutural angle
dentiform, disc slightly depressed, surface coarsely punctured and sub-granulate at
basal strioe, the punctures very rapidly finer and sparser posteriorly. Body beneath
brownish, punctulation fine and sparse, pubescence very fine. Legs brown, punctate,
ihe tibire not carmate. Length 1.04 inch; 26 mm.

This species closely resembles Eustroma validum and might readily
be mistaken for it without relerence to the generic characters. It is more
shining and less pubescent. The antennae are distinctly spinous on the
inner side from the third to tenth joints, and less distinctly on the outer
side from the fourth to tenth.

One 9> Arizona. The male probably has a different thoracic
sculpture as is usual in this genus.

— 131 —

ANEFLUS, Lee.

The outer antennal joints are distinctly carinate on their flat sides —
this sentence gives the basis on which the genus was erected. On this
point some remarks will appear in the course of this article.
The species of Aneflus are thus distinguished:

Outer joints of antennae more or less distinctly carinated 2

Outer joints not distinctly carinated ... volitans, Lee.

2 — Third joint of antennae with a very long spine tenuis, Lee.

Antennal spines of moderate size 3

3 — Elytra simply emarginate at tip linearis. Lfc

Elytra spinose at tip 4

4 — Thorax cylindrical; pubescence of elytra conspicuous.

Disc of thorax vaguely quadrituberculate; antennal spines well developed.

protensus, iec.
Disc bituberculate at base, an elevated transverse line slightly in front of mid-
dle; antennal spines small prolixus, Lee.

Thorax distinctly narrower at apex, the disc very roughly sculptured; pubescence

of elytra very inconspicuous calvatus, Horn.

A. volitans Lee. New Species, 1873, p. 186. Brownish, sparsely clothed with
long pale pubescence. Thorax longer than wide, base and apex equal, sides feebly
arcuate, disc densely rather coarsely punctate. Elytra closely coarsely punctate, the
punctureis finer posteriorly, the apices truncate, the sutural angle acute not spiniform.
Tibiae with flying hair. Length .40 inch; 10 mm.

The carinas of the outer joints of the antennce were said by Dr.
Leconte to be obsolete, in fact from an examination of the type I can-
not find that they exist at all. The spine of the third antennal joint is
two-thirds as long as the fourth joint, while that of the fourth is above
one-third the length of the fifth joint.

This species is placed at the beginning as an expression of its close
relationship with some Elaphidion as aculeaium and subpubescens and as
the genera constructed at the expense of Elaphidion are at present de-
fined there seems to be no reason why A. volitans should not be placed
near the species above cited, unless it be placed in Psyrassa Pascoe.
The latter genus and the value of its characters will be referred to later on.

One specimen. Lower California.

A. tenuis Lee, Proc. Acad. 1854, p. 81, Brownish or piceous, sparsely cloth-
ed with white pubescence. Head very coarsely punctured. Thorax longer than wide,
base very slightly narrower than the apex. Sides feebly arcuate, disc coarsely and
deeply punctate, an indistnict smooth median line. Elytra coarsely and deeply but
not closely punctate, the punctures gradually finer toward the apex, the apices emar-
ginate, not spinose. Length .46 — .64 inch; 11. 5 — 16 mm.

The carinse of the outer joints of the antennce are very indistinct.
The third joint has a long spine equal to half the length of the fourth
joint, the other joints are mutic. This species should probably be placed
in Psyrassa, if recognized.

Occurs in south-western Texas.

— 132 —

A. linearis Lee. Proc. Acad. 1859, p. So. Rufo-testaceous, sparsely clothed
with whitish pubescence. Tlioiax longer than wide, sides aicuaie, disc coarsely dense-
ly punctate, a slight smooih space af middle posteriorly. Elytra coarsely punctured,
toe puncmres somewhat liner near the apix, the apices separately emarginate-
iruncate, not spinose. Length .40 — 42 inch: 10— 10.5 mm.

The outer joints of the antennae are distinctly carinate on their flat
sides, the third, fourth and lifth joints with a short apical spine. The
flying liairs o( the tibiai are long but not very numerous.
Occurs at Tejon, California.

A. protensus, Lee. (Proc. Acad. 1^58, p. 82.) Brownish piceoas, clothed
w.th grayish-white pubescence. Thorax longer than wide, scarcely peiceptibly
narrower at apex than at base, sitles feebly arcuate, slightly oi)liquely impressed near
the base, disc convex, very coarsely and roughly punctate-granu.ate with four d.stinct
eievaiions arranged in a quadrangle and a narrow median smooth callosity. Llytra
coarsely not closely punctaie, ihe punciures gradually finer toward ihe apex, the
apices bispinous (^' or w.th ihe suture above spiniform 9- Length 1.06 (J, 1.20 Q
inch. 26.5 — 30 mm.

The pubescence of this species is nearly as abundant as in Elaph.
aiomarium but more regularly placed. Ihe joints three to six of the
antennae are distinctly spinous, the spines gradually shorter. The outer
joints are distinctly carinate on their flat sides.
Occurs m Arizona and northern Sonora.

A. prolixus, Lee. n. sp. 1873, p. 203. Piceous, moderately densely cloihed with
cinereous pubescence with a few longer hairs intermi.\ed. Thorax longer than wide,
nearly cylindrical, coarsely and closely punctured, disc moderately convex with two
slightly elevated tubercles near the base and a transverse elevated line slightly in front
of the middle. Elytra coarsely not closely punctured, the punctures hner posteriorly,
the apices bispinous in both sexes. Length 1. 00 inch; 25 mm.

The outer joints of the antennae are very distinctly carinate, the joints
three to six with a short spine at apex. The slight transverse elevated
line of the thorax is made more conspicuous by the arrangement of the
jiubescence.

Occurs at Cape San Lucas, Lower California.
A. calvatus, n. sp. Brownish piceous, moderately shining, surface with very
tine, sparse and inconspicuous pubescence. Head coarsely punctured. Thorax
longer than wide, base one-half wider than apex, sides feebly arcuate, disc coarsely
and roughly punctured with a tendency in the punctures to become transversely con-
fluent. Llytra double the width of apex of thorax, parallel, coarsely and deeply, not
closely punctate, the punctures finer near the sides and toward the apex, apices bi-
spinous in the emargination between the spines and distinct tooth. Body beneath
sparsely punctate. Length 1.16 inch.; 29 mm.

The outer joints of the antennae are very distinctly carinate on their
flat sides, joints three to six distinctly spinous at tip. The legs are feebly
pubescent without flying hairs. It is conspicuous among the larger
species by the very feeble pubescence o'i the surface.

One specimen ^. Arizona.

— ^33—

The table and remarks which precede are made from the species
(the typical specimens) which Dr. Leconte considered as belonging to
the genus Aneflus. Two of the species are, however, doubtful as mem-
bers of the genus from the fact that in one (vo/i/ans) the antennoe are not
at all carinate, while in another {taiiiis) more faith than sight is required
to see it These two species should without any doubt be referred to
Psyrassa Pasc., if it is to be recognized. In the latter genus Pascoe in-
cludes our Elaphidion unicolor, Rand.

One of the essential characters of the group, Spherionides, to which
Psyrassa is referred, is the presence of carinae on the tibiae. This is cer-
tainly not the case in unicolor. "The spine of the third antennal joint
is remarkably long; and this seems to be a good generic character"
(Bates, Biol. Cent. Am. V, p. 28). In unicolor the spine is rarely re-
markably long, never longer than one-third of the following joint, usual-
ly it is not longer than in villosum or truncatum. As far as the antennal
spine and the carinate tibiae volitans and tenuis are Psyrassa. Assuming
unicolor to be also a Psvrassa we observe a gradual fading out of all the
characters: the tibiie are very distinctly carinate in tenuis, scarcely so in
volitans and not at all in unicolor; the spine of the third joint of the an-
tennae is two-thirds the length of the next joint in volitans, one-half in
tenuis and less than a third in unicolor. After studying all the characters
of the species cited I can only quote the remarks of Leconte regarding
ww/iTi^/ti/- and apply them to the three species: 'T can find no sufficient
characters for separating this as a distmct genus, much less placing it in
another tribe"'. In conclusion I would suggest that tenuis and volitans
be returned to Elaphidion and placed between subpubescens and unicolor.

EUSTROMA, Lee.

The antennae are stout, in the male as long as the entire body, in
the female much shorter. The antennae are not carinate in the same
sense in which that term is used for Aneflus and it therefore seems better
to place Eustroma in closer alliance with Elaphidion.

The excavation of the underside of the antennal joints is more evi-
dent in the males. The oval patch of pubescence near the front angles
of the thorax is purely a male character and at the same time it is well
to note that the male femora are much stouter than those of the female.

The differences between Eustroma and Elaphidion are really feeble
and restricted almost entirely to the antennas: it will, however, be observ-
ed that the metasternal episterna are broader in Eustroma but parallel.

Geo. H. Horn.

—134—

To Dr. Horn's note on Eustroma we may add that the outer joints
of the antennee are compressed and pubescent, the lower joints shining,
sparsely punctured and thinly clothed with long fulvous hair; joints 3 — 7
spinose. The mandibles are stout and acute, with the outer margin
suddenly bent near the tip in ^ (as in Axes/inus) but regularly curved
in 9- rhe body above and beneath is punctured and clothed with
rather coarse yellowish brown hair; the prothorax has several smooth
confluent spaces, the intervals being very coarsely punctured. The
elytra are feebly truncate at tip and armed with a small sutural spine.
E. validum, Lee. Proc. Ac. Phil. 1858, p. 82.
Hab. Texas, Lower California.

TYLONOTUS, Bald.

Contfiins one species of variable size and coloration, distinguished
structurally by the strongly clubbed femora and bisulcate antennae and
further from the succeeding genus by the callosities of the prothorax.
The color is dark brown with part of the thighs and a blotch before the
middle and another at the apex of the elytra testaceous. The surface is
punctured (only thinly on the elytra) and sparsely pubescent,

T. bimaculatus, Hald. Trans. Am. Phil. X, p. 38.

Length .40 — .6e mch. = lo— 15 mm. Hab. Penn., N. Y.

ZAMODES. Lee.

Contains again a single species, opaque black in color, clothed
with dense brownish pubescence, mixed with erect hairs; prothorax
rounded at sides, punctured; elytra strongly punctured before, gradually
less beliind. The species resembles Tylonotus but differs in the antennaj
not being sulcate, the prothorax having callosities and the legs being
piceous.

Z. obscurus. Lee. S.M.C.. No. 264, 1873, p. 188.

Length .52 inch. = 13 mm. IMj. Penn., N. J.

COMPSA, Perly.

Prothorax punctured, without callosities puncticollis.

Prothorax not punctured, with a narrow callus elevated at middle, and an elevated

tubercle on each side of the base , quadriplagiata.

C. puncticollis, Lee. S.M.C., No. 264, 1873, p. 188.

Length .32 — .52 inch. = 8 — 13 mm. llab. Lo>yer California.

An elongate blackish shining species, the body clothed with gray
pubescence. The sides of prothorax are rounded and the regular punct-
ulation of the elytra is mixed with a few larger punctures.

C. 4-plagiata, Lee. S.M.C., No. 264, 1873, p. 189.
Length .40 inch. = 10 mm. Hah. Lower California.

The color is dark brown, each elytron bearing two quadrate pale

— 135 —

spaces. The larger punctures in this as in the preceding species support
flying hairs which are not however very long or as conspicuous as in the
polished species of Helerachthes.

HETERACHTHES. Neimi.

The species of this genus are strongly allied to the preceding and
are easily known by the very elongate form, the large and coarsely granu-
lated eyes and strongly clavate thighs. The antennae 9 ^i"^ slender, but
the joints 3 — 6 in (^ are remarkably thickened uniformly throughout
the length of each joint. Three species are recognized as follows:

SYNOPSIS OF HETERACHTHES.

Femora strongly clavate; elytra shining, with paler markings;

Prothorax roughly punctate without callosities nobilis.

Pro thorax with a few pi literous punctures and callosities at middle

quadrimaculatus.

Femora less incrassated; elytra opaque black ebenus.

H. nobilis, Lee. Proc. Ac. Phil. 1862, p. 41.
Length .50 inch. ^12^ mm. Hab. Texas.

This species is the largest of the three. The prothorax is trans-
versely impressed before and behind as in the following. The elytra are
ornamented with two pale fasciae, one before the middle interrupted at
the suture and one behind the middle, angulated in front.

H. 4-maculatus, Hald. Trans. Am. Phil. 1862, p. 43; Lee, J.A.P., ser. 2,
II. p. 23.

Length .30 -.45 inch. = 7^ — ii mm. Hab. Penn., Mo.

Varies considerably in the markings. The general color above is
darkish testaceous with paler spots.

H. ebenus, Newn. Ent. p. 9; Hald., Trans. Am. Phil. X, 1847, p. 43; Lee.
J. A. P., ser. 2, II, p. 23; dimidiaticornls Dej. Cat. 3. ed. p. 359.

Length .42 inch. = loj mm. Hab. Southern States.

Very easily known by the opaque black color and structural charact-
ers named above.

PLECTROMERUS, Lee.

Contains one species:

P. dentipes, Oliv. Encycl. Meth, V, 1790, p. 268; Ent. IV, 70, p. 29; scambus
Newn., Ent. p. 79; Lee, J.A.P., ser. 2, II, p. 22.

Length .40 inch. = 10 mm. Hab. Georgia, Florida.

The form of this species is cylindrical and the surface is polished
and glabrous. Prothorax nearly straight on sides. Antennce with 4th
joint much shorter than 5th. Thighs suddenly clavate armed beneath
with a broad tooth which is larger than in Curius. Color testaceous,
the elytra with two fuscuous bands.

—136—

CURIUS, Xeicn.
C. dentatus, Ncwn. Ent. p. 17; Dej. Cat. 3. ed., p 358; concinnatus Hnld.
Trans. Am. Phil. X, 1847, p. 43.

Length ,24 inch. = 6 mm. Hab. Florida.

Form depressed, surface dull, slightly pubescent. Color pale brown,
the elytra with three longitudinal darker spots. The eyes are coarsely
granulated, the antennse slender, longer than the body, annulated, finely
punctulate and pubescent.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.

1 Dicenthrus Bluetlineri. 12 Curius dentatus.*

2 Eburia 4-geminata. 13 Pcecilobrium chalybeum. *

3 Elaphidion riifulum. 14 F.umichthus oedipus.*

4 " parallelum. 15 Phyton pallidum.

5 Aneflus protensus. 16 Obrium rubrum.*

6 Eustroma validum.* 17 Hybodera tuberculata.

7 Tylonotus bimaculatus. 18 Megobrium Edwardsii.*

8 Zamodes obscurus. 19 Callimoxys sanguinicollis.

9 Compsa puncticoUis.* 20 Molorchus bimaculatus.

10 Heterachthes 4-maculatus. 22 Ancylocera bicolor.

1 1 Plectromerus dentipes. *

* The drawings for this figure we owe to the kindness of Dr. Horn.

m^

In a specimen of JMonilema sent me as sanipunLiaiiim. I observe a
strange aberration. The tarsus of one hind leg is five-jointed, the first
four joints being quite equal in length but each shorter than usual so
that the four occupy only the length that the usual three would do. The
final joint is of the usual size. The spongy pubescence which covers the 3d
joint only, on the normal tarsus, is in the other spread over all four joints
and reaches even the tip of the tibia. In view of the well established theory
that such aberrations are a reversion to an ancestral type more or less re-
mote, this specimen would be a further indication that the Longicorns are
descended from individuals possessing five jointed tarsi. Chas. W. Leng.

Not everybody knows the qualifications required to make a good
Entomologist, but we have recendy discovered one not previously known
to us, and which might prove interesting. A well known Coleopterist re-
joices not only in a fine collection, but in a little six year old soi^ who
takes a great interest in his father's collection and in his callers as well.
Recently came a visitor who was viewed by the youngster with a great
deal of interest and ciwiosity. After he had left, the boy sidled up to his
father and said confidentially: "Papa! that wasn't a real one; was it.?''
"What do you mean.?" said the astonished father. "He collect insects;
don't he.?" "Yes, certainly." "But he isn't a real collector; not a genuine
one I mean!" "But why not?" "Because he has too much hair on his
head: all the real ones have very little!" said the youngster decidedly.

— 137—

Huebner's Tortricids.

By Prof. C. H. Fernald, State College, Orono, Me.

The time of publication of some of Hiibner's works has been a mat-
ter of no little investigation on the part of entomologists, and many pa-
pers have appeared 'on this subject, in the Eurc>pean Journals. I have
thus far interested myself only so far as pertained to the Tortricids, that I
might get the most accurate information, in the matter of priority, for
my work on the revision of this group.

Hiibner published in his Sammlung Europaischer Schmetterlinge,
forty-six plates containing two hundred and ninety-one colored figures of
European Tortricids, and Carl Geyer who continued the work after the
death of Hiibner in 1826, published seven plates of Tortricids, contain-
ing forty-nine colored figures.

Mr. S. H. Scudder stated in his historical sketch of the genera of
Butterflies, page 98, that Dr. Hagen told him the works of Hiibner were
in their original wrappers in the Konigliche Bibliothek in Berlin. Wish-
ing to get what help might be obtained from this source, I wrote to my
kind friend Mr. O. Budy in Berlin, who went to the Royal Library and
examined Hiibner's works for me. He writes that Hiibner's part of the
Sammlung is not in the original wrappers, but the continuation of the
same by Geyer is still in the wrappers of which there are two. In look-
ing over the volumes of Hiibner, Mr. Budy found several prospectuses
by Hiibner himself bound in the last volume. These were carefully
copied and sent to me and they furnish some additional evidence bearing
on the date of the publication of Hiibners works; but at present 1 shall
mainly make use of what pertains to ine Tortricids.

The first prospectus is without date but gives a list of Hiibner's
works then for sale, and from the Sammlung, only the Pyralids, twenty
plates, and the Sphinges, sixteen plates, are offered. The dates of these are
there given as 1796, so that whatever may have been the date of this pro-
spectus, 1796 may be regarded as the date of the first twenty plates of the
Pyralids and the first sixteen plates of the Sphinges. The statement is
also made on this prospectus that the Tortricids and Tineids will appear
very soon, therefore it must have been later than 1796, when they were
published.

The second prospectus is dated Augsburg Dec. 21, 1806, and adver-
tises four hundred and seventy-five colored plates of the Sammlung, with
title page and text, but does not state what the plates are. The third
prospectus, dated 1807, adverdses four hundred and ninety-seven plates
etc. The fourth, dated 1809 is also of little value for our purpose. It
advertises 34 4-5, fifteen plate issues. The fifth prospectus is dated Augs-

ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 21

-138-

burg Dec. 22, 1823, and advertises for sale such of Hiibner's works as
had appeared up to that time, and states of the Sammlung, that there
were the title page, twenty-five pages of descriptive matter and six hund-
red and sixty-three plates, namely: Papilio 161; Sphinx 34; Bombyx
67; Noctua 151; Geometra 100; Pyralis 30; Tortrix 46; Tinea 67; Al-
ucita 7. This is signed by Hiibner himself.

The first part of Geyer's contribution is still in the original wrappers
dated Augsburg 1830, and contains the Tortricids, plates 48 to 52 inclu-
sive, with title, preface and two sheets of text. The second part of the
continuation is in the original wrappers dated Augsburg 1834, and con-
tains five plates of the Noctuids, Nos. 158 to 162. In the same wrap-
pers is contained a prospectus of the whole work dated Augsburg, Jan. i,
1834, giving the prices and signed by Carl Geyer. In this are adver-
tised, fifty-three plates of the Tortricids, all that were ever published, with
the number of plates of the other families.

A careful examination of the contemporaneous works is of import-
ance in this question and I have looked over all that I have access to.
In Illiger's edition of the Verzeichniss der Wiener Gegend which bears
the date of 1801, there is a notice in the first volume as follows :-"The
2nd volume (that containing the Tortricids) is already in press. Ostern,
1800." Now this second volume contains reference to the first thirty
plates of Hiibner's Tortricids and as it was already in press in 1800, these
plates must have been issued before 1800, but from the first prospectus
mentioned above, they must have been issued later than 1796.

The portion of Haworth's Lepidoptera Britanica which includes the
Tortricids, — as shown by the original wrappers in the Banksian Library
in London, — was published in 181 1 and contains references only to the
first thirty plates of the Tortricids in the Sammlung. Whether there
were any more published at that time I have no means now of determin-
ing but of course Haworth had seen no more.

Charpentier and Sommer's Ziinsler, W^ickler etc. published in 1821,
contains references to plate 40, so that this plate must have been in their
hands at that time and the first 40 plates must have been published be-
fore 1821. On the 22d of December 1823, Hiibner advertises the first
46 plates of his Tortricids for sale as shown above by the fifth prospectus.
We may reasonably infer that this last date is the time of publication of
plates 41 to 46 inclusive.

Hiibner's Verzeichniss contains references to the plates of ttie Tor-
tricids up to and including plate 46, and yet this work purports to
have been published in 18 16. We see no way to explain this discrep-
ancy except to agree with Scudder that the Verzeichniss was published in
parts and that only the first part with the title page really appeared in

— 139—

1826, and the part which includes the Tortricids, could not have been
published earlier than 1823 and perhaps later than this.

Frolich, in his Enumeratio Tortricum, published in 1828, refers to
the first 46 plates but not to the 47th. Treitschke in Die Schmetterlinge
von Europa, Vol. V. published in 1830, (the preface is dated Dec. 1829),
refers to this 47th plate, so we may feel sure it was published late in 1828
or early in 1829, after Frolich's work but before Treitschke's. The con-
temporaneous French and English works afford no assistance for their
authors do not appear to have received Hiibner's works for some little
time after their appearance.

Plates 48 to 52 inclusive, of the Tortricids were published in 1830
as shown by the date on the original wrappers in the Royal Library in
Berlin. Plate 53, the final one of the Tortricids in the Sammlung, is re-
ferred to by Treitschke in his Supplement, Part 3, published May loth,
1835, but this plate was first offered for sale by Geyer in his prospectus
dated Jan. i, 1834 which must be regarded as the time it was published.
Summing up the above, the dates of publication of the Tortricids in
Hiibner's Sammlung EuropJiischer Schmetterlinge are as follows:

Plates 1-30 inch were publ. later than 1796 and earlier than 1800.
" 31-40 " " " 1811.' " " 1820.

'• 41-46 " " Dec. 22, 1823.

" 47 was published late in 1828 or early in 1829.
" 48-52 inclusive were published in 1830.
" 53 was published Jan. i, 1834.
— ^^^-» ^ » 9i v»

The Present Status and Future Prospects of Silk Culture
in the United States.*

By C. V. Riley.
The subject is discussed under the following heads:

1. The adaptability of the U. S. to Silk-culture.

2. Silk-culture in the Gulf States.

3. Silk-culture on the Pacific coast.

4. Profits of Silk-culture.

5. Necessity for a home market for the cocoons.

6. The prospects of establishing a market by private enterprise.

7. The practical outcome of the efforts by the Department of Agriculture

in promoting Silk-culture under present restrictions.
The paper deals with the above named subjects in detail and the es-
sential conclusions are:

I. The adaptability of our country to Silk-culture is proven beyond
all question.

* Abstract of a paper read at the recent meeting of the Am. Ass. Adv. Sc.

— 140—^

2. That the profits are so small that by far the larger proportion of
those who become interested abandon the culture after the first year.

3. That the present encouragement given by Congress through the
Department of Agriculture has been productive of good in that it has en-
abled the establishment of three reeling centres, one at Philadelphia, one
at New Orleans and one at San Francisco, which are in active operation
and furnish a home market for cocoons.

4. That there is great difficulty in carrying on the experiment on
true business principles because of the law which prevents the Commis-
sioner of Agriculture from selling the products of these reels and thus
utilizing the income.

5. That this encouragement has intensified the interest felt in the
subject, but that it can endure only so long as Congress chooses to con-
tinue the appropriation. This, once withdrawn, will precipitate a
reaction.

6. Finally, that no permanent advantage can be secured until tariff"
.egislation gives real encouragement to the industry and recognizes the
fact that so-called "raw silk" is a manufactured article and should, if
other manufactured articles are protected, receive like protection.

Society News.

Brooklyn Entomological Society, September 1, 1885. — Twenty-six mem-
bers and visitors present. Mr. J. B. Smith in the chair. Mr. Leng the curator
reported large accessions to the cabinet, and progress in arranging the material.
The Society has nov,' an almost complete collection of the Cicindelidre and Car-
abidiTs of the vicinity of N. Y. Mr. Hulst, the librarian reported large accessions
through exchanges and that books had been re-arranged und newly catalogued.

Lt. T. L. Casey was elected a life member of the Society. Mr. O. Dietz was
proposed for membership by Mr. Julich, and Mr. Adrian T. Birkhoff by Mr.
Weeks.

The resignation of Mr. L. C. Schenk was presented and accepted. Mr.
Leng read a paper on "Ilijp<icq?hahis armaiits".* Mi*. Smith gave an account of
the meetings of the Entomological Club of the A. A. A. S., and called attention to
some interesting facts presented, and stated they would be published. A discus-
sion was had over the peculiar structural modification of Cosmosoma omphaie in
which Messrs. Hulst, Leng, Neumoegen, Graef, Weeks and Smith participated.
Mr. Hulst exhibited a sufi"used specimen of Danais archippus Mr. Doll says a
damp cyanide bottle will produce the same effect. Mr. Mohns has seen just
such specimens on the wing and does not believe in its being the effect of cya-
nide. A discussion was had in reference to the action of cyanide in changing
colors of insects. Mr. Waters exhibited specimens oi Sidurnia galbina and states
that these are the imagines belonging to the cocoon exhibited at the May meeting
of the Society but he cannot account for the presence of Anisota Ileilighrodtii, in
the box, as there seemed to be no other kinds of cocoons.

*This will appear in full in a future number.

AmerieAna

\[0L. L

BROOKLYN, NOYEMBER, 1885.

NO.

The North American Myriapoda

By Lucien M. Underwood, Ph.D.

In order to call the attention of collectors to this interesting though
much neglected group of Arthropoda the following outUne sketch of the
literature of the American species and synopsis of the genera heretofore
recognized in America have been prepared.

The first paper of importance was published in 1821 by Thomas
Say\ describing fifteen species half of which will probably stand as good
species in the genera in which they were originally described and others
in genera established later.

Nothing more of importance appeared until 1844, when George
Newport* published his extensive Monograph in which five American
species were described together with the new genera, Theatops and Scolo-
pocryptops to which some of Say's species were referred.

Girard^ in 1853, described Scolopendra heros, the "centipede" of
the South-VVest, and two species of lulus. Three years later Sager* gave
three almost unintelligible descriptions of Myriapoda giving neither
structural characters nor localities. Two of the three species, have, how-
ever, been identified by later writers.

^ Thomas Say. Descriptions of the Myriapoda of the United States. Jour.
Phila. Acad. II, 102 — 114, 1821 (Reprinted in Collected Writings, Edited by Le-
conte, II, 24 — 32).

* George Newport. Monograph of the class Myriapoda, Order Chilopoda.
Trans. Linn. Soc. XIX, 265—302, 349 — 439, 1845.

3 Charles Oirard Myriapods. Appendix F to Marcy's Report on Red River
Expedition, 243—246, Plate, 1853.

* Ab. Sager. Descriptions of three Myriapoda. Proc. Phila. Acad. VIII,
109, 1856.

— 142 —

In 1 86 1. H. C. WolJd^ better known by hi,s work on the Fresh
Water Algce, commenced a series of papers which culminated in a mono-
graph, "The INIyriapoda of North America"', pubHshed in 1S65, the
most important paper ever pubHshed on the subject in this country. In
the first paper he describes four species of Scolopendra from America be-
sides numerous exotic species.

In 1862 Dr. Koch* published his monograph of the genus Lithobius
m which hq described L mordax and L. transviarinus from Louisiana.

Then follows the remainder of Wood's papers. His paper on the
Chilopoda appeared in 1863, in which he describes twenty-six new
species from America together with the new genera, Bothropolys and Opis
ihemega. In 1864 three papers appeared in the Proceedings ot the
Philadelphia Academy; the first on the PolydesmidcE, describes ten new
species; the second on In lido:, describes eleven species of /k///j and three
of Spirobolus; the third describes the new genera, Octoglena and Brachy-
cybe with 0. bivirgata and B. LeContei, new species. In 1865 appeared
his chief work "The Myriapoda of North America'' published by the
American Philosophical Society in quarto with three plates; this work
describes all the genera and species known to inhabit the United States
at that time, amounting to eighteen genera and ninety-two species. In
1867 two additional papers were published, describing new species from
Texas and California, the former with four species the latter with six
species.

' Horatio C. Wood Jr. Descriptions of new species of .S'co/o/)e«dra in the Col-
lection of the Academy. Proc. Phila. Acad. 1861, 10 — 15.

On the Chilopoda of North America with Catalogue of all the specimens

in the Collection of the Smithsonian In-.titution. Jour. Phila. Acad. n. s. V, 5 — 42,
i«63.

— Descriptions ol new species of North American Polyde^mid."e. Proc.

Phila. Acad. 1864, 6—10.

Descriptions of new species of North American lulid.t. Proc. Phila.

Acad. 1864, 10—15.

Descriptions of new genera and species of North Aiifferican Myriapoda.

Proc. Phila. Acad. 1864, 186—187.

The Myriapoda of North America. Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. XIII,

137 — 248, 3 plates, 1865.

Descriptions of new species of Texan Myriapoda. Proc. Phila. Acad.

1867, 42—44.

Notes on a collection of California Myriapoda, with descriptions of new

Eastern species. Proc. Phila. Acad. 1867, 127 — 130.

" Ludiciij Koch. Die Myriapodengattung Lithobius. pp. 94, two plates. Niirn-
heig, 1862.

— US-
There next appeared a paper published by E. D. Cope" in 1869 on
the extinct Mammalia of the cave formations of the United States giving
a short account of the cave Myriapoda; in this he describes five new
species with the new genera Pseudotremia and Andrognathus . In 1870 a
second paper appeared on the Myriapoda of the Alleghanies describing a
new genus and species Petaserpes rosalbus.

The year 1870 ushers in the first representative of a new order of
Myriapoda; Dr. Packard" in two short papers notes the discovery of
Pauropus in Massachusetts — a type of minute Myriapoda on which
Lubbock had founded the order Pauropoda.

In the year 1872 Meinert* described Lithobius vorax from Louisiana;
Harger" published a paper describing seven new species and the new-
genus Trichopetaliim; and Cope' in a paper on the fauna of the Wyan-
dotte cave described the new genus Scoierpes.

Another paper by Packard appeared in 1874 on "Myriapods from
Colorado'' published in Hayden's Annual Report; new forms were de-
scribed but no new species named.

In 1S75 Anton Stuxberg'^ published two valuable papers on the
North American Liihobiida:, the first describing eight new species of
Lithobius, the second enumerating all the species of North America,
twenty-four in number including five from Mexico.

Packard^" again in 1877 described Poldesmus cavicola h'om Utah,
and Murray" described Brachycybe rosea from California.

^ Edward D. Cope. Synopsis of the extinct Mammalia of the Cave Formations
of the United States with observations on some Myriapoda found in and near the
same etc. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. XI, 171— 192, 1869.

On some new and little known Myriapoda from the Southern Alleghanies.

Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc. Ill, 65—67, 1870.

On the Wyandotte Cave and its Fauna. Amer. Nat. VI, 1872.

8 A. S. Packard Jr. New or rare Neuroptera, Thysanura and Myriapoda.
Froc. Boston Soc. N. H. XIII, 405—411. 1870.

A remarkable Myriapod. Amer. Nat. IV, 621. 1S70.

^ Fr. Meineri. Myriapoda Musrei Havniensis. I. Geophili. Naturhist. Tidsskr.
3 R. VII, 1871.— II. Lithobiini. Ibid VIII, 1873.

^o 0. Harrjer. Descriptions of new North American Myriapods. Amer. Jour.
Science and Arts, 3rd series, IV, 116 — 121, plate, 1872.

** A. Stuxber(j. Nya Nordamerikanska Lithobier. Ofversigt k. Vetensk. Akad.
Forhandl. XXXII, No. 2, 65—72. 1875.

LithobioidcE Americ3e borealis. Ibid. XXXII, No. 3, 23—32. 1875.

^^ A. S. Packard Jr. On a new cave fauna in Utah. Bull. U. S. Gcol.

Survey (Hayden) III, 1877.

13 Andrew Murray. Economic Entomology. Part I, Aptera. Londm, 1877.

— 144 —

In 1878 J. A. Ryder'^ notices the discovery of a second species of
Paiiropoda in America. — Pauropus Huxkyi, iiitherto known only from
England; in 1879 the discovery of a third forming a new genus Eury-
f>:mropus\ and in 1881 he gives a list of the Lydopeialidce of North America
adding a new genus and species, Zygonopus Whitei.

Packard'^ published three papers in 1883, the first describing Poly-
desmns oceUatus (since referred by Stuxberg to Craspedosoma); the second
a revision of the Lysiopeialidce, a most important addition to our litera-
ture, giving a summary of the information at hand and founding the new-
genus Crypiotrichus on Spirostrephon casioannulatus Wood; the last is a
short paper on the Morphology of the Myriapoda.

Finally in 1884 LatzeP*^ in his masterly work on the Myriapoda of
Austro-Hungary has given some notes on American species notably the
so-called Lysiopetalida. His criticisms will be found stated below.

Such is the principal literature on the subject to date, to say nothing
of many shorter notes on distribution, structure and classification that
have appeared in various periodicals and other publications.

The European species have been carefully studied by Meinert*"
1866— 1868, Fanzago" 1874, LatzeP^ 1880— 1884, and others. The
work of the last named author is the most important contribution to a
knowledge of the Myriapoda that has appeared for a long time. It is

' * John A. Byder. Discovery of two remarkable genera of minute Myriapods
in Fairmount Park. Amer. Nat. XII, 557—558. 1878

Notice of a new Pauropod etc. Proc. Phila. Acad. 1879, ^39' ^^4.

An account of a new genus of minute Pauropod Myriapods. Amer. Nat.

XIII, 603 — 612. 1879.

A third locality for Eurypauropus. Amer. Nat. XIII. 703. 1879.

List of the North American species of the Lysiopetalidse, (with a blind

form Zygonopus, n. g.). Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, III, 520—531. 1881.

*s A (S. Packard Jr. A new Polydesmiis with eyes. Amer. Nat. XVII, 1883.

A Revision of the LysiopetalklcK, a family of Chilognath Myriopoda, with

a notice of the genus Camhala. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. XXI, 177 — 197. 1883.

On the Morphology of the Myriopoda. Ibid. XXI, 197— 209. 1883.

1*^ Robert Latzd. Die Myriapoden der Oesterreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchic.

Erste Halfte: Die Chilopoden, pp.228, plates I— X, Wien, 1880.— Zweite Hiilfte:
Die Symphylen, Pauropoden und Diplopoden, pp. 414, plates I — XVI, Wien, 1884.
1^ V. Bergsce eg Fr. Meinert. Danmarks Geophiler. Naturhist. Tidsskr.
3 R., IV, 1866-7.

Fr. Meinert. Danmarks Chilognather. Ibid. V, 1—32. 1868.

Danmarks Scolopendrer og Lithobier. Ibid. V, 241 — 268. i868.

i» F. Fanzaqo. I Chilopodi Italiani. Atti d. Soc. Ven. -Trent. Ill, fasc. i,
1874.

I Chilognathi Italiani. Ibid. Ill, fasc. 2, 1874.

— 145 —

finely illustrated by twenty-six plates that might well serve as a model for
American monographers. Very few species appear to be common to
the United States and Europe. The genera however are much the same,
the greater number found in Europe being due to the more advanced
state of the study there.

The Myriapoda may be conveniently grouped in three orders* as
follows:

A. — Body composed of 6 — lo segments; antennae 5-jointed; bifid, bearing three long
jointed appendages; nine pairs of legs; species minute, 0.5 — 1.5 mm. long

I. PAUROPODA.
Antennae simple; species of medium or large size B.

B. —Body more or less cylindric or half-cylindric; head normally composed of three
segments; antennae 7— 8-jointed; mouth parts consisting of protomalse** (man-
dibles') and deutomala; (labium) ; two pairs of legs to each segment

II. DIPLOPODA.
Body usually flattened; head normally composed of five segments; antenna?
12 — 70- jointed; mouth parts consisting of protomal^ (mandibles), deutomalse
(1st maxilL^) and two pairs ofmalipedes (auxiliary lips); one pair of legs to each
segment III. CHILOPODA.

I. PAUROPODA.

The Pauropoda contain two well marked families as follows:

Segments ten, not sculptured above; head and legs not concealed by projecting scuta;

color pale; motions agile Fam. Pauropodidae.

Segments six, tuberculate or sculptured above; body depressed, three times as wide

as high; head and legs concealed by projection of segments; color reddish;

motions slow Fam. Eurypauropodidae.

The first family, Pauropodidae Lubbock, contains a single genus
Pauropus Lubbock, with two American species. The second, Eurypau-
ropodidae Ryder, contains the genera Eurypauropus Ryder, with one
American species and Brachypauropus Latzel, as yet found only in
Europe.

The entire number of Pauropoda described is seven as may be seen
from the following table.

* Dr. Packard though originally accepting Lubbock's order Pauropoda is now
disposed to unite it to the Diplopoda as a suborder. It is perhaps better for the
present to retain this group in the form Lubbock first placed it. For Packard's later
views cf. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. XXI, 204.

** For a discussion of these organs the reader is referred to Dr. Packard's paper:
"On the Morphology of the Myriapoda", before quoted.

■I4^>-

Ger.era.

Total

Speoi

SS

European.

American,

Common to both.

ra

uropus

3

2

2

Br

(clii/pnnropHs

I

1

I

—

K'f

i/pnurnpns

3

3

I

I

Totals:

7

1

6

3

2

li. DIPLOPODA,

The order Diplopoda contains the following families: — Polyxcnidae,
Polvzonidae, Glomeridae, Polvdesmidae, Chordeumidae, Lysiopetalidae and
lulidae. The first and second of these Latzel places in the suborders
Pselaphognatha and Colobognatha respectively. The remaining families
constitute the Chilognatha proper. All except the Glomeridae'^- have been
reported from North America. The families may be distinguished as
follows:

A. — Body small (2.5 mm. long), soft-skinned, more or less scaly or covered in parts

by bushy hair; protomakTC without stipes, uncovered; anus in the penultimate

segment; odoriferous glands wanting; 13 pairs of legs... Rnn. i. Polyxenidae.

Body covering crustaceous; legs not less than 17 pairs B.

B. — Head small, triangular; mouth more or less rostrate, thus appearing suctorial;

protomala; small; deutomalce obsolete or wanting Fam. 2. Polyzonidae.

Mouth parts masticatory; protomalje large; deutomalce well developed C.

C. — Body composed of 19 — 20 segments; scuta often projecting laterally, forming

laminje; legs 28 — 31 pairs; eyes wanting Fam. 3. Polydesmidae.

Body composed of about 30 segments, frequently setose; legs 40—50 pairs; eyes

usually distinct Fam. 4. Chordeumidae.

Body segments indefinite always more than 30 D.

D. — Body long, slender, tapering; scuta usually deeply furrowed; antenna long,
slender, the seventh segment short and conic; legs very long, the eighth pair

only modified in the (^, the seventh and ninth pairs normal; sterna free

Fam. 5. Lysiopetalidae.

Scuta moderately if at all furrowed, carinate or warty ; antennns and legs short

or only moderately long ; both pairs of legs of seventh segment of (^ modified ;

sterna at least of anterior segments united so as to form complete rings

Fam. 6. lulidae.

* The GlomeridcK of all Myriapods most resemble the pill-bugs or sow-bugs
( OniscAda;) in their general features and habits. They may be distinguished from
other Myriapods by their short body composed of 11 — 13 segments, and by having
only 17 — 23 pairs of legs.

— 147—

Family i. POLYXENIDAE Cray and Jones.
This family contains the single genus Polvxenus Latr , of which we
have one species /'.y"t/j«t7^Az/wj- Say, distributed from Massachusetts to
Georgia.

Family 2. POLYZONIDAE Gcrvais.
This family contains four American genera witli live species; the
genera may be distinguished as follows:

A. - Sixth and seventh joints of antenna; confluent with the fifth and with it forming

a club; body segments 56 Andrognathus Cope.* i sp.

Joints of antennae normal, not forming a ckib B.

B. — Eyes wanting; rostrum shorter than tlie antennas. . . .Biachycybe Wo^.d.** 2 sp.

Eyes present, conspicuous C.

C. —Eyes 8; body segments about 45 Octoglena Wood, i sp.

Eyes 2; antennae large and stout; body segments 50 53

Pet.aserpes Cope, i >p.
Family s. POLYDESMIDAE Leach.
The Polydesmidae'o'i this country have all been described under
Polydesmus Latr. f of which twenty-one species are recorded. Strongyhi-
scma Brandt, Fontaria Gray and perhaps other groups ranked as sub-
genera by Wood, will take generic rank; until, however, a careful study
of the types can be made it will be best to leave the species in the orig-
inal genus under which they have been described.

Family 4. CHORDEUMIDAE C. Koch.
With some hesitation I place in this family most of the forms hitherto
ranked -xi Lysiopetalidae by American writers. In this I follow Dr. Latzel
whose important work has been noticed above. In a note on the American
Chordeumidaf\'\ he unites Scoterpes Cope and Zygonopus R)'der and places
them as a subgenus of Craspedosoma Leach-Rawlins. Trkhopetalum
Harger he also regards as forming part of Craspedosoma, and Pseudotrtmia
Cope, he would place near the same j;enus Crypiotrichus Packard, he
places near Campodes Koch. The form of '' Polydesmus with eyes" re-
cently described by Packard, | Latzel^ states is properly one of the

* Forming according to Cope (Froc. Amer. Philos. Soc. XI, 182) the type of a
new family Andrognathidw.

** Latzel unites Brachycybe Wood with Plntydesmus Lucas. The latter genus
has priority.

t An apparent exception is Stenonia hisjnda Sager, Proc. Phila. Acad. VIII,
109 (1856). This undoubtedly belongs to Polydesmus though the description is very
imperfect.

tt Die Myriapoden der Oest.-Ungar. Monarchic, II, pp. 213 — 214 (1884).

t American Naturalist XVII, 428 (1883).
II Latzel, loc. cit. p. 125, note.

— 14«—

Chordeumidae and Stuxherg has referred this also to Craspedosoma. In the
light of these criticisms it will appear that this family needs another re-
vision. Until this can be made it will be best to leave the genera as Dr.
Packard has arranged them. I therefore append Dr. Packard's table as
given in the Transactions Amer. Philos. Soc. XXI, p. 178, omitting of
course Lysiopetalum which forms a family of its own.*

A. — Body not setose; antennce long; eighth pair of legs of r^ modified, six jointed;

genital armature small Pseudotremia Cope, i sp.

Body setose B.

B. — Body short and thick; eyes triangular; antennas slender; setK one-fifth as long

as body is thick; legs short Cryptotrichus Packard, i sp.

Body short and fusiform; eighth pair of legs of (^ two-jointed; seloe half as long

as body is thick Trichopetalum Harger. 3 sp.

Body slender; eighth pair of legs of (^ two-jointed ending in a claw; setae very

long; eyeless Scoterpes Cope, i sp.

Like Scoterpes; setce a little shorter; sixth pair of legs of (^ greatly swollen

Zygonopus Ryder, i sp.
FamUy 5. LYSIOPETALIDAE Wood.
This family as now restricted consists of the single genus Lysiopeta-
lum Brandt, with a single species L. ladarium Packard, the form origin-
ally described by Say as lulus ladarius.

RtmUy 6. lULIDAE Leach.
The three American genera of lulidae may be characterized as
follows:
A. — Body long and slender; segments 59; scuta strongly carinate; antennce short

and thick; eyes in a linear series Cambala Gray, i sp.

Scuta not strongly carinate B.

B. — Scutum of second segment produced at the sides so as to reach the head; antennae

short and thick, the joints shorter than broad Spirobolus Brandt. 5 sp.

Scutum of second segment not produced; antennce more slender; the joints
much longer than broad lulus Brandt. 19 sp.

ill. CHILOPODA.

The Myriapods of this order are comprised in four well marked
families all of which are represented in North America; they may be
separated as follows;

* I also append Latzel's diagnosis of Craspedosoma. Corpus subteres et plus
minusve iuliforme. Secjmenta carinis evanescentibus aut nuUis, tuberculis vel granulis
senis setigeris maj07'ibus vel minoribus ornata et sulco medio, longitiidinali exarata.
Oculi plenimque distindi. Antenna} longce et temies, articulo tertio maximo. Pedum
pariafemince [pjlerumque) 50, maris 48; pedes longi. Mas: Pedum paria duo in or-
gana eopulaiiva commvtata.

— 149 —

A. — Dorsal scuta 8; antennre long, setaceous; legs long; tarsi many -jointed. ...

Fayn. i. Scutigeridae.

Dorsal scuta 15 or more; lar.--i 3-joinlccl B.

B. — Feet-bearing segments 40 — 150; antenna: 14-jointed Fam. 2. Geophilidae.

Feet-bearmg segments 20-25; antenna; 17 — 30-jointed

Fd'in. 3. Scolopendridae.
Feet-bearing segments less than 20; dorsal scuta in two sets, a smaller alternat-
ing v/ith a larger Fam. 4. Lithobiidae.

Family i. SCUTIGERIDAE Gervais.
The family Scutigeridae consists of a single genus Scuiigera Lam.,
better known as Cermatia which is a more recent name. Two species
are found in the United States: S. forceps {Cermatia forceps Wood) some-
what generally distributed east of the Mississippi, and 6'. Linceci {Cerma
tia Linceci \W ood) from Texas. I have found the former at Bloomington,
111., Philadelphia, Pa., Brooklyn and Utica, N. Y. In Brooklyn it ap-
pears to be somewhat common in cellars. In Utica a single specimen
was taken running about the floors of the N. Y. Central station.
Family 2. GEOPHILIDAE Leach.
The Geophilidae of North America are divided among three genera
as follows:

A. — Cephalic segment elongate; twice as long as broad; antennae approximate

Mecistocephalus Newport. 4 sp.

Cephalic segment less than twice as long as broad, subquadrate or triangular.. B.

B.— Cephalic segment subquadrate; joints of antennae unequal

Geophilus Leach. 6 sp.

Cephalic segment narrowed in front; body attenuate anteriorly; antenna; ap-
proximate Strigamia Gray. 16 sp.

Family 3. SCOLOPENDRIDAE Newport.
This family contains the species popularly known and sometimes
foolishly dreaded as "centipedes"; our genera are four in number and
may be distinguished as follows.*

A. — Eyes distinct; feet-bearing segments 21 ; antennce attenuate, 17 — 30-jointed

Scolopendra Newport. 9 sp.

Eyes wantnig B.

B. — Feet-bearing segments 21 , C.

Feet-bearing segments 23; last segment narrow; antenna; 17-jointed

Scolopocryptops Newport. 4 sp.

C— Last scutum the largest, quadrate , Opisthemega Wood. 2 sp.

Last scutum not larger than the others Cryptcps Leach. 3 sp.

* The genus Theatops Newport founded on Crypiops pnsiica Say is doubtless a
form of Scolopendra. (^Cj'JiS Zl- J~ ■__

ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 23

— 150—

Family 4. LITHOBIIDAE Newport.

This family in some respects the highest of the Myriapada, contains
two genera whose characters are given below.

Ocelli 2 — 40 each side of head, variously arranged; lahrum 3-tojthed in the

middle Lithobius* Leach. iS sp.

A single large ocellus each side of head; labrum i -toothed in the middle

Henicops Newport (Lamyctes Meinert). i sp;

I have followed Stuxberg and Latzel in iniiting Bothropolys Wood
v/ith Lilhobiiis.

This completes the list of genera as now known in North America;
species and probably genera are waiting discovery and description, for
as we shall soon show, large areas of our cotmtry are still untouched and
only very limited regions have been worked with any degree of thorough-
ness. The study of the Myriapods in America is only fairly begun.

So far we have given only the number oi species in each genus.
The following table will give a summary by families. For contrast tne
corresponding numbers for a much more limited European area are
given, namely Austro-Hungary where the Myriapod Fauna has been
thoroughly studied. The number of species already reported will be seen
to be 129, distributed among 27 genera. A few of these however repre-
sent species early and imperfectly described which may not certainly be
identified be recent writers.

* S.uxljerg (Ofversigt af k. Veten.>k. Akad. Forhandl. 1S75) has formed six
subgenera of Lithobius all of which are represented with us. I subjoin his diagnoses.

I. — Eulithobius Stuxberg. Scuta dorsiialia 6, 7, 9, 11, i^ amjulis posticis pro-
'luctis. Pori coxales in pedum paribus 12, 13, 14, 15 {L. multldentatus).

11. — Neolithobius Stuxberg. Hcuta dorsualia 7, 9, 11, 13 anguUs posticis pro-
ductis. Pori coxales in pedum paribus 12, 13, 14, 15 {L. vorax, L. mordax,
L. transmarinus).

III. — Lithobius Leach s. sh'. Scuta dor sualia 9, 11, 13 angulis posticis produciis .
Fori coxales in pedum paribus 12, 13, 14, 15 (i. xanti, L. planus, L. fwficatus,
L. paucidens, L. pinetorum).

IV. — Pseudolithobius Stu.xberg. Scuta dorsualia g, 11, 13 angulis posticis pro-
duciis. Pori coxales in pedum paribus 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 (i, megaloporus).

V. — Hemilithobius Stuxberg. Scuta dorsualia 11, 13 angulis posticis productls.
Pori coxales in pedum paribus 12, 13, 14, 15 {L. eucnemis).

VL — Archilithobius Stuxberg. Scuta dorsualia omnia angulis posticis roiundatis
vel suhrectis. Pori coxales in pedum paribus 12, 13, 14, 15 {L. bipunctata, L.
monticola, L. puslo, L. Kochii, L. obesus, L. paradoxus, L. bilabiatus).

■151-

Familif.s.

North America.

AUSTRO-IIUNGARV.

Pauropodidae

Eurypauropodidae ,

Total Pauropoda

Polyxenidae. . ,
Polyzonidae. . .
Glomeridae. . .
Polydesmidae
Chordeumidae
Lysiopetalidae
lulidae

Total Diplopoda

I

5

21

s

I

25

15

6i

i6

I

15
19
17

7
36

Scutigeridae. . .
Geophilidae . . .
Scolopendridae
Lithobiidae. . . .

Total Chilopoda

26
18
19

ID 65

I

22
6

39

15

68

Totals

27

129

34

170

In order to show where the species have been most collected the
following list of states with number of species reported therefrom may be
of interest. California 27, Pennsylvania 25, Illinois 16, Georgia 13,
Oregon 12, Virginia lo; Texas 8, New York and Florida each 7, Michi-
gan 5, Louisiana and Tennessee each 4, Massachusetts and Kentucky
each 3, Connecticut, New Jersey, Indiana, North Carolina, South Carolina
and Missouri each 2, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Maryland, District
of Columbia, Alabama, Mississippi, Minnesota, Arkansas, Kansas.
Colorado, Utah, New Mexico and Washington Territory each i. It
will thus be seen that Maine, Vermont, Delaware, West Virginia, Ohio,
Wisconsin, Iowa, Nebraska, Dakota, Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Nev-
ada, Indian Territory and Arizona have had no Myriapods reported from
within their limits. It should be said that several species have never been
reported definitely in regard to locality. Consequently, in addition to the
above we must report "United States'' 6, "Eastern U. S. " 6, "Western
U. S." I and "Southern States" 2.

— 1 52 —
On the Classification of North American Diptera.

(Third paper. Concluded from p. 116 ante.)
By Dr. S. W. Williston.
BERIDINAE.
x\bdomen with seven visible segments in tiie male, in the fe-
male with an additional ovipositor. Wings with a stigmatic spot;
all the posterior veins arise from the discal cell.* Abdomen flattened.

I. — Three posterior veins; occiput flat 2

Four posterior veins; .scutellum with spines 3

2. — Scutellum with spines; palpi rudimentary Beris Latr.

Scutellum without spines {Metoponia Lw., non Macq. ) Allognosta O.S.

3. — Occiput excavated; hind femora thickened at the extremity *]Veoex.aireta O.S.

Occiput flat, hind femora simple; last two abJommal segments small

Scoliopelta, n. i;.
SARGINAE.

Body ustjally elongate; rather small, nearly bare species. Four
posterior veins, the last one arising from the basal cell. Antennae short,
the third joint rounded or subquadrate, with an apical or pre-apical
arista. Scutellum without spines on its border. (Occiput deeply ex-
cavated. )
I. — Anterior ocellus more widely separated than the other two; males holoptic or

dichoptic 2

Ocelli equidistant, more approximate 3

2. — Abdomen contracted toward the base, clavate or pedicillate

Macrosargus Bigot.
Abdomen not pedicillate in the male, in the female the second segment not con-
cave on the sides Sargus, Fabr.

3. -Second anlennal joint prolonged on its inner side mto a projection, extending on,

and closely lying upon, the third joint Ptecticus Loew.

Second joint not with such a projection •!

4. — Males dichoptic; eyes bare Chrysonotus Loew.

Males holoptic ; posterior veins weak 5

5. — Eyes thickly pilose *Chloroniyia Dune.

Eyes bare, deep metallic species; front very broad in the female; arista terminal;

abdomen short; eyes of male with an area of enlarged facets above

Microchrysa Loew.
STRATIOMYINAE.

Rather large species, the abdomen usually oval and more or less
thickened. Five posterior cells; often, however, one or more of the three
veins that arise from the discal cell are faint or entirely rudimentary, and
the cells hence coalescent: in these cases, the discal cell will usually show
angulations, indicating the origin of such veins. The last posterior vein

* This character I have found variable m species of Beris; its precise value
some other genera is yet to be decided.

is nearly always distinct, and arises from the second basal cell. Anterior
veins often crowded anteriorly. Antenn:e never with a long or slender

bristle.
I. — First anteniial joint three or four tim:;s as loug as the sejond; sculellum with

spines Stratiomyia Geof.

First antennal joint not three times as long as the second 2

2.— Front projecting below, face much retreating, body narrow, abdomen narrower
than thi tiiorax, third longitudinal vein not furcate, scutellum with small spines

(Texas, Mexico) *Myxosargus Brauer.

Front not projecting below, face convex, ablomen short, broad, scutellum usual-
ly with spines; third longitudinal vein usually furcate. . . . Odontomyia Meig.
Genera not yet known to occur in the United States: Chordonota
Gerst. (Mexico), Neorondania O.S. (Alexico), Cyphomyi.i Wied. (Central
America, West Indies), and Nothimyia I^oew. (Cuba).
CLITELLARINAE.
Abdomen short, usually but little longer than broad; four posterior
veins, all of which arise from the discal cell. Small or moderately large
species, nearly bare.
I. — Scutellum without spines; face produced below into a projecting cone; posterior

veins of wing weak; small species. •. Nemotelus Geof.

Scutellum with spines 2

2. — Antennae short, with a subterminal bristle Oxycera Meig.

Antennae more or less elongate, without bristle 3

3. — Scutellum with two spines on its border \

Scutellum with six spines. {Scoliopelta).
4. — Antenna; much elongated, style not differentiated, eyes bare, smaller species. . . .

Euparhyphus Gerst.
AntenniTi less elongate, style more or less differentiated, eyes pilose, larger

species Clitellaria Meig.

Additional N.A. genus: £ur\'fieura Schiner. — Mexico.

PACHYGASTRINAE.
Small species, abdomen oval. Three posterior veins, all arising from
the discal cell.
I. — Antennae situated near the middle of the face in profile, third joint short, with a

terminal arista, scutellum without spines Pachj'gaster Gerst.

Antennce situated low down, near the mouth 2

2. — Third joint of the antennae forked, the upper branch with an apical bristle

*Chauna Loew.

Third joint of the antennre elongate, segmentate, scutellum with spines

* Acantldna Wied.
Additional N.A. genus: Cynipimorpha Brauer, I.e. — Mexico.

NOTES:

Suhula, Ghrysonotus and Chauna are all preoccujjied. At least one of these
of earlier date {Chauna IHig. ) is now in use, and will necessitate a change.

The only North American species referred to Chloromyia is Sargus virulis

— 154—

Say (= S. nitjribarh'is B}g.). This species, however, as I identify it, is a true
Sargiis.

Sar-ijus trivittatus Say is probably a Ptedlcas. S. xanthopus Wiecl. is, I believe,
a synonym of S. decorus Say.

Macrosargus is a genus of doubtful value; some of Loew's species of Sargus
belong here.

Exochostoma caloceps Big., as Osten-Sacken suggests, is probably an Odoh-
tomyia.

Chrycochlora Lat. (Mexico) is placed by Brauer in a distinct group.

Scoliopelta n. g. Head similar to that in Beris. Eyes broadly contiguous in
the male, pilose; ocellar tubercle prominent; face rather small, antennae situated a
little below^ the middle in profile, first two joints short, of nearly equal length; third
joint moderately long, moderately thickened, and then uniformly attenuated to the
tip, composed of eight segments, without style, first segment longest, about as long as
the second joint, the foUowmg six joints very narrow and distinguishable only with
difficulty, terminal segment longer; palpi cylindrical, not abbreviated. Scutellum
nearly as broad as long, sub-triangular, with two larger, approximate spines at its tip,
and on each side two smaller ones. Abdomen much flattened, nearly circular in out
line, composed of seven segments, the last two small, the seventh scarcely distinguish-
able from above. Hypopygium small. Origin of the stem of the second and third
veins opposite the base of the discal cell; origin of the second vein before the anterior
cross-vein; the furcation of the third vein near the middle; discal cell with four post-
erior veins, the third abbreviated before reaching the margin, the first two nearly con-
tiguous at their origin ; fifth posterior cell broadly contiguous at the base with the
discal cell. Legs a little more slender than in Beris.

Differs from Ben's in the broad short abdomen, the elongate palpi,
the presence of the third posterior vein, etc. From Ac/ma it differs in
the holoptic male, the shape of the abdomen, hind femora, etc.

Scoliopelta luteipes, n. sp. ^. Length 7 mm. Black, legs luteous. Antenna;
about two-thirds as long as the distance from their base to the ocelli. Dorsum of
thorax shining, with a deep green reflection, clothed with short orange-colored pile;
humeri and post-alar callosities obscurely luteous. Halteres yellow. Abdomen mod-
erately shining, with sparse, very short, black pile. Legs luteous, the knees broadly,
and the tarsi yellow. Wings brownish infuscated, darker in front, the stigma small;
veins, except toward the base of the wing, brown.

Two specimens, collected in meadow-land, near the base of Mt.
Washington, in the early part of August.

In the examination of my material I have observed a few general
characters that appear not to have been previously described. I offer
some of them here as merely suggestive.

In all the genera of Stratiomyidae known to me, except Subula,
species o[ Beris, Scoliopelta, P iedicus 2Ci\d. Pachygaster, the second longi-
tudinal vein takes its origin from beyond the anterior cross-vein. Its
origin in the three species o{ Ptedicus, which I have examined, was un-
expected.

In the Stratiomyidae, except the Beridinae (and Subula), the front
coxal openings are more widely separated, the coxse are shorter, the meso-

— 155—

sleinum longer and more developed, so that the front pair of legs are
more widely separated from the other two, which are approximated at
the back part of the sternum. This difference may most readily be per-
ceived by a comparison oi Coenomyia and Hermetia or Siratioviyia .

In the present and related families the second main vein-stem of the
wings gives off, first the sixth longitudinal vein, and, at a short distance
beyond, the fourth. In the family Syrphidae the reverse is invariably the
case in the two hundred or more species examined by me. The Coiiopi-
dae agree better with the JMuscidae calyplratae in the origin of the fourth
and sixth veins occuring at the same point.

Ekrata. -First paper, page 132, line 6, for "thickened" read flattened;
p. 134, under Xantbogramminae, B. for "Ocelli" etc. read Face retreating, etc. ;
BB. for "Ocellar" etc., read Face projecting. Second paper, jj. 11, line G from
bottom, insert usually after "wings".

Yale College, May 1885.

Notes on Platysamia Polyommata Tepper.

By Geo. D. Hulst.
Plalysariiia polyot7imaia T&Y>'^Qx, described from a unique ^ ''i
Mr. Water's collection, Brookl. Bull. Vol. V, p. 66, and represented in
that place also by a photograph, is, as any one may see, an insect with
rather broader wings than P. cecropia L. and consequently without
doubt a Platysamia. Since then Mr. Waters has received from Arizona
a (^ of this same species. In coloration it is very like the 9- having
the same bands and spots on wings and body. It has in addition a
white basal crossband on the fore wings, and the black ground color is
richer and very velvety in appearance, The shape of the wings is how-
ever altogether different from those of the 9- In this it has almost the-
form as it consequently has very much the appearance of Callosamia
promethea. The fore wings are just as distinctly falcate, and the external
margin runs inward, shortening the internal margin and narrow-
ing the wing. The hind legs are narrow and extent backward.
The insect is thus put in the unfortunate position, that the (^
is in one genus, the 9 iri another. Samia cynthia has gotten itself
in a somewhat similar predicament. In China it "is a Samia but in the
few years it has been naturalized in this country, it has broadened its
wings, so it has become a pretty fair Platysamia. I call attention to
these facts only that those who are interested may see that some of these
genera have no e.KCuse for existing as at present limited; for they are, I
believe, limited by the shape ot the wings and the wing spots only:
neither of which characters are constant or identical in the sexes of the
same species.

— 15^) —

Notes and News.

The collection of Lepidoptera made by Mr. O. Meske, of Albany,
N. Y., has been acquired for the National Museum. The collection con-
tains many types of American species and a well determined lot of
European and other exotic species. With the Lepidoptera contained in
the Riley collection and in the Belfrage collection, that order is now very
fully represented: — American forms principally considered. When in
shape, with the rich biological material of the Riley collection well work-
ed in, it will rank among the best in the country.

We are pleased to be able to notify our renders that Mr. P. R. Uhler

of Baltimore has handed us the mss. for a Check List of the Hemiptera

Heteroptera for publication. That we need such a list no one will

dispute, and that Mr. Uhler is the proper man to prepare it will be as

little doubted.

* *

*
The first specimen of Rhopalopus Sangidnicollis Horn, I got from

Carrolltown on the Laurel Ridge Mts. Since then I have found it on
the Chestnut Ridge in Westmoreland Co., Pa.; but only on the sweet black
cherry tree. It does not seem to injure any other trees, for beside these
trees stand sweet red and sour red cherry, apple, peach, pear etc., all un-
touched by the insect. It makes its appearance after the tree has blos-
somed and before the fruit is ripe (about middle of June) and a few
specimens may be gotten as late as August. It is always taken in the
afternoon on the shaded side of the tree. Thaddeus Seher.

Owing to the length of other articles, the continuation of the Pro-
ceedings of the Ent. Club of the A. A. A. S. was crowded out of this
number. A goodly portion will appear in our next.

In the June number of Ent. Am., under "Notes and News", I no-
ticed the statement from Mr. L. O. Howard, that Belosioma grandis was
attracted in great numbers to the electric lights in New Orleans during
the month of December. This was also the case in the early part of the
same year, and probably prevails to a greater or less extent all the year
rpund. I might add that in Chicago the electric lights attract, besides
other insects, great numbers o^ Ephemerae. In the latter part of July I
have seen myriads of these insects in the evening, attracted to the lights.
In some places the stone pavement being entirely covered over with them,
so that there was more danger of slipping up on their soft bodies and
falling, than if the pavement had been carefully strewn with the proverbial
banana peel. They undoubtedly breed by millions in the Chicago River,
and are a constant source of annoyance during the greater part of the
summer. C. H. T. Townsend, Constantine, INIich.

— IS7—

Book Notices

Dr. Carlos Berg of Buenos Aires, has sent us a series of l-iis papers,
mostly from the "Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina", and giving
notes and descriptions on and of a large number of Cokopkra, Lepidopttra
and Hemipkra. It is interesting to note, that in addition to our old and
well known friends Agrotis ypsilon, and saucia, A. incivis, and Cindaphia
buoloralis also occur in the Argentine Republic. For A. ypsilon we have
as synonyms //'/6'(9/(/ Wallgr. and robusta Blanch. A. saucia has as syno-
nym angulifera Wallgr., and the Doctor thinks that Spaelotis stktica
Blanch., S. punciuLita Blanch., Agro/is mpac/aWlk., a.nd A^oc/ua aelhiops
Phil., will also prove forms of this protean species. A. incivis is A. cmte-
posiia Gn., and A. knticulosa JNIoritz, Cindaphia bicoloralis Dr. Berg
himself had re-described as Botis aitiiciila talis and here corrects himself
It proves that the synonym mill is grinding there as well as here.

On the Parasites of the Hessian Fly. By C. V. Riley, Ph.D., Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus. VIII, 413—422, PI. XXIII, Sept., 1885.

An interesting contribution to the history of this well known pest,
describing and illustrating: — Merisus destructor (Say), M. {Homoporus)
subapterus n. sp., Eupelfnus allynii {YxQWch), Teirasiichiis productus \i. sp.
and Platygaster Herrickii Pack An extract characterizing the species
was read before the recent meeting of the A.A.A.S. , and the life history
of the species is carefully traced.

Fourteenth Report of the State Entomologist on the Noxious and Bene-
fical Insects of the State of Illinois. By S. A. Forbes (3d Kept.), for the year
1884. pp. 136, pi. XII. Also an Appendix containing "General Indexes to the
first Twelve Reports of the State Entomologists of Illinois. ' '

Contains an Entomological Calender, and articles on Corn Insects;
Wheat Insects; Grape Insects; Black- and Raspberry Insects; Agrotis C.
tiigru?n; Apple and Pear Insects; Maple and Elm Insects; and Miscellan-
eous Notes.

The Inde.\- to the 12 Reports is a valuable contribution, modelled
upon Prof. Riley's Index to the Mo. Reports. The title page enumer-
ates Francis LeBaron as one of the State Entomologists — we were under
the impression that William LeBaron held that office.

Quite a large number of new species of several orders are described
more or less completely, and a new Tettthrediii* genus {Mctal/us) is ver\-
incompletely characterized.

The article on Wheat Insects is interesting because it covers to an
extent the ground covered in the publication by Prof Riley (previously
noticed) on the parasites of the Hessian fly.

In all but Tetrastichus carinatus the generic reference c)f thj species

ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA.

-158-

described, is either erroneous, or the name of a genus is used which has
been long since subdivided. Descriptive work ought either to be left to
competent specialists, or, as in the case of Prof. Riley's paper, a special
and careful study of the group treated of, should be made. However
good a general entomologist a man may be, he cannot have that special
knowledge of any one order which is necessary to a describer of new-
species. Pieromalus /ulvipes Forbes is the Mcrisus subapterus of Riley,
and Prof Riley's generic reference is reliable.

The figures are largely reproductions from Riley, or from the earlier
111. Repts. The new figures are as a rule very poor, inaccurate, in
some instances even misleading and they print miserably. A recent
number of "Science'' criticised the last report of the U. S. Dept. of Agri-
culture for its illustrations; acknowledging their artistic merit and scien-
tific accuracy, but blaming the use of Photo-engraving for their repro-
duction. Curiously el'^«)ugh the new figures in this report, which show
no traces of that careful supervisic>n of the artist necessary to secure an
accurate figure of an insect, are passed over without comment by that
Journal. As a whole the report is a valuable contribution to economic
entomology, though leaving in some points, much to be desired.

Further notes upon the markings and attitudes of lepidopterous larvae,

together with a complete account of the life history of Sphinx lujustri and Selenia

illunaria (.larvae). By Edward B. Poulton. Tr. Ent. Soc. London, 1885. Part II
(August 5) pp. 281—329. PI. VII.

A valuable and exceedingly interesting contribution to the ontogeny
t)f the species treated, of giving some interesting speculations as to the use
and purpose of some of the appendages, and on the origin of the colors
and markings and their philosophy. The article is too long to abstract,
and we must refer students to the paper itself for its contents.

Wie entsteht die Gliederung der Insectenfuehler? By Dr. Fritz MiUler.
Kosmos, 1885. Vol. XVII, pp. 201—204.

Notes on the gradual increase in various stages of the number of
joints in the antennce of Qilotenncs rugosus and some species of Cochlio-
psyche^ showing how the increase in number of joint stakes place by divis-
ion, principally of the third and fourth joints.

The Butterflies of North America 1 y William H. Edwards. 2nd series. Boston,
ILniAjhton, Mifflin & Co., 1874— 1884, pp.445, pi. 51. 4".

A recent number of "Science" contains a notice of the above work,
which we can heartily indorse. After giving the author deserved credit
for the quality of matter, and especially the fine plates (part of this praise

— 159—

belongs to Mrs. Peart, the artist), the article reads as follows: "In this,
[referring to the list of species closing the volume] however, in which the
number of species is raised from 512 to 612, he retains in nearly every
particular the antique classification adopted in the first volume. The
studies which Mr. Edwards has undertaken upon the history of butter-
flies have rendered him an authority on that subject, and his skill in
field investigation has been unexcelled. This, however, constitutes no
claim whatever t') any knowledge of the structure itself of butterflies,
upon which classification must be founded; and as he has shown no
such knowledge in his writings, we can only regret that he did not alto-
gether omit this list, since it carries an authority to the public eye which
it does not possess, the classification beir.g not only false in many minute
particulars, but fundamentally false to nature".

Society News.

Brooklyn Entomological Society, Oct. Gtli, 1885. — Present 27 members
and visitors; the president, Mr. Cramer in the chair. Mr. O. Dietz and Mr. A.
T. Birkhoff were elected members of the SocietJ^ Mr. Smith proposed Mr. W.
B. Taylor of Brooklyn; Mr. Weeks proposed Mr. Chas. Scott of N.Y., and Mr.
Neumoegen proposed Mr. Chas. Palm of N.Y. as members of the Society. Un
motion of Mr. Neumoegen, seconded by Mr. Htilst, Senor Doctor Don Jiran
Gundlach, of Cuba, was elected an honorary member of the Society. Mr. Hirlst
presented additional evidence that Danals archippus occasionally presented a
very dark, blackish suffusion. Mr. Hy. Edwards exhibited a specimen of
archippus which before being put in cyanide was bright red; but was now dull
blackish. He stated however, that he had this summer taken an even darker
specimen in the field. He also exhibited a specimen of Colias eurydice dj'ed
a brilliant red, by the action of a damp cyanide bottle.

Mr. Tepper exhibited a series of bred specimens of Pup'dio asterkis and read
a short paper* on their variation, esijecially noting the facts, that the anal ocellus
varies in size and shape and is sometimes entirely absent, therefore not reliable
as a test of specific distinction.

Mr. Smith stated, that he had of late examined every collection h^ had seen, for
variations in Papilio, and considered the anal ocellus as of absolutely no value.
Mr. Cramer states that a series of turnus, bred in Maine, so strongly resembled
rutulus that he could scarcely distinguish them. Mr. Edwards had seen bred spe-
cimens of asterias showing even a greater range of variation, but he considered that
Mr. W. H. Edwards placed more stress upon the shape of the anal spot than the
presence of the ocellus, and hardly liked to consider the species classed under
niac/iaon as identical. He referred to P. Hippocrates which showed a j)eculiar
departure from the normal form in the shape of ocellus, and said many of the

Which will appear in a future numl)er.

— 1 6c —

misu iderstandings and differences of opinion bad arisen from diflfering ideas of
a species. An occasional resemblance of a specimen of one species to that of
another, did not prove the identity of the two. Mr. Neumoegen spoke on the
same subject. He had P. nsierius from Cuba and from this locality the female
instead of being larger and with less yellow than the J^, resembles that sex
in all respects. In other words, that sexual difference in color which is so prom-
inent in U.S. specimens does not exist there. This is the form named polyxenes
by Drury. In Central America the asferoides form becomes the prevailing one.
Mr. Smith, referring to Mr. Edwards' remarks on species, said that the difficulty
was, that some persons would not recognize the fact that species ai-e not always a
fixed quantity. The process of evolution is still going on, and the so called
species that these disputes are about are undergoing change. Some forms never
resemble anything but themselves and leave no doiabt as to their distinctness.
These are so far fixed that they may be called si^ecies; but the other forms that
are changing, and have so far changed that locally they are constant, are not
species, though they deserve a title explaining their relation to th* parent stock.
No sensible man will dispute the close relationship of asterius, polyxenes, asfer-
oides, and some others, and it is generally assented that they come from the
same stock. They have not yet branched so far as to leave the stem form be-
hind, or to sever connection with it. Many others are in the same predicament.
Several other examjales were instanced. Mr. Hulst favored names to indicate
the relationship of forms to each other and did not think the term species
should be used for these partly separated forms, lief erring to the species of
Papilio allied to muchaon he had been inclined to believe Dr. Hagen in the
wrong, but carefiilly studying Mr. W. H. Edwards' reply, and the figures given
with it, he became fully convinced that Dr. Hagen w^as in the main correct.

Mr. Hulst made some remarks on Plafysamia polyommata Tepper which show-
ed how little the genera in this group were based on actual characters, for the O
is a Platysamia, while the (J' belongs to the genus Chllosamia. Mr. Neumoegen
agrees that the Attaci are badly separated generically. Take the variations of
Cynthia in Japan, U. S. and Paraguay and you have entirely difi'erent wing form
and habitus, so that your species in Paraguay belongs to one genus, while in
the U. S. it belongs to another. Incidentally he mentioned that it had been
proved by breeding that Attacns splendidus and orizava were identical.

Mr. Smith then intr-oduced Mr. E. A. Schwarz, of Washington, who. read a
few notes on Telmaiop)hilus americanus.* Mr. Leng read a few notes on the dis-
tribution of Cicindelida? near N. Y.

Mr. Edwards called attention to the fact that diurnals were occasionally at-
tracted to the electric light. He had observed P. troilus, P. atalanta, cardui,
huntefra, V. antiopa, D. arcliippus, and L. piseudarglolus. He had been informed
by Dr. C. Hart Merriam that a Light-house keeper on Lake Ontario had been
greatly annoyed by the large swarms of arcliippus that flew against it and ob-
sciired the light.

After informal discussion the Society adjourned. During the informal dis-
cussion a small lot of named Coleoptera, from So. Cal. donated by Dr. Horn
were sold at auction for the benefit of the Society, and brought $9.50.

* Which will a])[)car in a futuie number.

Americana

\[0L. I.

BROOKLYN, DECEMBER, 1885.

NO. 9.

Aletia xylina vs. A. argillacea*

By C. V, Riley.
Without entering into any general discussion, which would be out
of place here, as to whether Hiibners names should be adopted or not—
a question which has always divided entomologists — but following those
who, taking the more conservative view, accept his species when his de-
scriptions and figures leave no question as to what is intended, the
purported description in connection with the figures, would have to be
rejected even from this standpoint. In point of fact they leave every
doubt as to the species intended, and give us no absolute certainty. The
only descriptive part is that referring to the white dot, and this is con-
spicuously and well represented on the figure referred to; but it is this very
character which makes it morally certain that some other species than
xylitia Say was intended; for while typical specimens of xylina invariably
have the three white minute dots referred to on page 9, of this work, the
conspicuous discal or reniform spot on primaries is almost invariably
oval and dark, with two cinereous pupils, which are often dilated so as to
represent a large cinereous spot, with a dark center and a dark border.
Of the many hundreds, and we may say thousands, of specimens which
we have examined, not one has had the distinct white spot described ancf

* This article is taken from advance sheets from the 4th Rept. U. S. Entomolog-
ical Commission and to give point to it I reproduce Hiibner's original description.

"Alexia Argillacea. Aus Bahia. Vom Herrn Sommer abgelassen. Eine
Nbctua genuina und Heliophila lineula. Sie ist der A. ViieUina sehr ahnlich, hat
aber in nichts eine Gleichheit mit ihr und auf den Schwingen einen weissen Punkt.
Ihre Fiirbildung 399, 400, stellt ein miinnliches Muster vor."

This may be translated: "From Bahia. Left by Mr. Sommer. A Noctua genuina
and IleUophUa Uneata. It is very similar to ^4. Vdellina, but is in nothing identical
with it, and has a white dot on the wings. Pigs. 399 and 400 represent the male."

The question as to what argillacea really is, will be considered in a special study
of the genus Anomis which I hope soon to make. From material so far studied it is
a species received from Bahia, somewhat smaller than xylina.

162

figured by Hiibner. The figures in other respects bear out this con-
clusion;" for while in the different copies of the Zutrage the coloring will
vary according to the colorist and according as the colors have changed
with age — two facts which in themselves should be sufficient to discard
names founded on mere figures — yet in the three copies which we have
examined the figures represent a smaller, feebler-bodied species, lacking
in the characteristic olivaceous hues, and much more roseate superiorly
and more highly colored with yellow and roseate on the under side.
The under surfaces of A_>'//«a are of tolerably uniform pale gray, with a
faint ochreous tinge, and in no specimen oi xjlina do we find the sharp
black line on the under side of the hind border of the secondaries charac-
teristic of Hiibner's figure.

From these facts it will be seen that nothing can be absolutely
settled from Hiibner's description and figures, and so much has this been
felt by previous authors that they have not been able to identify Hiib-
ner's argi/lacea. Thus Guenee, who had evidently better material to
jiadge from than any previous, or for that matter subsequent, author
whom v/e can call to mind, questioned whether his granJipunda
{=x)'h'na) could be referred to argillacea, for the reason that this last is
more yellow, more distinctly marked, with the reniform concolorous,
marked with a very distinct white dot, and quite distinct on the under
surfcice Even INIr. Grc>te, notwithstanding the assurance with which he
identifies argillacea in the paper before the Association in 1874, express-
ed his uncertainty in his first published opinion on the subject. (Bulle-
tin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, vol. i, p. 170, 1874.)

The figures on our Plate IV, 7a, were kindly copied for us by Mr.
Skinner, from the copy of the Zutrage in the library of the American
Entomological Society. The coloring has been slightly lightened in the
printing, but otherwise shows the figures very well as they appear in
that copy. In the copy in Dr. Hagen's possession,* as also in that which
we have lately obtained for the Department of Agriculture, the figures
are somewhat darker; but all are uniform in those particulars which we
have just pointed out, and in which they differ from xylina. Hence, a
careful and candid study of the subject, so far as Hiibner's work per-
mits, leaves very grave doubt as to the identity olMx?, argillacea, and
though from the fact that we had accepted Grote's determinadon in the
first edition of this work (solely on his authority) we have tried to retain
it rather than make a change in this second edition; yet an unbiased
weighing of the facts presented by the published data would alone have
forced us to reject argillacea. We are entirely of Dr. Hagen's mind, as

* This copy, as Dr. Hagen informs us, is on "gescliupftes Papier" witli what is
known as»old coloring in good condition.

-i63-

expressed in a letter written to us April 4, 1883, after full study of the
facts, and before he was aware of our previously published opinion to
the same efifect. He remarks: "Compared with Say's excellent de-
scription, I believe it out of question not to accept Say's name, which
has priority.

Forced thus, fi'om the published data, to reject argillacea on the
ground of uncertainty, we have endeavored to reach the definitive con-
clusion from non-published, historical data, i. e., by an endeavor to as-
certain whether types of Hiibner's argillacea were still in existence. Dr.
Hagen kindly informed us, in a letter dated April 12, 1883, that since
argillacea was described from the collection of the late Mr. Summer of
Altona near Hamburg, it might perhaps be possible to find the type spe-
cimens still in that collection, as Mr. Sommer had his collection speci-
mens kept in very good order. The Sommer collection was supposed
to have been purchased by the Museum of the city of Hamburg, but
upon inquiry we were informed by Mr. C. Criiger, who was formerly
connected with the Museum Godefifroy of Hamburg, that the collection
had long since been purchased by Dr. Staudinger, of Blasewitz near
Dresden. Having thus traced the Sommer collection, we directed Mr.
A. Koebele to proceed, with specimens, to Germany, and to visit Dres-
den and inquire into the facts. With the kind permission of Dr. Staud-
inger, Mr. Koebele was able to make an examination of the Sommer
collection, but the results gave us no greater certainty; for, from the notes
made, it would appear that very few of the labels in the Sommer collec-
tion are written by Sommer. The collection is, also, in great disorder,
and has been neglected by Dr. Staudinger. Of the eight specimens of
our xylina in the collection one is marked from Panama, another from
Porto Rico; one is named "J;ww/> ^rt?7;«'//>?<;/f/(3 Guen.'', another, un-
spread 9 specimen '•'argillacea Hbn." and a third ''A. gra7idis\ If
there were any way of considering these labels authoritative the evidence
might be considered in favor of our xylina being Hiibner's argillacea,
but from all the facts it is evident that the labeling has been done b}'
other hands, and there is other evidence to weaken the value of those
labels. Thus the type o'i argillacea is distinctly stated by Hiibner to be
male, so that the female above referred to could not be the type, which
mu.st also have been spread to have permitted the artist to fully figure the
upper and under surfaces of all wings. Again in the Sommer collection
there are eight specimens of a closely allied moth — the Anomis liiridula,
of which one is labeled '■'luridalar' and a second ''modesla' and a third
'^exacta'. The species bears no resemblance whatever to the exacta of
Hiibner's figures, so that we have here positive evidence oftheworth-
lessness of the labels as historical indications of Hiibner's types. -

_i64 —
Proceedings of the Entomological Club of the A. A. AS.

(Continued from p. 125 mdv.)

The following paper was then read by its author.
NOTES ON SOME STRUCTURAL CHARACTERS
OF THE LEPIDOPTERA.
By John B. Smith.

I had hoped and expected to be able to present a rather complete
review of the structural peculiarities of some groups or families of the
Lepidoptera and to propose a new scheme of classification; but lack of
time and too many other duties prevented the completion of the work,
and I will present only brief notes of a suggestive character.

In many families in all orders, sexual peculiarities furnish characters
of high systematic value; but in the Lepidoptera these organs have never
been carefully studied and no systematic value has been attached to
them. Lederer in the "Noctuinen Europas" gives a number of figures
and describes a number of what he calls "after klappen", but his figures
are imperfect and misleading and the most essential parts of the structur-
al peculiarities were missed by him.

For some time past the Noctuidas have been studied by Prof Riley
and myself with the view of preparing a monographic work on the
family, and many interesting points in structure have been discovered.
Working over the Noctuida; suggested inquiries and studies in other
Himilies, partly to fix relationships, and partly for purposes of comparison.
The discoveries of modifications of the genital organs of the (^ are such,
that a decided modification in our present classification of the Lepidop-
tera may have to be made. The diurnals are so well separated, that no
special examinations of them have been made, though what little I have
done shows that there is still much to be learned about them. The
normal structure of the clasping organs of the (^ among the Heterocera
consists of a superior lunate or triangular corneous plate, which I call
the supra-anal plate; a variously shaped corneous hook soldered to the
tip, which I call the supra-anal hook: and an oblong, semi-chitinous
piece on each side, called the side piece; to which are often attached
corneous hooks or processes called claspers. The side pieces are move-
able, are very differently shaped, and aflford excellent specific and per-
haps generic characters. The claspers also offer a wide — in fact infinite —
variation: so great a one indeed that in some groups there are no two
species alike, and the modifications are specific while in others they are
so constant that they aflford good generic characters.

My present purpose is to call attention to some modifications of

-i65-

this structure in the Bombycidse and the groups placed between them
and the Rhopalocera. In the Hesperidae, the males, so far as I have
examined them, have the supra-anal plate small, lunate or crescent
shaped, there is no supra-anal hook, and the side pieces are short, and
illy, or not at all adapted for clasping. Some, perhaps many of the
higher groups have the supra-anal plate well developed, but it is with
the lowest of the group — those placed at the end of the series, that 1
have now to deal.

Among the Heterocera the ZygacniJae most nearly approach the
Hespcriihie in this respect; entirely lacking the supra anal plate, and hav-
ing the side pieces scarcely modified into clasping organs.

The SyiiiomiJae are closely allied in structure; but here, though the
supra-anal hook is not, in the forms examined by me, fully developed,
it is well indicated, and the side pieces are often corneous and furcate, or
provided with separate corneous claspers. In Didasyi these organs are
very prominent and furnished with long tufts of hair.

Allied to the Synioinidae are the Aegeridae, or Sesiidae as some
prefer to call them. But here the supra-anal plate undergoes a modifi-
cation: instead of being solid, a triangular space is punched out of the
center, leaving a triangle with its apex somewhat dilated. There is no
supra-anal hook in those specimens examined by me, and the side piece
is simple.

In the Macroglossae another peculiar modification appears. Here
the plate is narrowed, thickened and takes i. shape somewhat like a
Lobster's claw. The side piece is simjde, and there is a stout, straight,
corneous spine below the intromittent organ.

Sphinx has usually a complete supra-anal plate and hook, and
often corneous claspers.

In the higher Bombycidae we notice a curious and remarkably con-
stant modification — the supra-anal plate is present though often much
reduced in size, and the tip is somewhat prolonged, but instead of
forming a spine it divides and forms points, or lobes, varying in the
species. I illustrate ytiihia, cecropia, regalis, imperialis and Adelocephala
bicolor and all the other large species examined by me, present the
same form.*

This modification gradually runs into the normal form; but through
what stages it passes to do so I am not yet prepared to say.

Little as I have done yet, the results attained are still instructive —
in combination with wing structure and habits they suggest a classification
somewhat diflerent from that usually adopted.

The Syntomidac with diurnal habits, clear, bright or contrastingly
* Figures of these peculiarities will be presented at a future date.— J.B-S.

— 166-

colored wings with few veins, should head the list, followed by the
Aegeridae, with similar appearance, similar habits and very similar struc-
ture: then come the clear wing sphinges or Macroglossae which are also
largely diurnal and which differ very essentially in structure from the
typical Sphinx as I have shown recently in "Entomologica Americana";
and the Sphinges with crepuscular habits again lead naturally to the typ-
ical Bomhyces, through the nocturnal Smcrinlhids .

As the highest type of another series stand \\\^ Zygae^iidae. Also
largely diurnal in habit and often brightly colored they yet differ largely
from any of the preceding in the numerous veins of both wings. The
true Zygae7iidae do not exist in the United States as I showed recently
in the Transactions of the Am. Ent. Soc. ; but their close allies, the
Pryomorphidae do exist here in some number, and they very gradually
lead into the Lilhosiids and thence to the Ardiids and Bombyces.

We have here two distinct series: the Sy^iiomidae and Zygaenidae
rather closely allied, and diverging from thence, the one to the Bombyces
through the Sphinges, the other to the same group through Pyroniorpha,
Lithosia and Arctic.

In the Lepidoptera Heterocera and especially those groups classed
as Zygaenidae and Bomhycidae systematists have shown a remarkable ob-
jection to the creation of families, or more correctly to the use of family
terms to express relationships and define groups. The result is that
there is a mass of species all classed under the general term Bombyces, or
Zygaenidae which have absolutely not one character in common. Mr.
Grote to be sure in his recent list makes some divisions, but unfortun-
ately they are nowhere defined, based only on superficial resemblances
and thoroughly unscientific. Coleopterists have by careful and hard
work raised their branch of Entomology to the dignity of a scientific
study, while Lepidopterists have wasted their time in studying the orna-
mention of insects, overlooking the most obvious structural details, and
the classification of the order therefore leaves much to be desired. To
call attention to the fact that there is yet plenty of work to be done be-
fore Lepidopterists can claim that they have a knowledge of their order
equal to that of the Coleopterists, these brief notes are presented. An-
other and perhaps natural error has been made by many Lepidopterists:
they have seized some one character, and rested their studies on that.
Thus Dr. Herrich-Schaeffer made venation the ultimate test of family
distinction while Dr. Packard with less felicity finds head characters
controlling and ignores venation. The result gives us such assemblages
as those heretofore mentioned, I wish it distinctly understood that 1 do
not pretend to find the one controlling character in the genital structure
of the i-J^, I deem it a very important one in connection with other

— 167 —

characters, but no more. The legs atford excellent characters as yet en-
tirely overlooked, while thoracic structure, and especially that of the
dorsum will eventually furnish points of value to systematists.

Adding to these notes, I wish to call the attention of systematists to
a character not made use of so far as I am aware, to the extent its im-
portance warrants: It is the relative proportions of the hind legs. In Noctua
and Geometra, using these terms in their widest sense, the posterior legs
are uniformly longer than the others and very strong, proportionately,
and the two pairs of spurs are well developed, often prominently so.* In
the typical Bombycidae on the other hand, the opposite is the case; the
fore legs are strongest, often longer than the middle pair, and the post-
erior pair are small and weak, and the spurs are small, often wanting in
part. This is a peculiarly Bombycoid character, and the strong relation
that the Smerinthids have to the Bomhycids finds an additional proof in
the agreement in this respect— the obsolete tongue and short posterior
legs separate them very sharply from the true Sphinges. I have recently
pointed out that Ellema belongs to the Smerinthid, and not the Sphingid
series.

In examining the large Bombycidaj, I have often been struck by the
enormous development of the "epiphysis" of the anterior tibia. In most
groups it is concealed, and in some Rhopalocera wanting. It is present
in all the Heterocera so far as I know; but often very small. In rrgalis,
imperialis and some others this organ is very largely developed and is
bare of vestiture.

What purpose does it serve"?

The following paper by Mr. Geo. D. Hulst was then read.

THE FAMILY POSITION of EUPHANESSA MENDICA, Wlk.
By Geo. D. Hulst.

Eiiphanessa mcndica was first described as Nudaria mendica by Walk-
er Cat. Brit. Mus. II, p. 576 (1854), and redescribed by Herrich-
Schaefiler Lep. Exot. p. 19 as Eudule biscriata. By both of these authors,
and afterwards by Dr. A. S. Packard Jr. (Synopsis Bombycida; U. S. Pro.
Ent. Phil. 1864 p. 102,) it was placed ^cm.oxi'-^ \k\Q Bombycidae. In the
latter place Dr. Packard describes the new genus, Eiiphanessa.

In the Canadian Naturalist III, p. 227 (1871) Mr. W. Saunders
describes the larva as being in form a true Geometer, having only two
pair of abdominal legs. In his Geometrid Moths p. ^^ (1876) Dr.
Packard refers to this, but still places the insect among the Bombycidae,
and writes as follows: "I have carefully recompared this genus proposed

* Some Geometers, I am aware, lack tlie spurs; but the difference in proporlion
is, I believe, constant.

— i6S —

by myself and placed next to Xi/dar/i, and am still of the opinion that
this is its proper position. In the small head with the large occiput and
the male genital armature it is much like Crocata. The antennas and
legs are much as in other Lithosians. The venation, though different
in some important respects from that of Crocoia, (there being a subcostal
cell where there is none in Crocoia^ and but five subcostal veins where
in Crocoia there are six), is still Lithosian in plan there being four med-
ian veins. On a fresh comparison o^ Eiiphariessa with European examples
of AW(/r/(Z I see no reason to doubt the clear subfamily relations of
the two genera."

In the Trans. Enlo. Soc London, 1877, p. 371, Mr. A. G. Butler
in a Catalogue of the Lithosiidae in the Brit. Museum places the insect
near Nudaria without comment.

Having during the last few months given some study to the Geotne
tridae, I have come to the conclusion that the proper and only possible
place of this insect is among the Geomctridae, and not among the Lorn-
bycidae where it is placed by the authors above quoted.

I St. — The larva is a true Geometer. The larvae of the Bomhycidae
are, I believe, in no case Geometers. And those of Crocoia and Nudaria
are not only not Geometers, but are more or less clothed with hair and
spines. From this characteristic Eup/jafiessa is an anomaly among the
Bombvcidac, and has no relation whatever to its so called nearest allies.

2nd. — The/?(/>ais just as anomalous if Euphanessa be placed
among the Bomhycidae. The pupas were found in New Jersey by Mr.
J. B. Smith, and the imagines emerged. The pupa skins are now in
my possession by his -kindness. Both Crocoia and Nudaria I am told
pupate in a cocoon. The pupa ol Euplmnessa was found under bark, en-
tirely without cocoon, girthed and suspended by the tail. The pupa un-
doubtedly went beneath the bark only for protection from the weather,
and was hanging free. The pupa of the Bombycidae aie comparatively
short and stout. That ol Euphanessa is slender, angulate and elongated.
The pupa can thus properly be referred only to the Geomeiridae. There are
at least some corresponding examples, I have read of, among the Geo-
meiridae of Europe, but I have heard of none among the Bombycidae.
Somewhat aberrant in the first family, it would be anomalous in the
second.

3rd. — In ^a(^?'/x the imago is entirely a Geometer. It is not only
easily disturbed during the day, but has the habit of hiding on the under
side of leaves, with the wings widely extended when at rest, and it has
the loose uncertain weak Geometrid flight.

— 169 —

4th.— So ar as the head is concerned the insect it seems to me must
be considered a geometer rather than a Bombycid. In size, it is no
smaller comparatively than many other Geometers. The antennae tongue
and palpi are Geometrid rather than .Bombycid. And the shape of the
front and occiput is paralleled in others of the Geometers. At the most
the parts of the head which Dr. Packard emphasises as being of great im-
portance in showing the Bombycitl standing of the insect, might serve for
generic but certainly not for family separation.

5th. — I have made no detailed examination of the thorax, and can
not speak of any bearing this ma\- have on determination. Superficially
it agrees with the Geometers.

6th. — So far as the venation is concerned, Dr. Packard is as far as I
can see, mistaken in saying there are four median veins, unless he ac-
knowledge the same to be true of all Geometers. I have examined
several wings, fully denuded by die Chloride of Lime and Carbolic acid
process, and placed in Balsam and I can not find any feature which is
not reproduced in the figures of venation given by Dr. Packard in his
Geometrid Moths. In ihe position of vein 5 (the independent vein) it is
very different from Crocota, though not from Nudaria. As a matter of
fact however the venation of many of the Geometridae and Bombycidac
exactly correspond, and little stress can be placed on venation. But
Eupha7tesia is undoubtedly a Geometer on this basis, or I have made a
very often repeated error in observation.

7th. — There is a great difference in the relative size of the legs of
the Bombycidae and Geometridae. Mr. Smith has called my attention to
the fact that in the Bombycidae Xht hind legs are usually as small and as
weak or smaller and weaker than the fore legs. The contrary is the case in
the Geometridae. On this basis Euphanessa is a strongly marked Geometer.

8th. — So far as rny observation has gone, the genitalia of the male
of Euphufiessa mendica follow the type of the Geometridae . Certainly the
genitalia differ very materially from those of Crocota. The lateral claspers
are somewhat the same, but the supra-anal plate of Euphanessa is a
slender down curved spine after the ordinary form of the Geometridae,
while Crocota has at the termination of this plate, another spine beneath
and within the terminal incurved point, which, curved backward, seems
to have a scissors movement toward the terminal spine for clasping.

Thus there is nothing which would make the ]:)lacing of this insect
among the Geometridae an error, while many things make its position
among the Bombycidae anomalous and forced. There are many things
in which it agrees only with the Geometridae, none in which it agrees
only with the Bo7nbycidae. It seems therefore that Euphanessa must be
catalogued with the Geometridae.

ENTOMOLOGIC.\ AMERICANA 26

— 17G—

Prof. Riley commenting on the paper, thinks that Mr. Hulst makes
out his case very well. The characters enumerated, make the insect an
anomalous one wherever placed, still the bulk of the characters are geo-
metrid and he thinks that most Lepidopterists would instinctively place
it with the geometers, rather than the Bombycids. He had previously,
in a note to some paper on the preparatory stages of other insects referred
to the peculiar pupa of this species, which is the only instance known to
him where a heterocerous pupa was girthed, and fastened by the cremast-
er as in the PapilioniJae; and the resemblance was further heighthened by
two small horns, or ears, which gave the insect the appearance of a
miniature Papilio cresphonles. We have here the anomaly of a moth, low
in the scale, mimicing a character peculiar to butterdies usually placed
among the highest, by systematists. He thinks the only conclusion to
be formed from this, is that the adolescent stages are not always to be
depended on in defining the proper position of the mature insect. In
reference to Mr. Smith's paper there were two points to be remarked on.

Fiit,t^ — the genitalia in some groups have been well and carefully
studied, and as it is desirable that there should be uniformity in nomen-
clature, new names should not be proposed for the parts, but so far as
possible the names used by others should be adopted.

Second, — he agreed entirely with Mr. Smith's strictures on the work
of the Lepidopterists, which had heretofore been so superficial that it had
been often made a reproach, and their work was looked on as Unscien-
tific. The specific descriptions are often very unsatisfactory, based on
the most inconstant characters, and the generic descriptions are even
worse. In reference to the genitalia he doubts whether they will be as
useful in systematic work as is now supposed, and venadon and other
structures will still have to be relied upon.

When first the variability in this respect was discovered, it appeared
valuable; but larger study he thinks will shake our faith. He says, too,
that he finds more or less variability in the same species. He has found
that some species otherwise closely allied are widely separated by this
character, and again species perfectly distinct are nearly alike in this
respect. He looks upon them as of secondary importance, and con-
siders them as adaptations and special functional developments, that
must not be too strongly urged, though undoubtedly of value as Mr.
Smith suggests, in connection with other characters.

In reference to the anterioi tibial epiphysis nothing certain can be
said, though there is little doubt but it serves some purpose in the at
traction of the sexes. He does not believe that it is a scent organ as has
been suggested.

— 17' —

Prof. Lintner rcmarkinij: on Mr. Hulst's paper, s-tated that he had
started up Euphane^sa mendka by the hundreds and hid noticed their
flight. They would just flutter for a short distance and then return to
cover under the leaves. The pupal characters mentioned were new to
him, and he asks Prof. Riley whether they were truly girthed as in
Papilio or whether there was not a slight cocoon.

Prof. Riley replied that he had not seen them transform, but he
considered it truly girthed, there being a single strong thread in a suture
either at the end of the meta-notum or near the base of the abdomen. It
was some time since he had seen them; Mr. Smith might recollect
better.

Mr. Smith states that he found them under a piece of loose bark,
fastened by the tail, and a distinct band, while there was no trace of a
cocoon. The long slender pupa suggested Tipula, and he was utterly
astonished when he found the imago that emerged. He certainly -vould
never have imagined it a Bombycid pupa.

On motion the club then adjourned, to meet on the 26th inst. at
the call of the President.

Club meet August 26th, at 7 P.M. pursuant to adjournment, 40
persons present, Prof Lintner in the chair. The minutes of the previous
meeting were read and adopted.

Dr. Kellicott read a paper

ON THE LARVAL PERIOD OF HARMONIA PINI,
AND A PARASITE OF SAME.

The original description of this moth, together with the facts, so
far as known, in its history, were published in the Canadian Entomologist,
vol. XIII, 1885. The last week in June of this year I had an opportu-
nity to visit the ''old homestead'' in Oswego Co., N. Y., where I ob-
tained a limited number of imagines and certain additional facts per-
taining to its preparatory stages; these I present for the consideration of
this Club, together with specimens of the moth, the pitch-masses in which
the pupce form, with pupa shells protruding, and a dipterous fly-parasite
of the species.

I have elsewhere, Canadian Entomologist XIII, 157, shown that
the larva does not transform until, at least, two years old; I think now
that I have evidence that it does not change until the third year. The
facts are these: In June 1883 two pitch-exudations on a small pine were
marked; these were fresh and were supposed to contain larv;» one year
old and which would probably give moths in June 1884; accordingly
I made arrangements for having the same cut out and sent to me at

— 172 —

Buffalo in May 1884; the plan failed, however, and, as il turned out,
the oversight led to good results. On revisiting the spot in June of this
year I at once identified the pitch-cocoons marked in June 1883, then
one year old. and on examining them I could find no reason for think-
ing that moths escaped from them in 1884; on opening one of them a
live chrysalid was found within: the other was cut out with an axe and
on July 6lh gave a moth, now in my collection.

These facts do not amount to demonstration, although to me they
indicate a high degree of probability that the life-period of this ^-Egerian
is completed the third year. For, by way of application, the fully formed
pitch-masses of June 1883 were caused by larvae hatched in 1882 since
the imagos of 1883 were just appearing, and had moths issued in 1884
the opening, pupa-shell and pupa-cell would have been easily seen until
1885. It is scarcely possible that eggs were laid in 1883 frum which
larvye occupied these masses formed by a previous generation or by some
other animal. On examination of scores of examples I have failed to
find traces of any other insect in the pitch, at least, such as could cause
the exudation. Pinipestis Zimmermani causes somewhat similar forma-
tions, but they are readily separated from those of the /Egerian.

The t^^ and the very young larvae have not been seen by me: the
former is evidently deposited near a wound in the tree; the young not
being able to penetrate the outei bark of the pine trunk. They rarely
occupy branches and have not been found in small trunks, i.e. from
three to five years growth; on the other hand they prefer \oung pines
from six inches to a foot in diameter, especially such as have grown up
when the original pine forests have been mostly removed.

For obvious reasons larvse boring into woody stems or the roots of
trees or shrubs are well protected from insect parasites. A few references
occur, however, to instances of hymenopterous parasites of our wood-
boring yEgerian larvae; one, Phceogmes atei\ parasitic in Podosesia syi -
ingce, has been noticed by G. H. French, Papilio I, 106, and another,
an Ichneu7no}i, in the same, by Herbert Osborn, Papilio II, 71. Thus
far I have found no mention of a dipterous parasite of any of our species
of the group. The two-winged fly exhibited with the examples of
Harmonia pmi escaped from a pupa of the same and is a parasite of the
same. May 30, 1885, at Portage, N. Y., I removed amass of pitch that
proved to contain a pupa; it was kept in a proper box when it soon
lost its motion and the puparium of the fly was observed within its shell.
The fly appeared June 20th. It has been sent to Dr. C. V. Riley for
identification, but it was not in his collection and it was not specifically
identified; it is a species of Tachina. I am at a loss to understand,

knowing the larval habits imperfectly, how the fly can possibly de{)osit its
egg upon the moth larva, as it lives continuously, as I suppose, within
the pitch. There must be some means of obtaining air and possibl}'
there are openings left for that purpose; I have not been successful in
finding out how the matter is managed. The pupa-cell is covered at the
outer extremity by a thin layer of rather brittle pitch; it may be a fact
that this is sometimes destroyed when the temporarily exposed inhabitant
is victimized. Had the parasite occupied the body of the host since the
previous summer, it seems that the latter would have been too much ex-
hausted to have completed its transformations. But why guess out the
history of this parasite and its relation to the host.-" Now that its existence
is known of, the facts of its history ma}- be readily determined.

Prof Riley had been very much interested in the paper. He could
not recollect any instance where the larval life has been so long, and the
.Egeridoe as a rule are supposed to require only one year to undergo
their transformation. As to the manner in which the Tachina reaches
the yEgeria larva, it is probable that the latter must come to the surface
rather often to expel the excrement from its burrow and the Tachina
could take advantage of that. Once fastened, the egg is very secure.

Prof. Lintner asks whether the larva feeds on the pitch. Dr. Kelli-
cott says that the excrement is mixed with pitch, but the larva makes
regular burrows in the wood and undoubtedly feeds upon the wood. He
says the larva is always more or less coated with pitch, and when remov-
ed from its burrow dies in a short time from the stiffening of this sub-
stance. He assumes that the larva must come out sometimes for air,
but does not see that there is any arrangement similar to that of Pccdisca
Scudderiana which has a little trap-door-arrangement which it can open
at will.

Prof Lintner sa3's that Nephoptayx Zinwurmani, or Pimpes:es has the
same pitch pine feeding habit and also lives in turpentine exudations.

Dr. Kellicott has observed this lar\a also which however does not
make so large an excrescence. The excrescences are also more irregular,
often a mere line or track of pitchy exudation marking the track of the
larva from whorl to whorl or twig to twig. This larva when removed
from its burrow also lives but a short lime, owing to the hardening of
the pitch.

Dr. Kellicott then read a paper

ON THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF AN
UNDETERAHNiJ) COSSUS.
This short paper on the preparatory stages of an undetermined
Cossus although in a somewhat unfmished state of preparation is presented

— >74 —

for friendly crilicism, and whether or not it shall be completed finally,
depends upon what is left of it after you have done. A few weeks since
it was my pleasure to revisit the "old homestead" in Oswego Co., N" Y.,
and to tramp for a few days over hills and swamps dwelling uj)on the
memories of boyhood days and endeavoring to capture a few insects for
mementos and for my collection. In getting a few I was successful.
One of interest among this number is the Cossus who.se larva and pupa
are the subjects of the following notes.

The discovery of the borer was accidental; passing along the bolder
of a brook I came upon some alder.s, A. iricana, which had been drawn
out root and branch upon dry ground: one stem had been broken off
near the root disclosing the cyhndrical gallery of an insect borer very
different from those made by a beede larva common in the same stems.
An examination brought to light numerous examples of a Cossus larva
in the roots and stems of the alders in the vicinity. The flicts in its
history were partially made out.

Larvce of two distinct sizes were about equally abundant; the larger
ones at the time, June 29th, were moulting. As the imagos, probably,
had escaped it seems pretty certain that the preparatory stage lasts three
years, i.e., the smaller larvae were one year old, the larger two and these
transform next May or June. Several pupa-shells (all broken) were
found in the openings in the bark, and one pupa, which was dead but
in perfect conditi(.)n. The larva, it seems bores principally in the roots
until the second year, when it begins to work upward in the trunk, and
before pupating in the spring of the third year, bores out to the surface a
few inches above the ground. The pupa-cell, a mere enlargement of the
burrow a little below the external opening, is not stopped or plugged
with chips as is the case in the cell of C. Centcrmsis; none were found
in the roots and no evidence was obtained that the larva bores in the
trunks save towards the end of its period, when it moves upward to pre-
pare a way for the moth to escape where it is out of the way of danger
of water, as the alder grows in wet places. This moth escapes as others
of its kind do, by the pupa worming its way out of the cell so that part
of its body protrudes from the tree when the moth emerges leaving the
skin in the opening.

I will describe the larger of the larvx> and compare the smaller one
as it may differ.

Length 1.5 to 1.8 inches. Subcylindrical, tapering very slighlly at extremities,
slender, width of body .25 of an inch. Length of smaller ones .8 inch. The head is
light yellowish brown above, black about the mouth parts, hemispherical, smooth,
or slightly roughened, with a few dark dots from which arise dark hairs, usually

— J/D —

worn off the vertex of the larger examples. The scccnd ring is smooih, ligliter color-
ed than the head; above the spiracle on either side there are three black spots situ-
ated at the corners of a right-angled triangle, the upper one at the right angle, bears
a coarse brown hair, the other two have finer, lighter colored hairs; the top of the
third ring is likewise smooth and brownish; the remaining body surface except the
yellowish pihferous spots and top of ring thirteen is white; the ionger hairs on the
posterior rings are black. The body rings are strongly folded transversely; the
yellowish dorsal spots bear brownish hairs; the anterior larger pair are situated rather
near together on the broadest transverse fold; the smaller posterior pair are situated
on a narrower fold and much farther from the slight dorsal furrow. The stigmata are
l)roadly elliptical, the rings narrow, black scarcely raised above the surface, the color
within the ring light brown. The legs are yellowish, hooks black; tlie prop legs
with very many booklets.

The pi(jxt is slender, length 1.6 inches, width of thorax .33 inch, but slightly
curved and of unusually uniform diameter, smooth, under a lens transversely striate,
the three anterior rings black, shagreened, on the prothorax there are two conical
protuberances which in profile under a strong lens prove to be double pointed; on the
clypeus are two gouge-shaped spines, shining black on outer half, and on the upper
roughened base of eaeh of these there is a small conical tooth; on the under side of
the head case, below the gouge-hke spines is a pointed spine directed forwards; back
of this are tvro smaller cusps, one either side of ventral line and still farther back
apparently over the first tarsal joint of the fore legs are two smaller points. The
transverse rows of dorso-abdominal teeth are as usual, but the teeth are exceedingly
fine, increasing in size but little posteriorly; the black, blunt anal segment bears
several small black conical teeth on either side.

I have mentioned this insect above as an undetermined Cossus; that
it is one of the Cossidse, there can be, I think, no dotibt and as I un-
derstand the descripdons of the preparatory stages of the genus Cossus,
it seems to me that it belongs to that genus, therefore I will for brevity
of referrence call it provisionally Cossus Alni. It certainly is clearly
distinct from C. Centermsis whose larva and pupa I have liad an oppor-
tunity to examine from poplars at Corunna, Mich. ; in fact it appears to
be distinct from any species, whose history is know. It may prove to
be one of the doubtful or partially known species. I am aware that Mr.
Lintner has referfed to a Cossus which liores in the trunk of white birch;
I am also mindful that insects are as a rule pretiy good botanists and
that Beiula and Alnus are closely related plants, so this insect mav prove
to be the one discovered in the birch t^y Mr. Lintner. It ought not to
l:)e a difficult matter to obtain the moth in May or June next.

For the above entomological guessing, my first attempt, I trust
you, my friends, will pardon me; as most of you have at sometime and
in some degree, committed the same error, I think you will

Prof Lintner says that the larva referred to as having been found by
him in birch seems also a root borer; all those found being near the ground.
He found only one broken pupa which is still in his possession and he

-176-

ofters it to Prof. Kellicott for examination aiui study. l"he pupa.' in this
genus afford excellent specific characters.

Prof. Riley says Mr. Koebele last fitll found in N. H. a larva boring
in birch, which hc^hought was a (^ossid. This died, or at least has not
emerged,, and as far as he recollects agreed very well with Dr. Kellicott's
description. However, some examination had been made, and some
discussion had been had with the result that it was doubtful whether the
larva was Cossid, or whether it was not that of a Zeuzera or an Atgcria.
He simply suggests this as a possibility as the larva seems to agree very
well with Dr. Kellicott's account.

Dr. Kellicott says he is very sure it is not an Aegeria but a Cossus.
He further mentions that he has found qiitrciperda at Buffalo, in dr\' red
oak. At first he thought them small specimens of C robinioe.

Prof. Lintner hopes that Dr. Kellicott will continue his experiments
and observations on this interesting group.

Prof. Riley then gave some

NOTES ON THE PRINCIPAL INJURIOUS INSECTS
OF THE YEAR.

We are aware that ahnost every year is characterized by some un-
usual prevalence of destructive insects, not previously observed in any
such numbers. Examples were last year Pulvinaria imnnnerohilis and
Agrotis fennica. A glanee at the entomological events of the present
season shows a comparative scarcity of such phenomena so far as noxi-
ous species are concerned ,and I can recall but few characteristic of the
year. One worthy of mention is Agrotis viessoria found at Goshen,
N. Y., destructive to the onion. This had previously been known as
destructive to vegetation, but principally to fruit trees by cutting out the
buds in early spring; hence the iiabit noticed this summer has been ex-
ceptional. Another species, belonging to the Coleoptera, Anlho7iomus
musculus, attracted considerable attention in the strawberry fields, (>n
Staten Island, N. Y. This habit of the species is not new, because I had
noticed it in Missouri many years ago, but its abundance and destructive-
ness w-ere p)henomenal. As is usual, where a great abundance of a form
is collected, the species was found to have two names, and there is some
doubt as to what the destructive species really is.

Another Lepidopterous insect, Eurycreon rantalis, a Pyralid, is
worthy of mention as a conspicuously injurious insect in the South-
western States. It is astonishing what an amount of injury this insect
has done, and the agricultural papers have been full of accounts of this
"web worm'', as this insect has popularly dubbed. This larva I first
found in 1867, in Western States, and in Kansas in 1873, common on

— 177—

Amaranthe. The present year it was destructive not only to the vege-
tables but many other plants. All through Texas, Indian Territory,
Kansas and Arkansas, and also Iowa and Nebraska, the insect was most
destructive. The larva, though of the usual Pyralid form, is still well
distinguished by its pale green color and large piliferous spots.

During the present year Cicada septendecim has appeared in many
portions ot our country and I have been able to collect a large number
of valuable notes that will enable us to better fix the limit ol (.iistribu-
tion and the extent of botli the sepleudecim and tredtxim broods.

In Central N. Y, the Hessian fly has done a great deal of damage.
For some years past it has not attracted much attention there, and it has
been the opinion of some even well known Entomologists that it had left
its old haunts and migrated to the west. As a matter of fact however
wheat culture has changed its center, and the only reason there have
been no complaints in the East, is that there was little or no grain for
them to attack; and this year the sudden increase in numbers has again
called attention to the fact that the insect has not yet left its old haunts.
So much injury has been done that many farmers abandoned the crop
and did not harvest it.

On the Pacific Coast, locusts have been unusually abundant, and
have done great damage. Hitherto the injury had mostly be done by
Camnula pellucida, but this year the species has been Melanoplus devasta-
tor. I regret to say that Mr, L. Bruner, an agent sent to visit Montana,
reports a great increase of the Acrididcv throughout that region and great
fears are entertained of the future; but the prospects are not necessarily
gloomy, for the weather has of late been unfavorable to their develop-
ment, and unless there is a great change of conditions they will not be
unduly abundant.

Melanoplus spretus is still most abundant, but native species are also
very plentiful, and Camnula pellucida was found, indicating that all these
species can become very destructive in the west. Many other species
were locally abundant or destructive, but these can be considered charact-
eristic of the year.

Dr. Kellicott mentioned that in Buffalo Podosesia syringes has been
destructive to the ash trees. Prof Osborn and Mr. Hy. Edwards had
stated in "Papilio" that the young shoots or branches were attacked, but
in Buffalo it lives under the bark of the old trees. He has observed a
number of the trees, has seen the pupa cases projecting and has watched
20 or more from a single tree in a single day. Often 100 or more were
in a single tree.

A gentleman from Goshen, said he knew something about one of
the insects mentioned by Prof Riley. A friend of his had three acres of

ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA. 27

-178-

onions, and all liad been eaten up, so the land liad to be plowed and put
into potatoes. The larvae never came out in the day, but in the evening
they catne out in vast numbers and all hands turned out to capture them.
A man and wife had between 9 and 12 P.M., collected 8 quaits of larva.
In regard to the Hessian fl\-, that is so abundant in that part of the .^tate
that wheat culture is simply abandoned.

Prof. Underwood says the maple cegerian has been common in Syra-
cu.se this year and many trees were literally full of larva.

Prof. Osborn says in referrence to Sesia syringa that in i — 12 inch
ash twigs he has found them most abundant — tnose from larger trees con-
tained mostly parasites. Caloptenus femur-nibrum has been abundant and
attracted considerable attention — in fact some papers proclaimed the
arrival of J/, spretiis. They have done considerable damage to oat fields,
eating off the heads, and in pasture lands, where the damage is less
evident.

In motion of Prof. Cook the meeting adjourned to meet again at the
call of the President.

(To be continued. )

Notes and News.

Dr. Gocling writes us as follows: I have another piece of good news to report,
Tennessee — the most progressive of all the Southern States has made another ad-
vance and appointed a State Entomologist. Prof. E. W. Doran, Principal of the
London (Tenn. ) Academy is the appointee and will at once enter upon his duties.

Though not very well known to the entomological world, yet Prof. Doran has
l)een a quiet, earnest student of the habits of insects for several years, and no doubt
a bright future is befoie him.

Little entomological work has been done in Tennessee, and, with a rich soil and
firie magnolia groves about him we may well exjDect some fine fruit following Prof.
Doran's labors".

Prof. Doran is imknown to us, and we await with interest the result of his work.
It is always a pleasure to us to learn of a new worker, and in this case there is added
the gratification that another State has recognized the importance of having an Ento-
mologist. It might, perhaps, have been better, had a more experienced man been
appointed, but we are willing to give our new friend a fair shovy.

*
Occasionally, in a narrative of travels an interesting observation on insect habits
is made, and is very apt to be overlooked. Mr. E. A. Schwarz has handed us the
following notes from "Die Thierwelt im HoUandischen Guiana" von Aug. Kappler.*
-bc.s'ZancZ 1885. P. 617. No. 31. Speaking of J5/-a(/ypw,s C(/cc«n_^a (Faulkner), an
animal of the the size of a cat, covered with a fur of dense hair-like wool; and be.
jonging to the Edentata, he says "In this thick fur there lives as a parasite, a Tineid,

* Animal Life in Dutch Guiana, l)y Aug. Kappler.

—179-

which when the animal is dead comes forth by llie dozen and flies nway". A parn
sitic Tineid is certainly a curiosily.

P. 699, No. 35. Speaking of birds of ihe genus Cacicus, several of wliich in
iiabit Guiana, he says "Very remarkable are their friendly relations with several
species o( Polistes, well known to the Indians and negroes. The nests of these bird>
are never seen without a nest of these wasps in the immediate vicinity —sometimes so
near that the bird when entering its own nest, touches the combs of the wasps, which
are not at all disturbed by this proceeding; but they vigorously resist any attempt to

disturb the birds' nests. I know three species which are thus friendly with these birds".

* *

*

The new Check List of Hemiptera Heteroptera will be ready for distribution to-
ward the end of the present month. It will make about 30 pages, and will cost 50
Cents per copy. Subscriptions to be sent to the Editor, at the National Museum,
\Vashinj;ton, D C.

Book Notices.

List of the Coleoptera of America, North of Mexico. By Samuel Hcnshaw.
Philadelphia. American Entomological Sic.ety. Roy. Svo pp. 161. Oct. 1885.
We have received this publicati^jn, and are heartily glad to see it. ^I •.
Henshaw has earned the gratitude of every American Coleopterist, and we doubt not
he will receive it. But the Am. Ent. Soc. has also done its part, and has furnished
us with a book that for quality of paper, neatness and accuracy of typography, seeks
its equal. There are 9238 species numbered, representing those forms known to
American students. Species not yet identified are left without a number, and we
regret to say there are quite a large number of them. Every Coleopterist should have
at least two copies.

Society News.

Brooklyn Entomological Society. November 3d, 1885. - Twent^^-four
persons present; Mr. Cramer, the President, in the chair. Messrs. W. B. Tay-
lor, Chas. Scott and Cbas. Palm were elected members of the society.

Mr. Smith read a paper on "Cosinosohia omphnle," * illu.strated by black-
board sketches, describing a peculiar secondary sexual character, of the (^',
noted at a previous meeting. Mr. Hy. Edwards exhibited the pujia and cocoon
of the same insect, the latter of which is fine, rather loose, and of a bright lemon
yellow. In response to a question, he stated that the larva was tufted, and
somewhat Arciia form and he rather agreed with Mr. Butler that there ought to
be a grouji Areilo-zyijamida; to which such s))ecies as this might belong as they
had characters common to both groups. Mr. Smith illustrated the agreement
of Cosmoaoma with some of the Bomhyrkhi; in genital structure, and stated,
that, while undoubtedly strongly Bombycid in character, yet there were peculi-
arities enough to put this species in the Syntomoklcv. It is certainly not a
Zygcenkl. Prof. Riley remarked on the peculiarity of the position of this
structure. It had, he believed, the pur])ose of attracting the - ^Qc^ lie thought
that a rivalry might exi.st among males— he credited insects with sufficient
psychic development to believe that the U might exercise choice in the matter

* Which will be published in the next luunbor.

— i8o—

of wbich rf should be her mate. Mr. Weeks exhibited a series of D. tirrhippns
.showing variations in depth of suffusion.

Prof. Riley exhibited to the Society several colored lithographic plates of
Acronydn, imagines and hirvre, and also of Cicada septendecbn in various stages
of development. After informal discussion the Society adjourned.

Entomological Society of Washington, Nov. 19th. Mr. Otto Lugger
read a paper on the larva of ikienia dimkliata (Fabr. ), which is identical in ap-
pearance with fig. 433 of Packard's Guide, there called "related to Drilus" but
which had never been bied. The larvse were found in May 1883 in a cluster of
214 specimens at the base of a willow, slightly covered with dead leaves. They
much resembled the cast-off skins of Oniscus found in similar locations.
Amongst the larva; were specimens of a young Helix exidently born there. Re-
moved to a breeding cage they remained motionless for a few days, but then re-
vived and moved about, but with extreme slowness of gait. The lateral appen-
dages are hollow and inflexible. In ten days some transformed to pupre within
the larval skins. The imago issued in six days and was perfectly white on first
apjiearing, changing rapidly through light sky-blue to the normal coloring of
blue and orange. The imagos cojjulated freely, but only one unfertilized egg
was obtained. The speaker believed the larva to be phytophagic and not carni-
vorous as suggested by Packard.

The paper was discussed by Mr. Mann and Prof. Riley. Prof. Riley called
attention to the similarity of habit between the Ccenia just described and
L'jciis termiiudis which he believed to be also a vegetable-feeder.

Mr. B. P. Mann explained at length the Dewey decimal system of library
arrangement and classification. His paper was discussed by Prof. Riley and
Mr. Smith. Prof. Riley commended the system for large libraries but consider-
ed its use a waste of time for small private collections of books.

Mr. J. B. Smith read a translation of Dr. Gerstaecker's paper on the posi-
tion of Pteocoowt Lee. , in the Lamellicorn series, from the Stettiner Entomol.
2eitung.

The paper was discussed by Messrs. Schwarz and Smith and Prof. Riley.
Mr. Schwarz endorsed Dr. Gerstaecker's conclusions, but called attention to the
lack of emphasis placed on Dr. Leconte's original statement that the spe-
cimen had no abdomen, and stated that after his second paper, Leconte made no
redescription, and probably never re-examined his specimens, but based his
conch;sions as to the place of the genus on characters made out and embodied
in his early articles. As to the larva called Pleocoma by Osten-Sacken, he re
marked that it was difficult to consider it a Lucan'id, for no Lucanid of sufiicient
size is known fiom California —yet the larva could scarcely belong to any other
grouiJ, and there was either an error in the locality, or there must exist a species
not yet discovered. Possibly also the specimen was accidentally carried to the
place where found.

Mr. Howard made a statement to the effect that the Thoracaniha floridana
described by Mr. Ashmead in Entomologica Americana for August, as the first
representative of its group found in the United States, is the .same species which
he (Mr. Howard) exhibited to the Society in June 1884, and which was origin-
ally collected by Mr. Schwarz at Haw Creek, Florida, in July, 1883.

L. O. HOWARD, Chrr. Secy.

Americana

\/0L I.

BROOKLYN, JANUARY, 1886.

NO. 10.

Cosmosoma omphale.*

By joHX B. Smith.

At the Ann Arbor meeting of the A. A.A.S. . Mr. H. G. Hubbard
mentioned to me a peculiar flaxy or cottony substance concealed in a
cavity in the abdomen c)f the ^ of this species, and asked its use. The
presence of this substance was entirely new to me, and so far as I have
been able to discover since, no mention of it is made by any author. At
my request, Mr. IJubbard who was prevented by indisposition from at-
tending the meetings of the Entomological Club, sent some specimens
through Mr. E. A. Schwarz, who presented the matter before the Club.
He called attention to a broad plate at base *of abdomen — much larger
than the ventral portion of the sub-basal segment, and stated that this
covered a cavity in which was concealed a downy substance, sufficient in
quantity when teased out to fill a small pill box. Considerable discus-
sion on the nature and use of this structure was had; but all present
were absolutely ignorant of its existence before this time.

Mr. Hubbard has kindly given me a number of specimens of this
insect and from them these notes are made. The intention at first was
to give a description of this structure only; but on reflection it was decid-
ed to figure and briefly describe the external anatomy of the entire insect.

Lepidopterists have paid too little attention to the anatomical struc-
ture of their pets, and as, sooner or later the study must become more
specific in structural detail, it may save the future student some labor to
have at least one species carefully figured.

Right here it may perhaps be well to call attention to an error in
my paper on the Zygaenidac, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc. XH, 77 — 84. On PI.
HI, fig. 25 the figure instead of representing Cosmosoma, really represents
Didasys. The error occured in labelling the slides from which the

* Read before the Brooklyn Enloniological Society, Nov. 3, 1885.

— 182-

drawings were afteiwaid made, and the word Cosmosoma wherever it oc-
curs should read Didasys. I had no (^ specimen of Cosmosoma before
me when that paper was written, hence my failure to note the peculiar
structure hereafter described .

The head presents nothing noteworthy, and the figures sufficiently
explain its structure. The front is somewhat protuberant, nearly quad-
rate, suddenly receding, and with a deep concavity below the base of
the antennae, leaving a distinctly marked intervening carina extending to
the suture. The ocelli are distinct, as usual situated close to the com-
pound eye and behind the base of the antennae.

The dorsum of thorax appears slightly lengthened in the figure, be-
cause the convexity is not shown. Of the prothorax nothing is visible
from above.

The mesonotum or scutum is, as usual, the most prominent, and is
oblong, somewhat widening posteriorly. The upper surface presents
nothing of note, and does not seem to differ from its allies. Viewed from
the side it shows more that is characteristic, and differs essentially from
that oi Zygaena by the slight development of the meta-thorax. No com-
parisons can be made at present because of the lack of knowledge of
allied forms, and I shall simply let the figure speak for itself

The abdomen is most peculiar. It consists of 8 segments, includ-
ing the membraneous connecting segment at base, and excluding the
specialized rings forming the genital armature.

The membraneous ring at base consists of a dorsal plate a, an in-
flated process, covering a spiracle, b, and a minute sternal ring, not vis-
ible from below unless the abdomen is removed. The second dorsal

-183-

segment is longest, and wider than the thorax. The 3rd is shorter and
wider, while the 4th and 5th are nearly equal in width and considerably
shorter. From this point the segments narrow rapidly and shorten some-
what. The ventral surface at first view presents only six segments: the
basal ring is hidden as above stated, by the thorax, while the second
covers the two following rings, leaving only a narrow rim of the 4th seg-
ment exposed. The other segments present nothing remarkable, narrow-
ing toward the tip; the last emarginate. The dorsal surface overlaps
somewhat, and forms a beaded margin, more or less visible in various
specimens and not marked in the 9 • I'h^ figure (2) will show the un-
derside better than I can describe it.

Taking a specimen that had been softened, I lifted the abdomen
from the tip, and found that it bent readily, separating along the posterior
edge of the second dorsal segment and presenting an appearance from
the side as shown at figure 3, except that the silky substance was not
shown. Above the large plate is a cavity extending upward half the
diameter of the whole segment and filled with a pure white cottony sub-
stance, consisting of very fine threads cut to exactly the same length, and
compressed into the space as closely as it was possible to pack it. Tak-
ing it out carefully the pad measured nearly 2 mm. in width by o. 5 mm.
in thickness; left to dry a few minutes a slight puff separated the mass,
so that, sticking together as a ball, it had expanded to fully 7 mm. in
diameter. In the fourth segment was found a similiar cavity with a
somewhat smaller pad of this fine silky or cottony substance, and added
to the other, a ball fully 10 mm. in diameter was formed, light as air,
and fine as the finest floss silk. A secdon of the abdomen of a specimen
barely softened, presented the appearance shown in figure 6.

In the 2nd segment the cavity opens and is exposed by the simple
li.fdng of the abdomen or dropping the covering plate. The third seg-
ment is reduced ventrally to a narrow ring, lined inside with a fine elastic
membrane to which the second pad is attached, and this rests m the ven-
tral half of the fourth segment which is empty, but otherwise noimal.
except that it is not united to the 3rd at its anterior edge. By flexion of
the abdomen the distance between the edges of the 3rd and 4th segments
is widened and the pad, unattached inferiorly, is exposed. Fig. 3 shows
the appearance of the cavities in profile, while fig. 6 represents a section
of the abdomen, the fine lines indicating the pad.

The cavities extend upward to the center of the segments, where
they are separated by a thin chitinous wall; below this, and lining the
cavities, is a thin elastic membrane, forming a complete sac. On this
the superior or attached pordons of the pad rest.

The upper portion of segments z and 3 are empty — i.e. all the or-

— 184—

ij;ans of ihe abdumen are crowded into the lerminal se_a:ments, leaving the
2nd and 3rd hollow. The stigmata opening into these segments are
large and distinct.

Completely softening a specimen and detaching the abdomen, I
lle.xed it so that the cavities were opened, and then inserting a tube into
the upper pordon of the segment, having first punctured the septum di-
viding segments 2 and 3 superiorly, I found that I could distend the
fine membrane lining the lower cavity, causing it to present the appear-
ance shown at fig. 5, in section, and in fig 3 in profile.

It is very probable that the insect has the power of voluntarily flex-
ing the abdomen, and thus opening the cavities, and also of infiating
the membrane to protrude this silky substance, which a breath of air
would then ddate, and this pure white substance contrasting with the
deep black venter and bright red thorax and legs must present a very
pretty appearance. The obvious explanation of this structure would
seem to be that the display made Vv'ould prove attractive to the female
and the insect might strut about, exhibiting itself like a peacock or a
turkey gobbler. There is however one difficulty in the way of this ex-
planation. The attachment of the cottony pad to the membrane is so
exceedingly slight, that the faintest puff" of air, or a mere touch with a
fine needle detaches it, and it seems scarcely possible that once displayed
it could ever again be retracted and packed away into place. This would
seem to indicate that the display would also mean the loss of the sub-
stance, and yet every male I have been able to find in collections, appear-
ed to have this pad intact and all of them had the cavities tightly closed
as well. Then too, it would seem likely that such a display would have
been noticed, for these insects, are not uncommon. Mr. Hubbard says
tney are quit abundant in sunny spots in the woods near Crescent City,
Ha., and he will try to observe them more carefully. It would be well
if all Entomologists in the regions where this insect is found would try
to observe its habits closely.

The genital structure allies the insect closely to some families of the
Bombycidae. The supra-anal plate is broad and corneou.s, narrowing to-
ward tip, where the sides are produced into moderately long acute hooks,
bent outwards, and the points downward; while the middle is modified
mto a broad, rather short hook with rounded tip, bent downward. The
side pieces are broad, chitinous and inwardly concave at base, suddenly
narrowing halfway to tip and produced into a long, corneous, curved
hook. Fig. 7 will show the appearance of these organs from below,
giving the names of the parts; The central, narrow plate is the sheath
of penis.

The venation is shown at fig. i. The primaries are twelve-veined.

-i85-

No. I is the internal vein which is close to the hind margin. Between it
and the median vein is a false vein, or fold, so closely resembling a true
vein that until fully denuded, its spurious character is not apparent. In
a species in which the wings are hyaline and only the veins clothed wilh
scales this is especially likely to misleatl, as here the false vein is as
distinctly shown as any of the others

Vein two runs from the outer thirtl of median vein wilh a downward
curve to outer margin Vein three from meadian nearly half way be-
tween the inception of vein 2, and the end of the median, to outer
margin. Vein six from a short spur at the end of sub-costal. The median
cell is imperfectly closed by inward spurs from the end of median and
sub-costal, which, jjcrfectly distinct at their inception become faint and
thread like before they join. Through the centre of the median cell,
half way to the base, and the same distance toward the outer margin,
runs a distinct f)ld or llilse vein. Vein seven forms the continuation uf
the sub-costal, and gives rise to veins 10 and 8, one quarter from its in-
ception. Vein 8 runs to apex, giving rise to vein 9 at its middle. Vein
9 runs to costa, as does also vein 10. Vein 1 1 runs from the sub-costal,
t)ne fourth from tip to the costa, rather less than one fourth from apex of
wing. Vein 12 — the costal vein, runs from base to costa, rather less
than one third from dp.

The secondaries have but five veins; No. i is the internal; 2 and 3
are together from the end of the median; 4 and 5 together from the end
of the sub-costal. There is no costal vein. The median cell is closed
by a long inward loop.

The figure will better explain the course of the veins than words of
mine can do. The frenelum is present but is weak and hair like. It
is simple in the (^\

The legs are moderately long and slender; closely scaled. Anterior
with tibial epiphyses small; median with a pair of terminal spurs and
posterior with two pairs of spurs. The tarsi are not spinulated but
clothed beneath with rather stiff hair. The claws are simple.

The antenna are lengthily bi-pectiuate nearly to the tip, where the
joints are serrate. In one specimen I counted sixty-three joints. In the
9 the pectinations are not so long,

The palpi are of the usual form and projjortion, and as shown in
the figure. ■

In conclusion, the discovery of this remarkable structure in so pro-
minent and well known a form as Cosmosotna omphale, shows how little
we really know as yet of the Lepidoptera, and how wide a field exists for
the careful and conscientious student.

- i86—

COCOON OF C OMPHALE.

At the November meeting of the Brooklyn Entomological Society
Mr. Hy. Edwards exhibited the cocoon of this species as a supplement to
the preceeding paper. It is a clear lemon yellow, oval, somewhat flat-
tened and fastened to the underside of a leaf. There is a basis consisting
of a thin silkv fabric, and on this are ranged the long yellow hair that
give the color to the whole. These hairs are long, apparently nearly equal
in length, and furnished with minute hooks and bristles, enabling them
to felt readily. Interpersed, are a few hair with black bushy tips and
sometimes with also a circle of black bristles at middle. It would seem
therefore that the larva must be somewhat Arctia like. The pupa is pale,
rather sordid in color, with the wings, antennas and legs well defined.
It resembles very much the Orgyia pupa in color and shape, except that
the abdomen is blunt and terminates abruptly. Both cocoon and pupa
indicate a strong Bombycid relationship, not with the Arctiidas however,
but rather with the Dasychirae.

Note on Papilio Asterias Fab:^
By Fr. Tepper.
I have brought with me this evening some specimens of Papilio
listerias to show some of the variations, the species is subject to. In the
first place I do not think it has ever been recorded that asterias occurs
with a blind ocellus; that is with the orange anal spot without any trace
of a black spot. I have such a specimen in my collection bred from the
larva in Flatbush several years ago — the specmien as will be seen is in
fine condition and leaves no question of a doubt that this form occurs.
Moreover it is a male specimen, and this sex is much less given to branch
off into aberrations than are the females. Besides we have what might
be called inter-gradations, specimens in which the spot assumes different
shapes, such as lobes or mere specks, all of which tends to show that
there is a predisposition to take on abnormal forms. Now this is the
main fact I desired to establish; but while on the subject I would point
out some other variations into which the species is apt to run, and these
are more frequently confined to the female sex. The yellow bands, as is
generally known, are not so heavy in the females as in the males, al-
though occasional females have these bands just as heavy as the males.
I have found that the inner yellow band on the secondaries of the females
is subject to very striking variations — in fact disappearing altogether in
some instances. The specimens I exhibit will show this tendency very
well indeed, as they range from the heavily banded ones to those lack-
* Read before ihe Brooklyn Entomological Society, Oct. 6, 1885.

— 187—

ing this band entirely. Another tendency to bninch off is shown in the

marginal row of spots on the secondaries Tliese in the normal form

are yellow, but as my specimens will show, the same spots are sometimes

yellow, sometimes greenish or bluish, and sometimes even bright orange

— this variation, as far as I have noticed, is also confined to the females.

All the specimens exhibited were bred from larvae found on carrots in

my garden at Flatbush. In connection with this subject I would say

that collectors should endeavor to gather more material of our common

species. I know well how it is. A collector has a pair of asterias in

his collection and deems this sufficient. When in the field he disdains

to look at asterias, much less to capture one. I myself would not advise

old collectors to capture the mature msect, for the reason that the few

met with are in the first place generally not fit for the cabinet, and in the

second place I believe but occasional varieties are met with in the few that

come under our notice. Collectors ought to bend their energy towards

raising them, either from the egg, or from larvae, which can be picked

up in quantities in any carrot field. Among 50 or 100 specimens you

are almost sure to find some interesting forms, which will pa\- one for

the trouble taken.

^ I > I ^

Concerning Cremastochilus.

By Geo. H. Horn, M.D.

In the early part of this year I received word from Mr. J. J. Rivers
of California that he had what he supposed might by a new species of
Cremastochilus. The specimen was kindly loaned to me and on close
examination proved to be a C. Schaumii in which an accidental notch of
irregular triangular form had been made in the hind angles of the thorax.
In this species the hind angles are formed of thin triangular plates.
Shortly after this matter had been settled, a similar communication was
received from Dr. Hamilton, and on seeing the specimen he referred to,
it proved to be a canaliculatus in which both hind angles had been lost.
The following letter from Dr. Hamilton gives the details.
"Dear Sii:
The two specimens of Cremastochilus canaliculatus submitted to you
were taken in June of the present year (1885) about two weeks apart,
and in the same ants' nest. The first one taken had the hind parts of
the thorax so abnormal (the angles, or rather processes being entirely
wanting) that I considered it a new species, till the other specimen was
found with the enucleation of the angular pieces so far advanced that
they were movable and might have been detached by a little pressure;
though in the dried insect the mobility is lost, and the notch between it
and the body of the thorax is much narrower than in life. On carefully

— )88—

examining ib.e liisl specimen it will be seen that it once possessed these
processes, as there is in the basal excavation on each side a roughened
or alveolate space showing the place of attachment. I'lie uniformity of
surface of these spaces in connection with what is seen in the other speci-
men proves conclusively that their loss is not owing to an accident.
These, with other questions present themselves. Are these pieces decidu-
ous like the horns of the Cervidse, or are they gnawed out b\' the ants.^
And in the latter case, what for.' Does the same thing occur in other
species.^ Yours trul)' John Hamilton."

The specimen submitted to me by Mr. Rivers showed plainK' an
inequality in ttae notching of the hind angles of the thorax as well as an
irregularity of the edges of the notch. It is my belief that the irregular-
ities in the Rivers and Hamilton specimens are the work of the ants,
with which the specimens were found and I have long held the opinion
and have so published it, that the pubescens depressed spaces near the
front and under the hind angles of most of the species, are glandular,
and give a secretion very palatable to the ants, and these, almost reason-
ing insects, finding the processes in their wa}' have deliberately removed
them, either partially as in the Rivers sj>ecimen, or entirely as in the other.
That the processes are naturally deciduous, as are the horns of the Cervidai
or the mandibular appendages of the Otiorhynchs is hardly supposable.

"Mr. Schwarz has also made some observations bearnig on this point,
as follows:

In May 1883 while on an excursion in the vicinity of Washington, I
came across a large ant hill constructed by a species o{ Formica which is
allied to, but not identical with, F. rufa. My attention was at once at-
tracted by three objects on top of the ant hill, which at first glance ap-
peared to be compact masses of ants. Upon looking closer to each
of the masses proved to consist of a living Cremasiochihis attended
by numerous ants which held on with their mandibles to the legs,
the head, the sides of the thorax of the beetles, in short wherever
there was a chance for them to hold on. That they did not intend to do
any harm to the beetles was evident, and it seemed to me that they in-
tended to prevent the escape of the Cremastochili from their colony.
Herein they were evidently successful, as upon waiting for a considerable
length of time there was no change in the situation. I then proceded to
investigate the interior of the ant hill, which consisted of numerous layers
of intricate galleries and chambers, all built of rather loose earth without
any sticks or other debris. Within the chambers several more Cremasto-
chilus were found but not attended to by ants. At this as well as at
previous occasions I failed to find any trace of the larva or pupa of Cre-
mastochilus either within or beneath the ant hill. E. A. Schwarz.

—189—

Hypocephalus Armatus, De.m:^'
ByChas. \V. Leng, B.S.

My attention was drawn to this Brazilian beetle by an article of M.
Lameere in the Annals of the Belg. Enl. Soc, which presents so many
curious features that I have thought some account of it, and more partic-
ularly of the recent discoveries by Messrs. Sharp and Lameere would
not be uninteresting.

In the first place, it has caused the students of classification, as
much anxious thought as any insect in existence, and has occupied a
place in almost every group known. It was described in 1832 by Des-
marest, and placed by him among the Silphidae, where it remained until
Westwood transferred it to the CucujiJae. From that family it travelled
into the Longicortis under the guidance of several emment entomologists,
where it remains at present in the catalogue of Gemminger & Harold
and in the estimation of our European colleagues. Curtis published
however in 1854 a long dissertation attempting to prove its Lamellicorn
affinities, and Gisd, Spinola, and Leconte have each made it the sole re-
presentative of a separate family, as to the name and affinities of which,
however, no two agree. Dr. Leconte's view, based upon an examination
of a specimen contained in the Brazilian exhibit, at our Centennial Ex-
posiuon, is the most interesting. He considers it a survival of an ancient
family the other members of which are extinct. He shows by a careful
examination of those parts, which experience has shown are least liable
to variation, that it cannot be included in any family as at present con-
stituted, while its various parts show such relationships, with many of
them, as to indicate the possibility of their being descended from it. M.
Lameere devotes a considerable space to controverting this view, and by
supposing a modification of these parts in recent times, makes it a mem-
ber of the Longicorn group.

The principal features to which I would draw attention are as fol-
lows: The five-jointed tarsi, the very short antennae, the fossorial legs,
and especially the enormously developed hind femora; (these will be
considered with the habits ot the insect); the manner in which the head
joins the thorax, leaving a large space beneath, filled with a soft mem-
brane. (This character is found in very few families and is of the
greatest interest.) The peculiar form of the mandibles is highly interesting,
and they are capable of motion in a vertical plane, as well as outwards.
This character is met with elsewhere only in the Rhynchophora. Of course
the enormous thorax and short elytra attract attention at once. The
thoracic interior is filled with powerful muscles operating the head and

* Read before the Brooklyn EatomoloLjical Society, Sept. i, 1885.

ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 29

— 190 —

mandibles. The creature is aptly characterized by Dr. Leconte as re-
sembling no other beetle so much as an insect of an entirely different
order — the mole cricket. And yet so wonderful are the operations of
nature, that the discovery of the unique life history of this beetle shows a
perfect adaptation of each of these discordant parts to the needs of its
owner. 'jB

The tirst specimens were said to have been found in the carcass of a
dead liorsi: which perhaps accounts for its original reference to the Si7-
fyhidae. Subsequently specimens were found dead upon the ground, and
the discovery that an Asiatic beetle somewhat resembling this pupated
underground, led to the suspicion that it also might be subterraneanin
habit; which suspicion the investigations of M. de Lacerde has practi-
cally converted to certainty. Under this hypothesis you can easily under-
stand the value of its special adaptation. By the movement of head and
mandibles, directed by the powerful muscles of the thorax, it can loosen
and push aside the particles of decaying vegetable matter, of which the
soil of Brazilian forests is composed, its front legs aiding in the work,
while the strong hind legs push the entire body forward through the
passage thus partially prepared. Even the extraordinarily developed
fringe of hair at the margin of the presternum would have its use in such
a process, brushing the membrane clean of all particles of dirt each time
the head was retracted within the thorax. If it vvishes to retreat through
the hole it has made, the tibiae fit exactly into the femora, and they under
the abdomen; leaving the pointed elytra to open the way for the passage
of the large bulk of the insect: thus the creature is able to live and travel
about for an indefinite period underground, feeding upon the tender
roots, and perfectly secure from the attacks of its enemies. And now we
can see how Dr. Leconte's theory of the very ancient origin of this beetle
is confirmed, fur it is not supposable that such forests as those of Brazil
are of recent origin. On the contrary it is well known that portions of
the globe were once covered with tropical-like growth, yielding among
their roots a soil of softer consistency than we anywhere find now, thus
affording ample opportunity for such .'subterranean beetles as H. armatus
to gain a living in their own peculiar way. The presumption would
therefore be, that their numbers would be proportionally great, and this
bone of contention may well be the last living relic of a time when man
was not upon the globe.

To come now to the recent discoveries which have been somewhat
anticipated in the last paragraph. The function of the sharply prolonged
lateral lobes of the head was unknown until Mr. Sharp's article ex-
plained them. I should also say that the capacity of movement con-
tained in the head was known to very few. All specimens have been

— 191 —

found dead with the head in its position of retraction, that is, not only
drawn in close ti) the thorax above, but completely bent under the
thorax just as \n tlie pupae of many Cerambycidae . It is capable of this
elsewhere unknown movement throu^^h the possession of the large mem-
brane between the head and the thorax. The specimen Dr. Leconte had
for examination was evidently in this position, for he makes no mention
of the membrane, which could not have escaped his eye had it not been
concealed within the thorax. The drawings of Curtis show it perfectly,
but it appears to have been overlooked by subsequent writers. This fact
explains also why so many have failed to appreciate the suggestion of a
subterranean career in the beetle's appearance, for with its head tucked
under its wing, as it were, the mighty and warlike H. annUus becomes
heavy, purposeless, even stupid in aspect.

Mr. Sharp in an article in the Annals of the Belgian Soc for 1884
states, that having sot'tened a damaged specimen, he found, that upon
overcorning the resistance of the powerful muscles contained in the thorax,
he was able to make the head execute the complete movement of flex-
ion and contraction. Putting the head into its natural position, he was
able to inspect carefully the soft membrane thus brought to light. In
doing so he made the interesting discovery of the wound which had prob-
ably caused the death of the insect. That it had been inflicted during
the life of the insect, was conclusively proved by the dried serum sur-
rounding the wound: and, from the shape corresponding exactly with
the shape of the genal processes of the head, it was highly probable
that it had been inflicted by another individual with one of those parts.
Instances of combats between males for the possession of females are
known in many groups of animals, and even among man, so that there
is nothing improbable in Mr. Sharp's supposition that the wound he dis-
covered, was caused in such a combat. This, according to Mr. Sharp,
would explain the great development of their genal processes; and,
carrying out the theory of sexual selection, even the other characters.
The beetles in their combats would endeavor to wound one another in
the highly vulnerable soft membrane. An individual finding himself
worsted in the fight, would need all the strength of the powerful muscles
of contraction to hold his head close down to the thorax, and thus pre-
vent his opponent reaching the weak point in his chitinous armor. His
enemy on the other hand would use his mandibles to pry him open,
and bracing himself with his stout hind legs, the struggle would go on
until the weaker brother was defeated. Thus, according to Mr. Sharp,
the individual deficient in the peculiar weapons of offense and defense,
would often fail to secure a mate, and in the long run the majority would
leave no off'spring to perpetuate their failings: and in the series of ages

— 192 —

during which the species has existed, the gradual disappearance of poor-
ly developed specimens has produced the present monstrosity — a monu-
ment to the evil passions of the Coleoptera.

Mr. Sharp is deeply grieved at such an immoral proceeding and I
quote his closing and affecting words: "If I am correct in my suppositions
"about this insect, those of us who are evolutionists will have to admit
"that the organisation of this extraordinary creature has been evoluted
"in correlation with sexual combats through a long series of ages,
•'and there has thus resulted a most extraordinary perfection of struct-
"ures directly and indirectly connected with this object. This is so
"abhorrent to our moral sense, that we may feel gratified that we can
"also point to the fact, that these structures are unique, and that out
"of hundreds of thousands of insects now known to us, there is nothing
"to indicate that any other has passed through a similar evolutionary
' 'record. '

It will be observed that Mr Sharp does not allude to the subterranean
life of the insect, of which ne appears in fact to have been ignorant, for
he regrets that he can furnish no satisfactory explanation of the form of
the hind femora, unless they assist in the sexual combats as sketched
above. It was reserved for M. Lameere to revive the previously known
fact of the insect being subterranean, and thus complete its history as I
have given it above — taking most of my facts from M. Lameere's article.
M. Lameere examined a number of specimens, and found in several, the
wounds of which Mr. Sharp wrote, and in one specimen a similar one in
the much smaller upper membrane. He therefore adopts Mr. Sharp's
theory as to their cause and of the development of the lateral processes
by sexual selection; but considers that the other parts have attained their
present form entirely through a process of natural selection, due to the
subterranean habit of the beetle.

To return to its position in classification for a moment; j\I. Lameere
in support of his placing H. armatus among the Longicorns advances
some interesting theories as to the antennae and tarsi. In his own words:
"It is scarcely necessary to remark that long antennae would be ex-
"tremely inconvenient for a longicorn so well adapted to a subterranean
"life and that even on the surface Ihey would be useless, since it has
"lost its wings. And as to the tarsi, just as the limbs o^ Mammalia
"were originally furnished with five fingers which diminished in number
"under special circumstances, so the legs of Coleoptera seem to have once
"uniformly terminated in five-jointed tarsi, which have varied in the
"process of evolution, as they were needed for running or for attaching
"the insect to trees. If the insect needed adaption to walking Of
"running habits, its tarsi would become as long as possible; and there-

—193—

"fore such families now present the primitive form of five-jointed tarsi.
"If however the insect was, as in Longhorns, in the habit of attaching
"itself to trees, these would need to be as short and compact as pos-
"sible, and hence the fourth joint has disappeared. The subterranean
"life oi Hvpocephiilus has simply restored its primitive form."

Leaving these speculations, we certainly have in Hypocephalus arma-
tus a most interesting addition to our knowledge of natural history, in a
beede so modified, that at first glance it does not resemble its order at all,
and even after fifty years still baffles the attempts of our most learned
Entomologists to place it properly in that order.

To those who are inclined to the theories of evolution, it furnishes
once more a striking example of what changes peculiar circumstances can
bring about, and of the perfect operation of the processes of Natural
Selection.

Editorial vagaries.

We have just looked over the back Nos. df Ent. Am. with a feeling
of satisfaction at the value of their contents; but vt^e cannot help feeling
also that some parts — even the most valuable — are dry; very dry. Science
is, by outsiders, supposed to be dry, and Entomology as a science ought
necessarily to be dry also. It seems an inevitable deduction that if En-
tomology is dry. Entomologists also should suffer from drouth. And
perhaps too, that explains the fact we have noticed, that all Entomologi-
cal Societies that we have attended, have, without special motion, but
with remarkable unanimity, wended their way, after adjournment, to some
convenient locality where liquid refreshments were dispensed. When the
Brooklyn Ent. Soc. arrives in force, there is always a new keg put up, for
science is sometimes very dry indeed, and over the cup that cheers, the
lights of our science hold forth to a group of special admirers, and in so-
cial chat experiences are exchanged, and much valuable information
gained. With Messrs. Edwards, Neumoegen, Hulst,* Graef, Tepper, and
other Lepidopterists of note at one end of the table. Dr. Horn, Messrs
Julich, Leng, Roberts, Angell etal, Coleopterists, at the other, "ye editor"*
oscillating between, the hours fiy unheeded, and, with a sigh of regret, the
meeting finally adjourns: each member fuller than before — of Entomo-
logical wisdom of course.

Temperance drinks only!

— 194—

Sometimes valuable observations are given at these '"annex'" meet
ings, which, but for the "chiel amang them taking notes" would never
be "prented."

*

At the recent "annex"' meeting of the Ent. Soc. of Washington — pre-
sent C. V. Riley, Ph. D., President; Geo. Marx, M. D., Vice President:
E, x\. Schwarz; Rec. Secy.; L. O. Howard, Cor. Secy.; "ye editor," as re
presentative of the rank and file, and Prof. H. Osborn as honored guest —
there was observed a roach — Blatta germajiica. Roaches are not so scarce
in Washington as to merit special attention; but the members having all
run very dry on Entomology generally, seized upon the subject with rel-
ish — i. e. not with the same relish ih-AXXh^ subject o{ Cicada was seized up-
on by some members of this society on a previous occasion; but with a
different, less gastronomical relish.

Prof. Riley related that in his office there was a roach that had be-
come quite tame and familiar.* It manifested no fear of him, would
watch him at his work and would, when a finger was presented climb on
it, run round on his hand, and make itself very much at home.

Mr. Howard stated that he also had a tame roach, and this specimen
had a fondness for tobacco. He would, when smoking, occasionally lay
his cigar on the edge of one of the drawers of his desk, and the roach would
come to the moist end and feast on nicotine. When taking up the cigar
again he would shake off the roach who would wait until it was again re-
placed, and again resume his feast.

Another member, who modestly desires to have his name with-
held, thought that insect intelligence had been much under-
rated. A young lady friend of his had a pet roach that used to frequent
her dressing case drawers, and used to expect and appreciate, the little
tendernesses and endearments its mistress accorded it. For three years,
or thereabouts it lived happily; but then, for a short time its mistress re-
fused to notice it — other matters on her mind probably — and this the
little pet took so to heart that it deliberately made a feast on ' 'Pearl Pow-
der,'' knowing of its poisonous qualities, and died. Deliberately com-
mitting suicide! A marvelous instance of Insect intelligence!

* *

*

Sea shore collecting, which is often very remunerative, has its disad-
vantages if pursued on frequented shores. Every passer-by stares: pity-
ingly in some instances; curiously in others. That might be endured;
but they ask questions: why do you collect.'' w^hat do you do with them.^
Usually we tell them they are used to flavor chowder, which despite our

* The editor has also found Washington roaches very familiar indeed on very
short acquaintance.

— '95—

clerical appearance does not always seem to meet with entire belief. Mr.
Schwarz says they are used in making fever medicine, and as Mr. S. has
a thoroughly medical look, his explanation is usually deemed satisfactory.
Sometimes neither explanation will work and then such rencontres
as the following may happen. Collecting industriously near Fortress
Monroe, Mr. Lugger was accosted by an army officer who asked the usual
questions. Considering his questioner Mr. Lugger tried to explain.
"Hum" — replied the officer — "bugs eh! Humbugs I guess'' and passed
on. Later on the officer again came along with all the pride of uniform
and a fair lady on each arm, and found Mr. Lugger examining a speci-
men of Tetrodon turgidus a bladder fish, which had been cast up and
was inflated. "What's that; not a bug too is it.?'' was demanded. He
was informed it was a fish. "What's its name; do you know.-*"' That also
was given as above. "Oh nonsense! I want an English name if it's got
one." "Oh yes!" replied Mr. Lugger, remembermg the "humbug", "we
call it the officer fish. " "Officer fish.?" queried his now interested inter-
locutor "Why Officer fish.?" "Because it is usually so puffed up" was
the answer, which caused the ignominious retreat of the young magnate

amid the laughter of his fair companions.

* *

*

Curious mistakes sometimes occur in foreign Journals, commenting
on American works, because of insufficient knowledge of English. In
the "Relazioni intornoai lavori della R. Stazioni di Entomologia Agraria,
di Firenze 1879-82 issued in 1884, S. Targioni Tozetti gives a review of
Prof Comstock's paper on Coccidee in the Kept, of the U. S. Entomolo-
gist some years ago; giving in parallel columns the species, and the plant
or tree it infests and the locality where found. Among others we find
Mytilaspis panddiini n. sp. feeding on Trealease at Cambridge. Mr.
Trealease is pretty well known, but that he had a special Coccid infesting
him may be news. Of course Mr. T. was in the original referred to as
collector. Another error in the paper credits Prof Comstok with the
ChalcididcB described in his Report, while Mr. Howard is in reality an-
swerable for them.

Prof Comstock has hard luck — in the Berliner bot. Zeitschrift for
1882 he is three times referred to as "Prof Cornstalk." Bound to make
a botanical specimen even out the name it seems.

Our Editorial labors for the year are about closed— the present num-
ber especially has required serious thought and much deliberation, and
with a sigh of relief we put away our editorial paraphernalia, wishing
each of our readers most heartily "A Happy New Year;" and as we feel
charitably disposed, we will also wish them anything else they may desire.

— 196 —
Food-Plants of Lepidoptera*

(No. 2. Smerinthus excrecatus, A. & S. )
BY WM. BEUTENMULLER.
Leguminosae-
Wistaria sinensis, Dec. (Chinese Wistaria. )

Rosaceae.

Pmnus virginiana, L. (Choke-Cherry.) Rubus cdoraius, L. (Purple-Flowering

" serolina, Ehr. (Wild Black Cherry.) Raspberry.)

Spiraea opulifolia, L. (Nine Bark.) Pyrus mains, Tourn. (Apple.)

Urticaceae.

Ulmus fulva, Michx. (Slippery or Ulmus alata, Michx. (Whahoo or

Red Elm.) Winged Elm.)

" americana, L. (American or " suberosa, Mouch.

WMdElm.)

Cupuliferae.

Quercus palustris, Du Roi. (Smamp or Ostrya virginica, Willd. (American

Pin Oak.) Hop Hornbeam. )

" coccinea, W^ang. (Scarlet Oak.) Carpinus americana, Michx.
Corylus americana, Walt. (Wild (Hornbeam.)

Hazel-Nut.)

Betulaceae.
Belula alba, L. (White Birch. Betiila var. populifolia, Spach.

Salicaceae.
Salix cordata, Muhl. (Heart-leaved Populus tremuloides, Michx. (American

Willow. ) Aspen. )

" lucida, Muhl. (Shming Willow.) " grandidentata, Michx. (Large-

" fragilis, L. (Brittle W'illow.) toothed Aspen. >

" alba, L. (White AVillow. ) " angulata. Ait. (Angled

" Babylonica, Tourn. (W^eeping Cottonwood.)

Willow.) " mimilifera, Ait. (Cottonwood,

Necklace Poplar.)
^ I » I ^

Notes and News.

The Rev. A. Matthews establishes** the new genus Corylophodes which is ex-
ternally distinguished from Corylophus by the antenna; having 11 joints (9 in Cory-
lophus) by the small thorax with the posterior angles either obtuse or rectangular
(produced and acute in Corylophus), and by the elyti-a being much broader than the
thorax. The mouth parts are said to differ strikingly in the two genera but are not
described.

The new genus includes Corylophus marffmicolUs and trimcatus from North
America, two species from the Sandwich Islands and a number of species from Central
America, the old genus Corylophus being restricted to the two European species and
a third from the Atlantic Islands. E. A. Schwarz.

* Commenced in Papilio, Vol. IV, p. 155.

** Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, XXII. Dec. 1885, p. 160.

- 197—

A generic Synopsis of the Hymenopterous family
Chaicididae.

Bv L O. Howard.

As an endorsement ol the plan adopted by the editor of Entomo-
LOGiCA Americana 1 present the following synopsis of one t)f the families
of parasitic Hymenoptera which I have been studying in a somewhat de-
sultory manner for the past few years. In it 1 lay no claim to originality,
but present it as a simple compilation from Foerster, Thomson, Mayr,
Walker, Halliday, Cameron, Rondani and other writers. I do not con-
fine it to American genera for the obvious reason that the family has been
so little studied in this country, that European g