t ^imm A Flora of California BY WILLIS LINN JEPSON Professor of Botany, University of California ILLUSTRATED WITH MANY ORIGINAL FIGURES VOLUME II CAPPARIDACEAE TO CORNACEAE (Pages 1-684; figures 128-279.) NEW \ ; CALIFORNIA SCHOOL BOOK DEPOSITORY 159 New Montgomery Street San Francisco ASSOCIATED STUDENTS STORE Universitt or California, Berkblxt Pablishera of Botanical Books by DB. W. L. JEPSON A Manual or the Flowering Plants or CAnroRNiA. 1238 pages, with 1023 illuntrations. Cloth bound; Calochortus design in gold on side. A complete account of the native seed plants in one compact volume for field use. $7.50. The Trees or California. 240 pages, 140 drawings. Cloth bound in HoUiston bnckram, with title in gold on back and side, and design of Jeffrey Pine in Rem Ca&on on side. (3.50. A Flora of California. Royal octavo. Illustrated. "Vol. 1, parts 1 to 7 now ready. $9:50. Vol. 2, parts 1 to 3, complete, paper bound, $7.00. Ket to the Families of Flowering Plants of California. 16 pp. paper. $0.20. A High School Flora for California. Cloth bound, 224 pages. 20 illustrations. $1.50. Carpenteria californica Toir. One of the most remarkable of tlie narrow endemics of California this shrub is confined to a region about twenty miles long in the (Sierra Nevada foothills between the canon of the San Joaquin River and the Big Creek tributary of the main Kings River, mainly from about 1500 to 4000 feet in altitude, a, flowering branch, XI;?', cross- sect, of ovary, X 4. See page 141. Drawing by Dr. Helen M. Gilkey. (Fron- tispiece.) A Flora of California BY WILLIS LINN JEPSON Prof ess or of Botany in the University of California Volume II CAPPARIDACEAE TO CORNACEAE LIBRARY NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN CALIFORNIA SCHOOL BOOK DEPOSITORY I49 NEW MONTGOMERY STREET SAN FRANCISCO Copyright 1936 BY Willis Linn Jepson Volume 2, dates of issue Part 1, pagks 1 to 16 and 337 to 684, September 17, 1936. Part 2, pages 17 to 176, February 15, 1936. Part 3, pages 177 to 336, July 20, 1936. ABBY LOUISA WATERMAN DAUGHTER OF THE DESERT AND OF A RACE OF SAGES, PENETRATING OBSERVER OF THE ARID WASTES OF MESA AND PLAYA, PROTECTOR OF THE DESERT MEN AGAINST THE ERRANT FLOW OF CIRCUMSTANCE, TO HER IS INSCRIBED THIS DEDICATION PAGE OF THE SECOND VOLUME OF THE FLORA OF CALIFORNIA BY THE BOTANICAL TRAVELER, WHO, DRIVEN FROM PITILESS RANGES AND STONE-DRY HIDDEN VALLEYS IN THE YEAR NINETEEN HUNDRED AND FIFTEEN, FOUND ELEMENTAL SHELTER AT WATERMAN RANCH IN THE HEART OF THE MOHAVE. In North America, at least, Pleistocene history must be interpreted anew; in Eu- rope it is being reinterpreted and we may congratulate ourselves that it is the field- botanist who is able to lead the geologist into clearer paths. The two sciences must draw closer together; until they do both the historical geologist and the plant geog- rapher will continue to work in unnecessary darkness. — Merritt Lyndon Fernald. LIBRARY NEW YOI BOTANlCAi GARDEN AN HISTORICAL SKETCH OF DESCRIPTIVE FLORAS FOR CALIFORNIA, 1838 TO 1880 The first publication that may in a wide and rather loose use of the term be called a "flora" of the Californian area is the "California Supplement" (1838- 1841) in Hooker and Arnott's Botany of Beechey's Voyage. In this Supplement are described the collections made by David Douglas during the years 1831 and 1832 in the Coast Ranges, chiefly in the central region. About five hundred and seventy-six species of vascular plants are listed. Some of these plants were ob- tained by other collectors and a few were gathered far northward beyond the pres- ent boundaries of California. In so early a day, the term California, extremely indefinite, was not infrequently compelled to do duty as far as the basin of the Snake River or the snowy volcanic peaks that look northward to the gorge of the Columbia River. Several collections earlier than those of Douglas had been made in California. The La Perouse Expedition visited Monterey in 1786 but later perished in the South Seas. The botanist of the Malaspina Expedition, Thaddeus Haenke, col- lected around Monterey in 1791. A few of his California plants were published in Presl's Reliquiae Haenkeanae (1830-1831), but the greater part were destined to lie at Prague for many decades and over one hundred and forty years elapsed be- fore the California collection was taken up as a whole for serious study. Archibald Menzies, botanist of Vancouver's Voyage, made at a half-dozen points along our coast line important collections at intervals from 1791 to 1795, but his plants, nearly all new, were published in a scattered manner by various authors, mostly one or two at a time, over a long period of years. The Russian Kotzebue Expedi- tion visited San Francisco Bay in 1816 and small collections were made by the naturalists, Adelbert von Chamisso and Johann Friederich Eschscholtz. Cha- misso's new California plants were not given to the botanical world separately but were published periodically in connection with various materials gathered elsewhere by the expedition. Eschscholtz is the author of a paper with the title "Descriptiones Plantarum Novae Californiae", containing twelve Californian species described as new. This is the first paper, almost exclusively Californian, to bear the word California in its title (Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersbourg, ser. 6, 10:281-292,-1826). After David Douglas came Thomas Nuttall in 1836, whose collections along our south coast, rich m new species discovered and described by him, were mainly pub- lished in Torrey and Gray's Flora of North America (1838-1843). The small collections of the "Sulphur" Expedition, made by Hinds and Barclay along the California coast in the autumn of 1837, were included in the general botanical report of the expedition. The various governmental Pacific Railroad Surveys brought survejang parties to the Pacific Coast from 1853 to 1855, each with its botanist or naturalist. The botanical reports in the various volumes of the Surveys were, in the absence of other literature, extremely useful to those educated men who as gold seekers from the eastern United States lived in California from the year 1848 onward. There were other expeditions by sea, many other expeditions by land (notably those of John C. Fremont), and there were numerous lone in- dividual explorers, but from the beginning of scientific collection in 1786 no pub- lication resulted for full ninety years that could be called a "flora" for our area, save the "California Supplement" appearing in the Botany of Beechey's Voyage. With the rapid cultural development which came with the inrush of the argo- nauts, the need for a flora of the entire state became apparent, and expectation of such a treatise developed as part of the working plans of the California Geological [5] 6 DESCRIPTIVE FLORAS FOR CALIFORNIA, 1838-1880 Survey, 1861-1875. The field botanist of the Survey, W. 11. Brewer, made eon- siderable eollections from 1801 to 18()4 and was followed as botanist by II. N. Bolander Avho served for several years in ways to be remembered. Brewer was the first to colleet to any dep:ree in the Sierra Nevada and in many other parts of the state, but he was not by inclination a botanist. The first collector of hundreds and hundreds of plants never before known, he scarcely ever, perhaps never, spoke of them while in California as species novae and he described as new to botanical science not above four or five. The dried plants of the Survey were taken to Harvard University and. ampli- fied by additions from numerous individual collectors, were desij^ned to furnish the basis for a flora. Brewer began work in Cambridge in 1865 but his progress was after several years inconsiderable. Scientifically well trained and w'ith marked intellectual gifts, he was yet devoid of the qualities of mind which make a sys- tematic botanist and possessed no pas,sion or even taste for systematic botany. Consequently, while he struggled laboriously for several years it was to little avail. Thereupon Asa Gray, able and distinguished, and Sereno Watson, competent- minded though as yet with limited experience, took over the task and completed and published the first volume of the Botany of the California Geological Survey ill 1876. The second volume, made ready by Watson with the aid of specialists, appeared in 1880. The w'hole work was basetl almost entirely on the organography of the flower, fruit and leaf, with relatively little else. If one observe in the Gray Herbarium the extraordinarily limited material available at that time and the many California plants represented by a single insignificant or dubious scrap, the achievement of the authors should be regarded as very remarkable and has only occasionally been surpassed. The publication, long looked forward to with im- patient eagerness by the general natural history public in California, was given a felicitous welcome. The two volumes were not disappointing and yet, as explora- tion of the state w'ent on and as quite new regions w^ere examined, it was soon found that many more, even twice as many or more species existed, both as to plants of narroAv habitat and widely distributed or abundant forms, as were described. Moreover, the authors took little or no account of plant associations, zonal distribu- tion or local climates. The herbarium specimen necessarily took first place in the minds of both Gray and Watson, not the living plant. Both these men, to be sure, had been in California. Gray was, however, unable to interest himself in field work, although he sometimes collected a little as a concession to the mores of Botany. It is probable that Watson never collected a single plant within the borders of California. The importance of locality, that is the place w^liere the specimen was collected, where the living plant grows, with its extraordinary significance in rela- tion to associated species, topography, altitude, exposure, local climate and other considerations, such as habit and biological factors, exerted comparatively little influence upon these men in connection with their study of herbarium specimens. The range of a species as expressed in general terms was in that day considered important, but less was thought of definite localities. Gray as well as Watson dis- tributed duplicates of the dried plants of Brewer and other collectors to European herbaria without locality, although the original label bore a locality. Neither Gray nor Watson had any prophetic sense of the richness of the vegetation, its highly localized character or degree of differentiation, or of the development within various genera of species swarms. As early as 1870 Gray wa*ote to a far western correspondent, ''Send me a full set of all [your] plants. I hope you may find some new things but you will have to look sharp if you do." Yet to each suc- cessive consignment of wholly new materials from western America Gray gave order and arrangement that Avere a tribute to his native powers. After Gray's death Edward Lee Greene published four numbers of his Flora Franciscana (1891-1897). This flora was done by a man of scholarly parts who, DESCRIPTIVE FLORAS FOR CALIFORNIA, 1838-1880 7 with a genius for observing plants in the wild, put field work in the forefront of his activities. Had the publication been finished it would have been extremely useful as embodying field studies and was greatly needed, but after leaving Cali- fornia the author's concept of species changed so markedly in the direction of numerous segregation that the completion of the work was not practicable. The present Flora of California was planned in 1894. That the work upon it should be done here in California was accepted as a matter of course. While con- venience of access to the older herbaria is lacking, that lack may be compensated for in some measure by journeys to the eastern United States and to Europe. The advantages otherwise are wholly determinative : the living plant associations, their extent, nature and character, — unique and highly informative — stir deeply the scientific imagination. At once a fundamental canon lies plainly in view, that field investigations be given priority, that field work be regarded as primary. In such an ordering of activity all phases of field records and results, all considerations of analysis, all judgments and conclusions of whatever importance at whatever stage derived, whether in the wild, in cultures, in the laboratory or in the her- barium, tie back ultimately as a basic essential to the living plant, and even more expressively, the living plant at a definite locality in a natural plant formation. The most significant unit in the classification of living things is, to be sure, the species. It is most important biologically. In any flora the determination of the species and the working concept of the species as a practical matter are all im- portant, since without a sound basis for this biological unit all other considerations fail. On this account it was determined as a matter of fundamental principle that the study of the species should begin (though not end) in the field. The field work was designed to favor certain objectives which can be expressed as follows : 1. Appraisement of natural specific units in the field as a preliminary to cultural or herba- rium determination is to be regarded as a fundamental in scientific method. For a descriptive flora of a region, which is intended to represent plants as they grow in a state of nature, the concept of specific units is best derived in the first instance from the study of genera composed of well-defined units, or from genera which contain highly variable groups in which there is fairly general agreement as to the units. 2. Appraisement of natural units is definitely furthered by a knowledge of the habitat of the plant, the kind of soil, the amount of moisture, the direction of exposure, and the degree of , insolation. 3. The study of a colony of a species is necessary in order that a series of specimens taken from it may be selected with reference to a plan and therefore serve well as records. Otherwise, there may be accumulations of apparently diverse material which in reality represent only one unit. In small colonies, evidently representing one close genetic assemblage, the essential like- nesses are usually though not always dominant, the variables as a whole inconspicuous or at least so subordinate as to assume a proper relation to the whole social unit. Contrariwise, the prepara- tion of a long series of specimens from either a wide or narrow territory, or from definite pheno- topes, if done with the same care, may result in uncovering two or more units formerly thought to be one. Diagnoses made from living plants or from notes of field studies have, therefore, a vitality and force that are quite lacking in descriptions based only on dried plants. 4. Investigation of life histories in the field furnishes marked aid in the recognition of specific units. Such factual matter often provides unexpected differentiae of value and affords means for refined discriminations not otherwise possible. In this vast field progress is necessarily slow but the results are always gratifying. The association of various phases of the plant's life with successive ecological factors often supplements morphological character or may provide a basis for species differentiation when morphological characters may be obscure or fail entirely as constant differentiae. Any developmental character may be of interest, or the character of any organ not usually associated with conventional diagnoses. Seedlings or juvenile stages, for ex- ample, often have an importance in determining relationships, because their organs may reveal primitive characters. 5. Investigation of underground organs, their habit and structure, may yield new facts of importance in connection with relationships. This is all the truer in that such organs are not readily observed and are, save by a few ecologists, rather generally neglected. 6. Habitat, temperature and precipitation afford a means of determining the natural posi- tion of a species over its entire geographic range, or, in large degree, its climatic requirements, and 8 DESCRIPTIVE FLORAS FOR CALIFORNIA, 1838-1880 80 may bo used to compare or contrast related species. Since species in great part tend to occupy climatically different areas, knowledge of the climate or climatic position is sometimes effective in relating dubious plant forms to their proper groups. 7. Record of the altitude at which material is taken is always important since it is of pri- mary use in the determination of zonal values. 8. Studies of the associated species at a given locality or in a natural area, their character, abundance and habits, yield basic material of great importance in the segregation and correlation of natural units, especially if the determinations are made in connection with a consideration of climatic or edaphic factors. 9. Determination of the limits of geographic range of a species is always of great impor- tance and the collection of material must keep this object in view. No two species have exactly the same range, because each species by its constitution reacts in its own peculiar way to environ- mental conditions. 10. Determination of the center or area of highest development of a species by the tests of abundance or dominance of individuals, their size, vigor, tolerance and fertility ; by the degree and uniformity of morphological differentiation; by the capacity to hold the territory in com- petition with other species as involved by temperature, water, insolation, fire and other influences: consideration of these factors must be regarded as a necessary preliminary to the satisfactory description of a species for use in a flora which designs to portray the plant cover of a country. In presenting a record of the plant populations it is necessary that descriptions be written so as to give a view of the prevailing or biologically successful form of a given species, the biotype or natural unit, so to say, instead of the artificial "type" of the herbarium which may represent an outlying or unusual form. 11. Seasonal changes in the structure of organs on one individual, or the production by the individual successively of morphologically different forms of one organ, have a weighty signifi- cance on account of the fact that such expressions are often described as distinct species. 12. The degree and character of morphological variation of organs in a species as expressed by a single individual or by several phenotypic individuals from one habitat, or by a colony ob- viously to be accepted as of one genetic constitution, form a subject for useful field study, and if validated by records and specimens have a marked value in the work of defining the limits of species. 13. Senilism or lethalism in the plant are phases which may likewise yield evidence of value bearing upon the special morphology of a group or the enigmas of relationship. Ample field records must be made in field books always carried on one's per- son, so that notes may be made on the spot. Such practice becomes by habit a prime duty in the field. Collections should always be serially numbered in sequence as gathered. Field books thus enriched day by day provide a source of wealth in the laboratory and herbarium for which there is no substitute. Photographic records in the field are also a source of great profit in scientific studies. Herbarium, laboratory and bibliographic research and garden cultures have each in a flora plan a markedly cogent place, but the purpose of the present note is to evaluate field activity. On account of the extreme diversities of climate and topography in California, the native vegetation presents markedly peculiar, not to say singular, features. Field investigation of the native plants is, therefore, in this undertaking heavily weighted by its fruitf ulness and inspiring values. To this day entirely new plants with as strongly marked characters as any obtained one hundred years ago are being found in California. These are highly restricted species of micro-climatic pockets, and not merely segregates of old or well-known species. These discoveries emphasize tlie aspects of geographically narrow species, which has to do with problems of great moment. With an appreciation of local- ized endemism and its biological significance, as well as of wide-spread species and broad influences, there may thus be related the essentials preliminary to an under- standing of the very beginnings of knowledge concerning the origin of the varied floras of California. Willis Linn Jepson. University of California, Berkeley, April 25, 1927. CHORIPETALAE (concluded) CAPPARIDACEAE. Caper Family Herbs (ours annuals) or shrubs, with heavy-scented herbage. Leaves alternate, ours palmately compound with 3 (rarely 5) leaflets, or sometimes simple. Flowers perfect in bracted racemes, or solitary and axillary. Bracts usually petioled, con- spicuous or minute, even in one species. Calyx-lobes or sepals 4, minute or small, much smaller than the petals, usually persistent. Petals 4, not clawed or scarcely so. Stamens 6 (in Polanisia and other genera often many ) , nearly equal. Ovary 1 (or rarely 2) -celled, borne on a stipe and often exserted. Receptacle often thick- ened or lengthened as a torus between the stamens and petals. Fruit a few to many- seeded 2-valved capsule, the valves separating from the filiform placentae, or the valves separating from the axis as closed 1-seeded nutlets. — Species about 550, all continents, but mostly warm regions. Bibliog. — Torrey, J., Notes on Cleomella (Hook. Jour. Bot. 2:254-255, — 1850). Greene, E. L., Peritoma (Pitt. 4:208-210, — 1900); Eevision of the genus Wislizenia (Proc. Biol. Soc. "Wash. 19:127-132, — 1906). Pavson, E. B., A svnoptieal revision of the genus Cleomella (Univ. Wyo. Publ. Sci. Bot. 1:29-46,-1922). Parish, S. B., Cleomella obtusifolia Torr. & Frem. (Bull. S. Cal. Acad. 22:12-14, — 1923). Crum, Ethel K., Geographic distribution and relationships of Isomeris, Cleomella and Wislizenia (ms). Shrub; ovary 1-eelled, many-ovuled; capsule inflated; torus enlarged at summit into a disk „ , 1. ISOMEIUS. Herbs. Ovary 1-celled; capsule few to many-seeded, its valves separating from the placentae; torus more or less thickened and sometimes lengthened. Flowers in ours white; stamens 8 or more 2. Polanisia. Flowers yellow; stamens 6. Capsule linear to oval (longer than broad) 3. Cleome, Capsule short, nearly as broad as long or broader, more or less flattened contrary to the replum; valves boat-like or conical 4. Cleomella. Ovary 2-eelled, didymous, the cells with 2 ovules; fruit 2-seeded, each valve closely investing its seed and falling away with it; torus short. Stamens elongated; stipe long; stipules present 5. Wislizenia. Stamens little surpassing petals; stipe very short; stipules none 6. Oxystylis. 1. ISOMERIS Nutt. Glaucous shrubs. Leaflets 3. Flowers large, yellow, in bracted racemes. Calyx 4-cleft, persistent. Stamens long-exserted. Torus produced posteriorly into a 2-lobed thickening. Capsule large, inflated, coriaceous, long-stipitate, tardily de- hiscent. Seeds few, large. — Species 1. (Greek isos, equal, and meris, part.) 1 The plan for a Flora of California was conceived and outlined in the year 1894 and work was begun at that time. The duties of the author as an officer of instruction in the University of Cali- fornia were such, however, that his days were closely occupied with scheduled engagements. In addition he had for many years responsibility for the University Herbarium and also assumed many functions having to do with the public welfare. So it was that no free days were available for carrying on the Flora as an investigation project and time for the work was only had by the use of broken hours or even the seizure of flying moments. It was a fixed principle, nevertheless, that no day must pass without thought, however brief, for the opus magnum. During the latter years of these decades of investigation the author has had at irregular periods the help of grad- uate students as research assistants and this footnote is for the purpose of paying tribute to the aid they rendered. In the years 1917, 1918 and 1925 Alma Union Ames (Mrs. Phillip Weigart) was employed as a research assistant. Endowed with an understanding of unusual breadth and clarity, she apprehended swiftly and soundly the real essence of species problems with a sagacity that has rarely been equalled. From 1919 to 1922 Lulu M. Newlon (Mrs. George B. Upton) gave a service marked by its sobriety, painstaking care and wise appraisements. Dr. Newlon also sensed well the vast extent of the field and the need for finishing tasks in the time allotted. A supple- mentary service during 1919 and 1920 was rendered by Elizabeth Van Everen Ferguson (Mrs. Walter Steilberg) and by Conrad Vernon Morton (an undergraduate), in 1927. During the period (Footnote continued on page 10.) [9] 10 CAPPARIDACEAE 1. I. arborea Nutt. Bi^dder Bush. Branching:, 2 to 4 feet hi{?li; leaflets oblont;, acute, Vi to 1V1> inches long:; petals G to 8 lines long:, the calyx-lobes half as long:; capsule elliptical or elliptic-oblong: to lanceolate, long:-pointed or short- pointed, IVi to 2^2 inches long:, on long: (lii to % inch) stipes. Sand}' valleys or canon sides. 500 to 2500 feet; western Mohave Desert, south- erly to the western Colorado J)esert, thence west to the coa.st from San Diego Co. to Ventura Co. South to Lower California and Sonora. Feb. -May or Xov. Note on the flower. — In lat to 7 lines thick at the middle. — Te- hachapi Mts. to west side of Colorado Desert. South to Lower California. Locs. — Tehachapi, Ahrams 10,789; Twenty-nine Palms, T. Brandegee; Borrego Sprs., T. Brandegee. Refs. — IsOMERis AJiBORBA Nutt. ; T. & G. n. 1:124 (1838), tvpe loc. San Diego, Nuttall; Cov. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 4:67 (1893) ; Abrams, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Card. 6:363 (1910) ; Jep- son, Man. 407 (1925). Var. globosa Cov. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 7:73 (1892), type loc. Caliente Creek, Kern Co., Coville 1107; Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 4:67, pi. 4 (1893) ; Jepson, Man. 407 (1925). 7. glohosa Hel. Muhl. 2:50 (1905). Var. insularis Jepson. Var. angustata Parish, Muhl. 3:128 (1907), type loc. Palm Sprs., Parish. I. angustata Parish; Dav. & Mox. PI. S. Cal. 161 (1923). 2. POLANISIA Raf. Viscid-glandular heavy-scented annuals. Leaves palmately 3 to 5-foliolate. Flowers in a terminal raceme, with simple bracts. Stamens 8 to 32. Petals com- monly clawed. Receptacle with a gland behind the ovary. Ovary sessile or short- stipitate. Capsule linear to oblong, many-seeded, erect, on spreading pedicels. — Species about 14, North America. (Greek polus, many, and anisos, unequal, re- ferring to the stamens. ) 1. P. trachysperma T. & G. Stem erect, branching from below, 7 to 12 inches high; leaflets 3, narrowly ovate to oblanceolate, 6 to 9 lines long; petals white, obovate, strongly notched, clawed; stamens 9 to 16; capsule linear-lanceolate, turgid, 1 to 21^ inches long. Dry loose gravelly or sandy soil, 4500 to 5000 feet: northeastern Modoc Co. South to Mexico, east to the Great Plains and north to Washington. July- Aug. Loc. — Granger Canon, foothills of the Warner Mts., L. S. Smith 1057. Eefs. — PoLANisiA TRACHYSPERMA T. & G. Fl. 1:669 (1840), type from Texas, Drummond; Jepson, Man. 407 (1925). 3. CLEOME L. Spider Plant Ours annuals. Leaflets 3, sometimes 5, entire. Flowers yellow or purple, in racemes. Sepals distinct or united at base. Capsule oval to linear, pendulous or erect. Seeds several to many, round-reniform. — Species about 110, all continents in tropical and warm regions. (Ancient name of some European mustard-like plant. ) Calyx 4-cleft; stamens longer than petals; capsule linear, pendent. Flowers purple 1. C. serrulata. Flowers yellow 2.C.lutea. Calyx of 4 distinct sepals. Stamens much longer than petals; capsule oval or oblong, pendent 3. C. platycarpa. Stamens not longer than petals ; capsule linear, erect on its stipe 4. C. sparsifolia. 1. C. serrulata Pursh. Rocky Mountain Bee Plant. Stem erect, simple or branching, 1 to 3 feet high; herbage glabrous; leaflets 3, oblong or oblong-lanceo- late, entire, 1 to 2 inches long; flowering racemes dense; calyx-lobes mucronate or 12 CAPPARIDACEAE subulate, short, mostly shorter than tube; petals reddish purple, sometimes pinkish or white, 3 to 5 linos long; capsule linear, sometimes torulose, 1 to 2i/4 inches long; pedicel about equaling stipe, pedicel and stipe together nearly to fully as long as capsule. Vallej's or flats, 5 to 2200 feet: rare in Southern California. Arizona to Wash- ington and east to the Rocky Mts. June-July. Locs. — San. Diego, "Indian Reservation," Orndt in 1883; Claremont (Bull. S. Cal. Acad. 24:49) ; Pt. Sur, K. Brandcgce ; Barstow (Bull. S. Cal. Acad. 14:15) ; Tulare Lake region, ace. Kenned}'. These, the only kno-\\ni collections in California, probably represent waifs or casual introductions. Eefs. — Cleome serrulata Pursh, Fl. 441 (1814), type loc. "on the banks of the Missouri," Leicis; T. & G. Fl. 1:121 (1838); Pax, Bot. Jahrb. 14:293 (1892); Jepson, Man. 407 (1925). Peritoma serrulatum DC. Prod. 1:237 (1824). C. integrifoUa T. & G. FL 1:122 (1838) ; Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, 33:404 (1862). Peritoma integrifoUa Nutt. Jour. Acad. Phila. 7:14 (1834). 2. C. lutea Hook. Gold Cleome. Similar in habit to C. serrulata; herbage glabrous; leaflets 3 to 5, oblong or oblong-oblanceolate, mucronate, mostly % to 1^2 inches long; calyx-lobes triangular-acute to lanceolate, longer than tube; petals golden yellow, 3 lines long; capsule linear, V2 to IV2 inches long, of about the same length as stipe and pedicel together; stipe about equaling pedicel. Sandy flats in the deserts or arid interior, 4000 to 5000 feet : Inyo and Mono Cos. North to Washington and east to Colorado. May- Aug. Locs. — Independence, Jepson 909; Bishop, Inyo Co., Almeda Nordylce; Deep Spring Valley, Purpus 5812; Bridgeport, Mono Co., Congdon; also at Downey, Los Angeles Co. (Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 181), as a waif. Nev. : Sodaville, Esmeralda Co., Shockley 662. Eefs.— Cleome lutea Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:70, t. 25 (1833), "banks of the Columbia; and in the valleys of the Blue Mts.", Douglas; Lindl. Bot. Reg. 27 :t. 67 (1841) ; Jepson, Man. 407 (1925). Peritoma luteum Raf. Sylva Tellur. 112 (1838). 3. C. platycarpa Torr. Stink-clover. Stem erect, viscid-pubescent, i/4 to 2 feet high; leaflets 3, oval or oblong, ^/j to 1 inch long; bracts oval or oblong, petioled; flowering raceme dense; sepals subulate; petals golden yellow, ovatish-oblong, 3 to 3i/'2 lines long; capsule turgid, oval or oblong, 8 to 12-seeded, ^2 to 1 inch long, the stipe mostly a little shorter. Dry gravelly or sand}'- clays, 2700 to 5000 feet : Butte Co. to Siskiyou and Modoc Cos. Oregon ; western Nevada. June- Aug. Locs. — Butte Co., E. M. Austin; Likely, Modoc Co., C. C. Bruce; Adin, Linda Dodd; Alturas, L. S. Smith 925 (with soft white hairs and stiffish spreading purplish hairs intermixed) ; Liberty, Modoc Co., F. Stephens; Shasta Valley, Butler 1335 ; Yreka, Greene 845. Verdi, Nov., Sonne 452. Refs. — Cleome platycarpa Torr. Phanerogamia of Pacific Coast of N. Am. 235, t. 2 (1874), type loc. Klamath River, n. Cal.; Jepson, Man. 407 (1925). 4. C. sparsifolia Wats. Stem erect, branching, Y2 to 2 feet high, glabrous, sparsely leaved; petioles % to 1% inches long; leaflets 3, obovate to cuneate, 2 to 5 lines long; racemes few-flowered; flowers 3 to 4 lines long; sepals denticulate; pedicels 1 to 3 lines long; petals spatulate, greenish-purple with white margins, 5 lines long, with nectar-bearing scale at base; stamens not longer than petals; cap- sule linear, % to l^l inches long; stipe II/2 oi" 2 lines long. Clayey soil, 3000 to 6450 feet : Inyo and Mono Cos. Also western Nevada. May- June. Locs. — Keeler, J. Grinnell; Mono Lake, Peirson 10,761. Nevada: Peacock's Ldg., Winne- mucca Lake, K. Brandegee; Rhodes, Esmeralda Co., ShocTcley 360. Refs. — Cleome sparsifolia Wats. Bot. King 32, pi. 5 (1871), type loc. Ragtown, Churchill Co., Nev., Watson 133; Jepson, Man. 408 (1925). CAPER FAMILY 13 4. CLEOMELLA DC. Annuals. Leaves with 3 leaflets. Flowers yellow. Pods rhomboidal, few- seeded and small, pendent or spreading on a long or short stipe and pedicel, ours with the valves laterally distended or produced into short horns or rarely horn- less. — Species about 12, North America. (Diminutive of Cleome.) Flowers solitary and axillary ; capsule mostly deflexed on its pedicel. Leaves long-petioled, hirsutulose ; stipules scarious-laciniate, resembling a tuft of wool 1. C. ohtusifolia. Leaves subsessile, glabrous; stipules none 2. C. brevipes. Flowers in racemes; herbage glabrous. Stipe almost obsolete, the pedicel elongated; stipules present 3. C. parviflora. Stipe and pedicel about equal, widely spreading or the stipe sometimes a little deflexed on its pedicel; stipules none 4. C. plocasperma. 1. C. obtusifolia Torr. & Frem. Mohave Stinkweed, Plants 5 to 10 inches high, diffusely branched, or the trailing stems % to 3 feet long, with ascending branchlets; stems glabrous, rarely hispid or scabrid; leaflets somewhat succulent, obovate, thinly hirsutulose, 2 to 8 lines long, the apex with a mucro or hair; pedicels 3 to 4 lines long; calyx-lobes ovate, pilose-ciliate; petals bright lemon yellow or pale orange, oblong, hispidulose on back of blade, narrowed to a short broad claw, 2i/^ lines long, all 4 turned to upper side of flower or 2 of them spreading horizontally right and left; stamens raised on a torus, exserted; capsule 3 to 4I/2 lines broad, its valves conical, often produced into a short beak, or frequently rounded; stipe in fruit 3 lines long, reflexed upon its pedicel. Sandy mesas or washes, 200 to 4000 feet : Inyo Co. and south to the Mohave Desert and Colorado Desert. East to western Arizona. June- Aug. Field note. — The herbage has a noxious pervading odor. The narrowed bases of the two upper petals have somewhat revolute margins, revolute in such a way as to form a sort of tubular structure. The edges of the revolute portion of the petals are in some cases distinctly serrulate. Doves feed on the seeds, whence the folk name "Dove Weed." Locs. — Keeler, J. Grinnell; Alabama Hills, Inyo Co., Jepson 919; Owens Lake, Jepson 5099; Searles Lake, Jepson 7154; Barstow, Jepson 4793; Rabbit Sprs., S. B. 4- W. F. Parish 1287; Box S Eanch, s. Mohave Desert, J. T. Howell 2680; Twenty-nine Palms, Jepson 12,631a; San Felipe Wash (e. of Borrego Valley), Jepson 8900; Coyote Wells, s. Colorado Desert, Jepson 11,775. Var. pubescens Nels. Stems and foliage very pubescent. — Mohave Desert (Lancaster, Greene; San Bernardino Mts., desert slope, Hart); Kern Co. (Walker Pass, Furpus 5562). East to Nevada. "Var. jonesii Crum var. n. Flowers scattered in small axillary or terminal clusters. — (Flores in fasciculis parvis, axillaribus vel terminalibus.) — Mohave Desert (Box S Eanch, Jones, type; Hinckley, Jones) ; Colorado Desert (Coyote Wells, McGregor 143). Var. florifera Crum var. n. Flowers concentrated at the ends of the nearly paniculate branches. (Inflorescentia terminalis, subpaniculata.) — Mohave Desert (Lancaster, Jones; Cush- enbury Sprs., Jones; Newberry Sprs., Jones) ; Inyo Co. (Little Lake, Jones, type). Refs. — Cleomella obtusifolia Torr. & Frem.; Frem. 2d Rep. 311 (1845), type undoubtedly from the Mohave Desert, Fremont, certainlv not collected "on the American fork of the Sacra- mento River"; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 229 (1901), Man. 408 (1925). C. taurocranos Nels. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 18:172 (1905), type loc. Colorado Desert, Orcutt 1484. Var. pubescens Nels. 1. c, type loc. Mohave Desert, Engelmann; Jepson, Man. 408 (1925). C. pubescens Nels. 1. c. 173. Var. jonesii Crum. Var. florifeea Crum. 2. C. brevipes Wats. Stem diffusely branched from the base, nearly glabrous, 2 to 10 inches high; leaves subsessile; leaflets linear, 4 to 6 lines long, or the upper leaves simple and similar to the leaflets; flowers solitary in the axils of nearly all the leaves; petals obovate, % line long; stamens shorter than petals; capsule 2 lines broad, broader than long, its valves produced into short but distinct horns; pedicel and stipe recurved, 1 to 2 lines long. Alkaline shores, salt meadows or washes, 2000 to 4000 feet : Mohave Desert north to Inyo Co. East to western Nevada. May-July. The habit of the plant is suggestive of an annual Suaeda. 14 CAPPARIDACEAE Ixics. — Near Daggett; Owens Lake, Jcpsnn 5096. Aah Mdwa., Nev., Purpus 6045. Rcfs. — Cleomella brenti'Es Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 17:365 (1882), type loc. Camp Cadj (near Daggett), Mohave Desert, Parish Bros. 1289; Jepaon, Man. 408 (1925). 3. C. parviflora Clray. Stem mostly freely brancliiii;: from near the base, 4 to 10 iiK'lies liitrli; herbage {glabrous; leaves very shortly petioled; leaflets linear, Yo to 1 inch lonj;; tlowerinf? raceme dense, its bracts commonly simple, sometimes similar to the leaflets and not reduced, sometimes much reduced; stamens not ex- ceeding the (1 line long) petals; capsule deltoid, 2 lines broad, the valves gibbous or navicular, very bluntly if at all beaked; pedicels 8 to 13 lines long, the stipe l^ to ^L» liw'>^:1-Z96, flgs. 1-35,-1927). Bayer, A., Beitrage zur systematischen Gliederung der Crueiferen (Bot. Centralbl. beih. 18, abt. 2:119- 180,-1905). Nelson, A., Note on Arabis pedicellata (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 18: 187,-1905). Thellung, Albert, Die Gatt. Lepidium (Mitteil. Bot. Mus. Univ. Zurich 28: 1-340,— 1906). Eyd- berg, P. A., Thelypodium (Bull. Torr. Club 34: 428-435,— 1907). Von Hayek, A., Entwurf eines Cruciferen-Systems auf phylogenetischer Grimdlage (Bot. Centralbl. beih. 27:127-335, t. 8-12, —1911). Payson, E. B., The perennial scapose Drabas of N. Am. (Am. Jour. Bot. 4:253-267,— 1917); Notes on certain Cruciferae (Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 5:143-151, — 1918); Monograph of the genus Lesquerella (I.e. 8:103-236, figs. 1-34, — 1921) ; A monographic study of Thelypodium and its immediate allies (I.e. 9:233-324, — 1922); The genus Thlaspi in N. Am. (Univ. Wyo. Publ. Sci. Bot. 1:145-163, figs. 8-15,-1926). Fernald, M. L., Some variations of CakUe eden- tula (Ehod. 24:21-23, — 1922). M. K. Bellu'e, New weeds confused with Hoary Cress (Mo. Bull. Cal. Dept. Agr. 22:288-293, figs. 1-3,-1933). 18 CRUCIFERAE I. Pods dehiscent by valves. A. Pod a siliquc {lincarcloni/atui to oblong, several times longer than wide). Pods on ft long stipo (5 to 10 lines long) ; flowers yellow 1. Stanleya. Pods not stipitnto, or on n very sliort or obscure stipo (% to 1 line long). Racemes loafli'ss and l)r;ictiess. Pods not beaked or merely tipped with tho persistent style (cf. one sp. in no. 2). Stems from annual or perennial roots or root-crowns. Valves 1- (or more) nerved. Seeds in 1 row in each cell (except 2 species in no. 5 and several in no. IG). Flowers yellow, or often white in nos. 4 and 5. Leaves dissected or pinnatifid, or some at least lobed ; flowers small. Pods terete. Annuals 5. Sisymbrium. Perennials 4. Haumolobu.s. Pods somewhat quadrangular, pointed; perennial 11. Barbaeea. Leaves entire or merely dentate, at least not lobed ; flowers large, orange or yellowish 17. Erysimum. Flowers white or whitish (rarely yellowish) to purple or purplish. Petals with a broad linib, not crisped or twisted. Pod teretish ; flowers white or pale yellow ; leaves pinnately divided into small segments; tufted perennial 1.5. Smelowskia. Pods flattened; leaves dentate or entire, a few species pin- nately divided or lobed. Pods not horned at apex; seeds winged or wingless 16. Arabis. Pods 2-horned at apex; seeds winged.. ..18. Matthiola. Petals commonly with narrow limb. Sepals mostly greenish; petals white or yellowish, rarely purple or roseate, the blade not crisped; filaments distinct; stigma entire or obscurely 2-lobed; pods terete or nearly so; seeds not winged 3. THEIiYPODIUM. Sepals mostly colored, commonly purple; petals purple or white, rarely yellow, the blade often crisped, often narrower than the claw; filaments distinct or the upper pair connate and sometimes the lower pair; stigma entire to deeply 2-lobed; pods flattened; seeds winged or wingless 2. Steeptanthus. Seeds in 2 rows in each cell. Pods terete; flowers yellow or white 12. Radicula. Pods strongly flattened; flowers purplish 19. Parrta- Valves not nerved; leaves pinnate 13. Cardamine. Stems from tuberous rootstocks, naked below; flowers white 14. Dentaria. Pods produced into a beak beyond the valves; embryo with conduplicate cotyledons; flowers yellow; nectar glands 4. Pods terete; seeds in one row in each cell 9. Brassica. Pods somewhat compressed ; seeds in two rows in each cell 10. Diplotaxis. Racemes leafy; leaves pinnatifid; annual 20. Tropidocaupum. B. Pod a silicle (globose, orbicular or oblong, about 1 to 3 times as long as wide). Pods not turgid. Pods flattened parallel to the broad partition. Flowers in racemes; seeds not winged. Pod 1 or 2-seeded; low altitudes 29. Alyssum. Pod many-seeded; seeds in 2 rows in each cell; mostly alpine or subalpine 32. Draba. Flowers solitary on naked scapes; seeds with a broad membranous wing 28. Platyspermum. Pods flattened contrary to the narrow partition. Seeds 2 to several in each cell. Herbage glabrous; leaves undivided 24. Thlaspi. Herbage pubescent; leaves pinnately incised or parted. Flowers white, 1 line long; pods 1 to 4 lines long 30. Capsella. Flowers purplish, 6 lines long; pods 3 to 9 lines long 21. Lyrocaepa. MUSTARD FAMILY 19 Seeds solitary in each cell. Pods regularly dehiscent. Pods with tomentose valves and cord-like margins, notched both at base and apex 23. Dithtraea, Pods with glabrous or pubescent valves, notched or obtuse at apex, not notched at base, winged or not winged at apex 26. Lephhtjm. Valves of the pods falling as closed or nearly closed nutlets, very rugose [ 25. COEONOPUS. Pods more or less turgid. Terrestrial plants. Pods subglobose or obovate; herbage pubescent „ 22. Lesquerella. Pods pear-shaped with a narrow margin; herbage glabrous or nearly so.. ..31. Camelina. Aquatic plants ; pods oblong; leaves linear-subulate 27. Subularia. H. Pod indehiscent or at least not dehiscent by valves. Pods elongated, at length breaking transversely into 1-seeded indehiscent joints. Flowers showy; pod several-seeded, commonly with constrictions between the seeds 8. Eaphanits. Flowers small; pods 2-seeded, jointed in the middle 7. Caxile. Pods flattened, orbicular to obcuneate, 1-seeded, wholly indehiscent. Pods margined all around with a wing ; stems mostly erect. Flowers in long racemes; pods orbicular 34. Thysanocakpus. Flowers crowded in rather short racemes, the racemes corymbose-paniculate ; pods ellip- tical 6. ISATIS. Pods not winged; stems slender, diffuse 33. Athysauus. 1. STANLEYA Nutt. Tall perennial or biennial herbs, or sometimes suffrnteseent, with coriaceous, glabrous and often glaucous leaves. Flowers numerous in showy elongated spike- like racemes. Calyx in bud long, eylindric; sepals linear or narrowly spatulate, spreading or reflexed in anthesis. Stamens equal; anthers basifixed, linear, curved or in age tightly coiled; filaments long-exserted. Stigma small, sessile on the summit of ob- long-clavate thickened style, the thickened portion with a longitudinal furrow. Pod linear-elongated, terete, long-stipitate, its valves 1-nerved; seeds in one row; cotyledons incumbent. — Species 5, arid western North America. (Lord Edward Stanley, English ornithologist, first half 19th century.) Style short-hairy near base; petals much exceed- ing sepals, bright lemon-yellow, the claw woolly; leaves chiefly cauline, mostly pin- natifid, only the uppermost entire 1. S. pinnata. Style wholly glabrous; petals about equaling sepals, light yellow, glabrous throughout; leaves chiefly basal, all entire or subentire 2. S. elata. 1. S. pinnata Britt. Desert Plume. (Fig. 128. ) Plants 2 to 5 feet high, the long solid erect branches from stout woody bases 4 to 6 inches high; herbage glabrous; leaves glaucous, variable, blades of the lower com- monly coarsely lyrate-pinnatifid or some- times entire, 3 to 7 inches long, long-petioled, blades of the upper less divided, or lanceo- late and entire, short-petioled ; racemes % long; sepals greenish-yellow; petals bright yellow, the oblong limb 2i/^ to 4 lines Fig. 128. Stanleya pinnata Britt. basal leaf, X ^ ; &, infl., X % ; c, X %. to 2 feet long; pedicels 2 to 4 lines 20 CRUCIFERAE longr, the claw woolly-pubescent, as long or lonj^er tlian blade, and dilated down- wards; filaments pnbenilent toward base; pods V/y to 2V2 inches long, a line wide, spreading, curved like a sickle; stipe 5 to 10 lines long. Dry plains and foothills, 1000 to 4500 feet: Mohave Desert, west to Santa liar- bara Co., north to the upper San Joaquin Valley and Inyo Co. East to Nebraska and Texas. May-June. Field note. — Keniarkably capparidaceous in habit and in certain points of flower structure, this plant is a very interesting species phylogenetically. It is not uncommon in certain localities in the Mohave Desert. We are now trailing in a southerly direction over a pass at the west end of Ord Mt. and find a dry lake bed, the lower part of it occupied by Atriplex canescens Nutt. About five acres of the bed are in high color, filled with handsome round many-stemmed plants of Stanleva pinnata four to six feet high, the finest wo have yet seen. — Jepson Field Book, vol. 30: p. 79 (1914), ms. Biol. note. — The tops of the shrubs are winter-killed and only the basal 1 or 2 feet are truly woody. The leaf buds are wholly lateral, develop rosettes which burst in February, and are borne almost exclusively on the lower portion of the simple slender flowering shoots of the pre- vious season, and only to a slight degree on older wood. A trunk stem from the Calico Wash north of Daggett (Jepson 6597) is 1% inches in diameter and ten years old. Some of the cap- sules dehisce tardUy throughout the winter. — Jepson Field Book, vol. 32: p. 44 (191G), ms. Locs. — Santa Maria, Ida Blochman : Cuyama Valley, Jepson 12,162 ; Soledad Canon, Los Angeles Co., Barber 179; Eock Creek, Pcirson 292; Eabbit Sprs., S. B. ^ W. F. Parish 132; Pleasant Valley, Hexie Mts., Clary 1491; Cottonwood Spr., ne. of Mecca, Jepson 12,560; Calico Wash, n. of Daggett, Jepson 5384; Ord Mt., Jepson 5937; Summit sta., e. of Haloran Spr., e. Mohave Desert, Jepson 15,810; Ash Creek, Owens Lake, Jepson 5129; Emigrant Caiion, Death Valley, Jepson. Eefs.— Stanleya pinnata Britt. Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 8:62 (1888) ; Gov. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 4:64 (1893) ; Jepson, Man. 411 (1925). Cleome pinnata Pursh, Fl. 2:739 (1814), tvpe loc. upper w. Mississippi Vallev, Bradbury. S. pinnatifida Nutt. Gen. 2:71 (1818), Missouri Eiver, NuttaJl; B. & W. Bot. Cal. 1 :'38 (1876). 2. S. data Jones. Panamint Plume. Stems solid, 2 to 6 feet high, scape- like or branching toward the summit; leaf -blades lance-ovate, entire or divided at base into a few lobes or w^ell-defined divisions, 4 to 10 inches long, as much as 3^ inches broad, narrowed at base to a short petiole or in upper leaves petiole half as long as blade; racemes 6 to 15 (or 24) inches long; sepals petal-like, broad-mem- branous at base, slightly enlarged upwards to an oar-like blade 2 lines wide; petals light yellow, about equaling the sepals but narrower and less conspicuous, blade reduced, crisped; filaments short-hairy on the lower half; pods filiform, 3 to 4 inches long, 14 line in diameter. Washes of mesas and canons of desert ranges, 5000 to 6500 feet : Argus, Pana- mint and White mountains, Inyo Co. Northerly to western Nevada. May-June. Locs. — Argus Mts., Jones; Inyo Mts., and betw. Darwin and Keeler (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 4:64) ; betw. Wild Eose Cafion and Emigrant Wash, Panamint Mts., Ferris 7999; Black Canon, White Mts., Duran 2693. Eefs. — STAN1.EYA ELATA Jones, Zoe 2:16 (1891), type loc. near Hawthorne, Mineral Co., Nev., Jones; Jepson, Man. 411 (1925). Stanleya viridiflora Nutt. In the two preceding species the stem leaves are petioled and the stamens twice or nearlv thrice the length of the petals. In S. viridiflora Nutt. (T. & G. Fl. 1:98,-1838, type loc. Ham's Fork, Colorado Eiver; Jones, Zoe: 3:283,-1893) the stem leaves are clasping and the stamens not exceeding the petals. A form of it has been found near the California boundary at Candelaria, Esmeralda Co., Nev. 2. STREPTANTHUS Nutt. Annual herbs, or some biennial or perennial. Basal leaves commonly toothed or pinnatifid, the cauline similar or entire, often sagittate-clasping. Calyx with 2 of the sepals or all saccate at base, the calyx thus ovoid or broad at base and con- tracted above, or by the spreading of the tips becoming somewhat flask-shaped; MUSTARD FAMILY 21 or not at all saccate but siibcylindric. Petals purple, white, pinkish, or rarely pale yellow, commonly with a narrow undulate or crisped limb and channeled claw, the upper pair sometimes longer (as in no. 21). Stamens tetradynamous, or in 3 unequal pairs, the filaments all distinct, or the longer pairs united, or only the upper pair united. Pod narrowly linear, flattened parallel to the partition; valves 1-nerved or rarely carinate. Seeds in one row, flat, winged or wingless. — In S. californicus the pods are obcompressed. Species about 35, western North America and Mexico. (Greek streptas, twisted, and anthos, flower, in reference to the petals.) Evidence in regard to the validity of the genus Caulanthus. — Of the various species which compose the genus Caulanthus of Watson (Bot. King 27) C. inflatus has been considered a good biological representative. It has been referred to Caulanthus by all authors who have accepted Caulanthus as a genus. It is, however, in every particular of flower structure like various domi- nant types of Californian Streptanthi, such as S. glandulosus Hook. The fruits are essentially similar save that the stigma is 2-lobed in Caulanthus inflatus as opposed to the entire stigma of Streptanthus glandulosus. But other Caulanthus species (such as C. pilosus Wats.) are quite hitermediate in this particular. A study of the sum total of the characters of the most represen- tative or central types of Californian Streptanthi and of the dominant types of Caulanthus indicate, to our mind, that these species are closely derived from one generic type. Phylogenetic considerations point to the arrangement of these forms under one genus name. There are other more or less outlying species, study of which lends weight to this judgment. Streptanthus heterophyllus Nutt. is, as a species, very near to Caulanthus coulteri Payson. In this connection Streptanthus insignis Jepson (based on a specimen collected at Waltham, w. Fresno Co., Easttoood, as a type) affords eAddence of value from a genetic standpoint. Its flower characters are to so remarkable a degree those of Streptanthus glandulosus Hook, that not a few careful botanists have distributed specimens of it under this name. The stigma, however, is evidently 2-lobed, rather slightly, to be sure, but still obviously ; while that of S. glandulosus is entire. The latest flowers of the raceme in Streptanthus rasignis are sterile, very congested and black-purple, and so form a terminal color spot. No terminal black spot is found in the racemes of S. glandulosus but it appears again in Caulanthus coulteri. Streptanthus insignis is, in our opinion, rather nearer Caulanthus coulteri than it is to Streptanthus glandulosus. Therefore on account of the lack of any real cleavage between Streptanthus and Caulanthus, most species, especially the typical ones, are' here referred to Streptanthus. Such an arrangement as we give below is believed to be more in consonance with the probable phylogeny. ^ Certain species require special consideration. For example : Streptanthus longirostris Wats., in our concept of the genera Streptanthus and Thelypodium, goes to the latter genus because of its resemblance to T. lasiophyUum Greene. Like that species or forms of that species, its pods are very slender, more or less rigid, and divaricate-spreading, with the pedicels very short (only about one-half line long). . A paper by E. B. Payson entitled "A Monographic Study of Thelypodium and its Allies (Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 9:233-324,-1922) includes an account of Caulanthus; it is well written, it is vigorous and progressive in treatment, and admirably considered. The author did not, how- ever, include Streptanthus in his investigation. In our judgment Caulanthus and Streptanthus are so close that any decisions fail in effectiveness if either be ignored. Bibliog.— Grav, A., On Streptanthus and the plants which have been referred to that genus (Proc. Am. Acad. 6:182-188,-1864). Greene, E. L., Certain West American Crueiferae (Lflts. 1:81-90,-1904); Four Streptanthoid genera (Lflts. 1:224-229,-1906). A. Stigma 2-lobed; petals plane or somewhat crisped; stem erect, simple or branched; seeds mostly wingless, sometimes narrowly winged. Cauline leaves petioled; stamen filaments of equal length, all distinct.— Subgenus Caulanthus. Herbage not glabrous; stem commonly branching, leafy up to the inflorescence; leaves coarsely toothed or pinna tifid. Petals almost included in the calyx; sepals purple; flower buds oblong, glabrous; bien- j^g^j .............. 1- ^- P^^osiis. Petals distinctly longer than the sepals; sepals pale or whitish; flower buds elliptic- ovate, hispidulose ; annual - ■^- ^>- ««'"*• Herbage glabrous; stem naked above the base or bearing a few reduced or bract-like leaves. Leaves entire; stem branching; calyx glabrous; perennial 3. A. glaucus. Lowest leaves mostly lyrate-pinnatifid. Calyx densely white-woolly; stem simple, strongly inflated; annual...... - -•- 4. o» CTdssicdiitt/St Calyx glabrous; stems 1 or several from the base, simple, rarely inflated; perennial. JO) Qg^ major. 22 CRUCIFERAE Cauline leaves sessile, auriculatc-clasping; stamen filaments in pairs, of unequal length; annu- als. Subgenus PARACAirijAJJTHUS. Stamens with the filaments all distinct. Basal leaves more or loss obovate, dentate. Flowers erect or spreading. Pedicels glabrous; raceme with few remote flowers; flowers purplish; pods erect or ascending 6. .S'. amplcxicaului. Pedicels hirsute; raceme with several flowers; flowers yellowish; pods mostly reflexed 7. S. simulans. Flowers pendulous; pedicels hispidulose 8. S. californicus. Basal leaves oblong or linear, saliently lobed ; pedicels bristly 9. S. insignis. Stamens with 1 or 2 pairs of filaments connate. Filaments of 1 (rarely 2) pair of stamens connate; pods mostly descending; 8t€m not inflated _ 10. S. couUcri. Filaments of 2 pairs of stamens connate; pods erect; stem inflated or very succulent. 11. 5. in flatus. B. Stigma circular and entire or only shortly 2-lobed; petals crisped with channeled claw, the limb crisped, usually narrow. Filaments of all the stamens distinct; plants all erect, or sometimes diffuse in nos. 15 and 16. — Subgenus Pleiocardia. Plants glabrous and glaucous. Branches of inflorescence without bracts; cauline leaves auriculate-clasping at base; sepals dull purplish or green, apex slightly bearded; petals with ovate claw contracted above to a ligulate limb; stamens nearly equal; pedicels less than 3 lines long; perennials. Flowers 3 to 4 lines long; pods 1 line broad. Cauline leaves broadly oblong to lanceolate, with auriculate base, not crowded.. 12. S. campestris. Cauline leaves cordate, crowded on the stem 13. S. harhatus. Flowers 5 to 6 lines long; pods 2 lines broad; cauline leaves cordate-ovate or -oblong 14. S. cordatus. Branches of inflorescence bearing round- to lanceolate-cordate bracts; petals with ex- panded limb; stamens in 3 unequal pairs; annuals (except 2 varieties of no. 15). Lower leaves oblong-spatulate, crenately toothed or lobed ; mostly montane. Pods recurved-spreading ; plants % to 3 or 4 feet high; common, of wide range 15. S. tortuosus. Pods erect; plants 2 to 7 inches high; rare and local 16. S. gracilis. Lower leaves pinnately divided, the segments linear-filiform 17. S. diversifolius. Plants hispid; leaves linear to oblong, the lobes or teeth commonly salient 18. S. heteropliyllus. Filaments of upper pair of stamens connate, bearing reduced anthers; inflorescence non- bracteate; petals with linear obtuse crisped limb; erect annuals. — Subgenus Euclisia. Plants glabrous and often glaucous. Calyx with the sepals in pairs, the outer pair sub-orbicular with upper sepal banner-like, exceeding other flower parts, the inner or lateral pair ovate, acute 19. S. polygaloides. Calyx with the upper sepal not banner-like. Pods usually somewhat torulose; calyx regular or nearly so. Leaves broad ; petals in dissimilar pairs 20. S. ireweri. Leaves narrow; petals in similar pairs 21. S. iarbiger. Pods not torulose; calyx \rith the 3 upper sepals approximate or connivent at tip, the lower one free; corolla irregular 22. S. niger. Plants hispid, at least below. Calyx commonly glabrous ; plants erect. Eaeemes loose; 3 upper sepals approximate or connivent at tip, the lower free; pods ascending 23. S. glandulosus. Bacemes dense, secund; 2 upper sepals approximate or connivent; pods recurved or drooping 24. S. secundus. Calyx more or less hispid, with sepal tips distinct and free; plants bushy-branched 25. S. hispidus. 1. S. pilosus Jepson. Biennial ; stem simple or branched sparingly, 1% to 3^2 feet high; herbage mainly glabrous but the lower parts densely hispid; leaf- blades pinnately parted into ovate or oblong lobes (the lobes irregularly lobed or MUSTARD FAMILY 23 toothed), 114 to 5 inches long, the petioles about half as long; raceme lax; flowers 4 to 5 lines long; sepals elliptic, green or purple, white-membranous-margined; petals whitish, the limb very narrow, acute, scarcely exserted; pods slender, flexu- ous, ascending or widely divaricate, 2^/2 to 5 inches long; pedicels 2l^ to 4 lines long. Sandy soil, deserts, 4600 to 6000 feet: Inyo Co. East to Nevada, north to Oregon and Idaho, Apr.-May. Locs. — Darwin Valley, Jones; Lone Pine Creek; Bishop, Heller 8295. Candelaria, Nev., ShocMey 5. Eefs. — Streptanthus pllosus Jepson, Man. 415 (1925). Caulanthus pilosus Wats. Bot. King 27 (1871), based on specimens from the Truckee VaUey and Humboldt Lake, Nev., Watson. 2. S. hallii Jepson comb. n. Annual; stem erect, 2 to 5 feet high, branching from the base upward, the branches erect; herbage glabrous or nearly, save that the lower leaves are hirsutulose or hispidulose with few scattered hairs; leaves chiefly basal or sub-basal, 2 to 7 inches long, the blades pinnately parted with sali- ent or angular lobes, or irregularly pinnatifid, the lowest petioled, the upper ones reduced, their blades linear or lanceolate, entire or subentire, sessile, not auriculate; racemes very loose, several to many-flowered, the flowers % to 1% inches apart; flower buds elliptic-ovate, hispidulose; flowers 3^4 lines long; pedicels and calyx sparsely hirsute or bristly; sepals whitish, pilose; petals white, somewhat con- stricted between claw and limb; pods curved or flexuous, widely spreading or ascending, 3^^ to 4% inches long; stigma cupulated rather than 2-lipped. Hill slopes and canons, 2000 to 5200 feet: desert slope of mountain ranges bounding the Colorado Desert on the northwest and west, from the Lookout Mt. region to the Balcan Mts. Apr. Locs. — Piiion Well n. of Indio, Jepson 6002; Coyote Canon, Santa Eosa Mts., Mall; San Felipe, T. Brandegee. Eefs. — Streptanthus HAiiLn Jepson. Caulanthus hallii Payson, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 9:290 (1922), type loc. Coyote Canon, Santa Eosa Mts., Kail 1165. 3. S. glaucus Jepson. Stem stout, branching, 1 to II/2 feet high, arising from a perennial root; herbage glabrous, glaucous; leaf -blades orbicular to roundish- obovate or ovate, entire or subentire, % to 3^4 inches long, the upper lanceolate, all on petioles % to % as long; flowers 5 to 51/2 lines long; sepals oblong or elliptic, V2 to % as long as the petals; petals greenish, the limb plane, nearly erect, about as long as and obviouslj'' narrower than the broad claw; pods slender, 3 to 6 inches long, on pedicels 3 to 5 lines long. Kocky slopes in the desert, 5000 to 7500 feet : White Mts. East to Nevada. June. Tax. note. — In this unique species the root-crown is sometimes quite woody and the stems a little inflated. The foliage is slightly succulent ; the stigma is bifid. Locs. — Silver Canon, White Mts., Jepson 7212, 7221 (root distinctly perennial), Buran 1513. Candelaria, w. Nev., ShocMey; Gold Mt., Nev., Purpus 5974. Eefs. — Streptanthus glaucus Jepson, Man. 415 (1925). Caulanthus glaucus Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 17:364 (1882), type loc. Candelaria, Esmeralda Co., Nev., ShocMey. 4. S. crassicaulis Torr. Annual; stem simple, strongly inflated, l^/^ to 3% feet high, the leaves mainly in a basal tuft, the cauline few and reduced; herbage glabrous; leaf -blades ovate or oblong and obtuse to lanceolate and acute, entire above, but with 1 or 2 pairs of salient oblong or linear lobes at or towards the base, 1 to 3 inches long, the petioles 1 to 1% times as long, sometimes bearing one or two supplementary leaflets; flowers 5 to 7 lines long, spreading on pedicels % to 1 line long; calyx densely white-woolly, sometimes glabrate in age and then purple; petals dark purple, white-margined; pods slender, terete, ascending, 3I/2 to 4% inches long. 24 CBUCIFERAE Desert gulches or gravelly slopes, 5000 to 7500 feet: Inyo Co. East to Utah. May-June. Loca.— Wyman Creek, White Mts., Diiran 1925; Nelson Range, Ilnll <.^ Chandler 71G0. Miller Mt., Esmeralda Co., Nev., Shockley 252; Gold Mt., Nev., Purpus 5992; Good Spra., Clark Co., Nev., K. Brandegee. Refs. — Streptantiius cr-<\ssic.\ulis Torr. ; Stansb. Expl. Great Salt Lake 384, pi. 1 (1852), typo loc. mountain side, e. shore Salt Lake, Utah, Stansbun/. Cmtlnnthus crassicauUs Wats. Bot. King 27 (1871). 5. S. major Jepson. (Fig. 129.) Stems 1 or few from a leafy-tufted per- ennial root-erown, simple, 1 to 2 feet high, the cauline leaves few and reduced or almost none; herbage glabrous; leaf-blades oblong to lanceolate, mostly obtusish, entire above, but with 1 or 2 pairs of lobes at base, or merely dentate, or wholly entire, 1 to 2 inches long, on petioles about as long; flowers glabrous, ascending, 5 to 6 lines long, on pedi- cels 1/2 line long; calyx blue-purple; limb of petals short, little exserted, with a central dark purple-veined area and broad white margins; pods erect, S^^ inches long. Desert slopes, 5500 to 7000 feet : ranges in and bordering the Mohave Desert. East to Utah. May-June. Locs. — This species is well marked in habit. The stems are stout or at some stations inflated. Infrequent in California, the following are the only localities known to us : Rock Creek, Peirson 65 ; Mt. San Antonio (n. slope) ; San Bernardino Mts. (n. slope), Parish 3777; Providence Mts., T. Brandegee. Refs. — Streptanthus major Jepson, Man. 415 (1925). Caulanthus major Payson, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 9:291 (1922). C. crassicaulis var. major Jones, Proc. Cal. Acad. ser. 2, 5:623 (1895), type loc. Bromide Pass, Henry Mts., Utah, Jones 5685. 6. S. amplexicaulis Jepson. Annual ; stem very slender, a little flexuous, 7 to 12 inches high ; herbage glabrous and more or less glaucous, especially on the under side of the leaves; leaf -blades broadly obovate to elliptic- oblong, shallowly sinuate-dentate and obtuse, somewhat narrowed at base or sub- petiolate, 1 to 3i/^ inches long, the upper auriculate- or cordate-clasping, entire, acute; flowers few and remote in the raceme, purplish, ascending; pedicels 3 to 6 lines long, spreading; pods slender, erect or ascending, 3 to 4V2 inches long. Montane slopes, in dry ground or rocky places, 1500 to 8500 feet : San Bernar- dino and San Antonio mountains, north to the western Mohave Desert. May-June, Locs. — Waterman Canon, San Bernardino Mts., Parish; Mt. San Antonio, Peirson 64; San Francisquito Pass; Manzana, Antelope Valley, Davy 2563. Refs. — Streptanthus amplexicaulis Jepson, Man. 417 (1925). Caulanthus amplexicaulis Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 17:364 (1882), type loc. San Bernardino Mts., S. B. # W. F. Parish and W. G. Wright. Euclisia amplexicaulis Greene, Lflts. 1:84 (1904). 7. S. simulans Jepson. Annual; stem simple or branching from the base, 1 to 1% feet high; herbage hispid below, glabrous above or with a few scattered hairs; basal leaves obovate to oblong-oblanceolate, dentate, % to l^/^ inches long, scarcely petioled, the cauline linear-oblong or lanceolate, dentate, sagittate-clasping; flowers yellowish, 4 lines long; pedicels hispid, I/2 to II/2 lines long; pods reflexed or de- scending, 1% to 2 inches long; stigma 2-lobed. Fig. 129. SlTREPTANTHUS MAJOR Jep- son. a, base of plant, X % ; &, infl., X % ; c, long. sect, of fl. showing stamens, Xiyo; d, pod, X 1/2. MUSTARD FAMILY 25 Mountain slopes, 1600 to 5000 feet : San Jacinto Mts. to Volean and Cuyamaca mountains. Mar.-Apr. Locs. — The segregation of this species we owe to the late E. B. Payson, Unlike Streptanthus heterophyllus and S. hallii, it is found on both slopes of the mountain range which lies between the Colorado Desert and coastal Southern California. Its flower-buds, oblong or oblong-ovate, are either glabrous or sparsely hirsute. The following stations validate the indicated range: Winchester; Elsinore to Menifee, Alice King; Coyote Canon, Jepson 1428 ; San Felipe, T. Brande- gee; Cuyamaca, T. Brandegee. Eefs. — Streptanthus simitlans Jepson, Man. 417 (1925). Caulanthus simulans Payson, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 9:295 (1922), type loc. Coyote Canon, Hall 1894. Caulanthus stenocarpus Payson, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 9:300 (1922), type loc. Bernardo, San Diego Co., Abrams 3364. Flowers pendent; sepals purple; stigma nearly entire, very small (ex char.). It is said to be nearest Streptanthus simulans. 8. S, calif ornicus Greene. Annual; stem branching from the base, 8 to 12 inches high; herbage glabrous (or with a few scattered bristles below) ; basal leaves 2 to 31/2 inches long, broadly oblong, strongly crenate, gradually narrowed down- ward to a winged petiole Vio to % as long as the blade; cauline leaves oblong to oblong-ovate, cordate-sessile, dentate, 1 to 2 inches long; pedicels hispidulose, 1 to 3 lines long; flowers pendulous, 3 to 4 lines long; sepals purple-tipped, white-mem- branous below; petals narrow, wavy-margined; pods obcompressed and strongly flattened, somewhat sword-like, erect or pendulous, 1 to 1^4 inches long, 2i/2 to 3^^ lines wide; style 1 to 1% lines long; stigma 2-lobed. Plains and hill slopes, 400 to 2000 feet : upper San Joaquin Valley and the bounding inner Coast Range. Mar.-Apr, Tax. note. — This species, Streptanthus californicus, is the type of Sereno Watson's mono- tj-pic genus Stanfordia (Bot. Cal. 2:479, — 1880). It is a very remarkable plant of highly local- ized occurrence and is in general quite uncommon throughout its range, though extremely abun- dant in the restricted colonies where it grows. Such colonies are found on valley flats or canon sides and occupy more or less circular areas 4 to 80 yards across. These areas are exclusively occu- pied by this species or at least it is the dominant and imparts, when in flower, a marked character to the scene. The pod is "somewhat laterally compressed" according to Watson, and is often described as thick or subterete, but we find it strongly flattened contrary to the partition, more or less lanceolate just before maturity, but gladiate when mature (cf. spms. from Zapato Chino Creek, sw. Fresno Co., T. Brandegee). The pods are straight or curved, even on the same axis; and when half -grown, it is highly interesting to note, they are curiously vermiform-contorted just as ia S. coulteri. In a small colony on the Carrizo Plain opposite the Panorama Hills, where the plants were obviously of one lineage, we noted that the main flowering axes of some plants bore deflexed pods, others bore ascending pods, others, still, bore spreading pods, and yet again there were some plants with pods ascending or deflexed on the same axis. The distinctive corolla is immediately pendulous; the sepals are strongly carinate, whitish on lower half, yellowish-brown on upper half ; the corolla scarcely exceeds the sepals ; the petals are typically streptanthoid, nar- row, greenish-yeUow with narrow' white wavy margins; the upper pair of petals spread right and left, the lower pair are parallel and turned downward. The buds are large, deep velvety purple, strongly 4-angled and 4-winged, in this respect resembling S. coulteri. About l^/^ miles south of the station last noted there were discovered a few more colonies about one-eighth mile wide. The most remarkable character of this plant resides in the embryo with its trifid cotyledons. Greene (Fl. Ft. 256) reduced Stanfordia to Streptanthus, on the basis of the similarity of its flowers to S. inflatus, a reduction accepted bv the present author in the Manual of Flowering Plants of California, 417 (1925). Payson (Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 9:300) reduced it to Caulanthus and says of the deeply trifid cotyledons that they "are remarkable and without parallel in the genus Caulanthus." However, we find that in certain specimens of Streptanthus (Caulanthus) coulteri the embryos have trifid cotyledons, as for example in the following : Greenhorn Eange, Hall 4- BahcocTc 5077; Orosi, Tulare Co., Harriet Kelley ; e. of Orosi, Harriet Kelley. All the habital and flower characters indicate close genetic connection of Stanfordia with Streptanthus coulteri and its var. lemmonii and related species ; and we, therefore, retain it m Streptanthus. The embryo, while very remarkable, is not unique, though the structure of the fruit imparts to the species a marked, almost impressive character. Sereno Watson's f aith m his genus may have wavered slightly, since he writes, on May 8, 1884, to E. L. Greene, "I would like to have you find a second species of the Stanfordia."— Jepson, Botanical Letters of Other Days, 43 (ms). 26 CRUCIFERAE Locs. — Bakersficld, Greene; Delano, Otto Steinwand; Deer Creek, Tulare Co., Congdon; Tulare (Fl. Fr. 25C) ; Huron, Fresno Co., T. Brandegcc ; Alcalde Canon (n. side) ; Zapato Chino Creek, T. Brandcgce (Zapalo Oliiuo Creek is tlie full name of Zapato Creek, a winter water course on the east slope of the Diablo Range, sw. Fresno Co.) ; Lost Hills (5 mi. e.). Mason; Carrizo Plain, opp. Panorama Hills, se. San Luis Obispo Co., Jcpson 10,214. Eefs. — Streptanthu.s cai.ifoknious (ireene, Fl. Fr. 250 (1891) ; Jepson, Man. 417 (1925). Stanfordia calif ornica Wats. Bot. Cal. 2:479 (1880), type loc. near Tulare, Mrs. A. E. Bush. Caulanthus calif orniciis Payson, Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 9:299 (1922). 9. S. insignis Jepson. Annual; stem branching from near the base, 1/3 to l^/^ feet high; herbage bristly-pilose; raceme with a dense terminal cluster of sterile flowers forming a conspicuous black spot; pedicels bristly-hispid; calyx sparsely but markedly bristly-hispid; stigma evidently 2-lobed; pods bristly-hispid, erect or reflexed. Stony mountain slopes, 1500 to 2500 feet; inner South Coast Range from San Benito Co. to w. Fresno Co. Apr.-May. Tax. note. — While the stigma of Strcptanthus insignis is only slightly 2-lobed, yet the loba- tion is obvious. This species is probably a mutant from S. coulteri Greene. It is, in any event, on the one hand, by reason of its hairy pedicels, the terminal "black spot" on the raceme, and its stigma, closely related to S. coulteri; and we believe that it is, on the other hand, related to S. glandulosus var. pulchellus Jepson by reason of its flowers. We find that collectors have dis- tributed specimens of S. insignis under the name S. pulchellus Greene, but that plant has a cir- cular and quite entire stigma. The genetic position of Strcptanthus insignis is, indeed, strikingly intermediate between S. coulteri Greene and S. glandulosus Hook., though nearer the former, and gives further weight to the soundness of the position we here hold that these two species, Strcptan- thus glandulosus Hook, and Strcptanthus coulteri Greene (Caulanthus coulteri Wats.), do not belong to different generic units. Locs. — Se. San Benito Co., Hall 9941; Warthan, \v. Fresno Co., Eastwood; Pinnacles, Mon- terey Co., A. J. Pietcrs (some of the pods glabrous, the filaments distinct). Ref. — Streptajstthus insignis Jepson, Man. 420 (1925), type loc. Warthan, w. Fresno Co., Eastwood. 10. S. coulteri Greene. Annual; stem simple or branching, 1 to 3 feet high; herbage thinly hispid; blades of cauline leaves oblong to ovate or lanceolate, entire or dentate to pinnately lobed or parted, sagittate-clasping, 1 to 5 inches long, blades of the basal and lowest cauline similar, on short winged petioles; flower-buds congested, deep purple, showing as a terminal black-purple spot at the summit of the plant, the racemes therefore at first very dense, but soon becoming elongated and lax; flowers 6 to 7 lines long, spreading or pendulous, on pedicels 1 to 5I/2 lines long; pedicels and calj'x more or less bristly; calyx at first deep purple, becoming greenish; petals white, dark veined, widely spreading; filaments of longest pair of stamens united about % or % of their length, or sometimes all distinct; pods terete, stoutish, erect, reflexed or reflexed-spreading, glabrous, 2^/2 to 3 inches long. Interior foothills and valley floors, 250 to 4000 feet : upper San Joaquin Valley and neighboring foothill ranges and foothill valleys, southward to the mountains on the west side of the Mohave Desert. Mar.-May. Distribution note. — Strcptanthus coulteri occurs chiefly in small colonies with well defined boundaries and to a less degree as scattered individuals. The known colonies are comparatively few in number. In 1932 a colony was found in Palo Prieto Pass, inner South Coast Eange, on a westerly slope, the plants (in full flower) standing so thickly as to make a light-colored spot on the hill about 80 by 100 feet in area. All the individuals were plainly of one close descent as evidenced by the uniformity of habit, aspect, leaves, inflorescence and flowers. The flowering axes in the course of development of the fruit showed successively pendulous, spreading and finally erect pods. The half -grown pods are curiously vermiform-contorted. Note on the flower. — The sepals are strongly keeled. The broad claws of the petals are contracted at apex and expand into the very undulate limbs. The limbs are really broader than the claw, but, being troughed and strongly undulate, do not appear so ; they are white, or nearly so,..with a few very dark or black pinnate veins. The short stamens are only half the length of the long stamens. The pedicels are hirsute with spreading hairs ; there are also a few hairs of this kind advanced on the calyx keels. The pedicels and calyces of the congested flower-buds at MUSTARD FAMILY 27 the tip of the raceme are glabrous ; these upper flowers with glabrous buds are sterile ; the calyces of the older flowers are sparsely hirsute or bristly. Pubescence, however, varies in amount and may be absent from individual organs. The embryos are very remarkable. Both cotyledons are deeply parted into three rounded lobes as shown in fig. 130. These remarkable structures afford further evidence of great weight that Streptanthus coulteri and S. californicus are closely allied. See also the discussion on the embryo in the taxonomic note under Streptanthus californicus. l '^ Locs. — Sierra Nevada foothills from Madera Co. to Kern (7 t/ O Co.: Pollasky, "Madera Co." (Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 9:297) ; Fig. 130. Streptanthus COTIL- Dunlap, Fresno Co., Jepson 2760; Orosi, Tulare Co., Harriet teri Greene, a, b, embryos, X 6; Kelley; Kaweah, Hopping 270 ; Havilah, Bear Creek, Purpus c, cotyledon spread out, X 6. 1705 ; Caliente, Davy 1880. San Joaquin plain : Tulare, Davy; Oil City, Kern Co., Heller 7630 (pods erect). Inner South Coast Range: Palo Prieto Pass, e. San Luis Obispo Co., Jepson 16,201; White Hills, Cuyama, Eastwood. Mt. Pinos region: Bisses sta., Tehachapi Mts., Dudley 455 (pods spreading) ; San Emigdio, Eastwood; Leonis Valley Davy 2634; Saugus, Davy. Var. lemmonii Jepson comb. n. Habit of the species; herbage glabrous or sparsely hirsute on lower part of stem; leaf -blades entire, coarsely toothed, or only weakly denticulate; raceme rather loose, the flowers deflexed or pendulous on pedicels 2 to 4 lines long ; pedicels glabrous or the lower ones hairy; calyces glabrous or the lower ones hairy; pods erect, stout, 2 to 4 inches long; stigmas long, spreading conspicuously. — Dry rocky banks, 900 to 1200 feet: San Luis Obispo Co. Apr. Locs. — Paso Eobles, Barter, Gondii; Cholame, Lemmon. This form has not been re-collected in the Cholame region. This fact in connection with consideration of the climatic differences between the Santa Lucia Mts. and the Inner South Coast Range suggests the surmise that Lemmon collected his plant near Paso Robles while on one of his trips from Paso Robles to Cholame. We think it likely, therefore, that var. lemmonii is a very narrow endemic restricted to the Paso Robles region. The flowers are soon pendulous, likewise the very young fruits, which, however, become erect in maturity. In general only the lower flowers are fertile. In all of this there is close resemblance to S. coulteri. The distinguishing marks of S. lemmonii Wats, were supposed to be the glabrous herbage, the glabrous pedicels and calyces, the deeply cleft stigma and the erect pods. But erect pods may occur in S. coulteri and as to pubescence, the following forms show the range of vari- ation in hairiness: (1) The extreme form, herbage, pedicels and calyx quite glabrous save that the stem is slightly hispid at base (Paso Robles, Barber). (2) Lower pedicels hairy, calyces glabrous, stems hirsute at base (Paso Robles, comm. Georgiana P. Ballard). (3) Lower pedicels densely bristly; calyces of lower flowers hairy; stem hirsute below (Paso Robles, comm. Geor- giana P. Ballard). (4) All the pedicels hairy except the purple ones of the sterile cluster; calyces mostly glabrous (Paso Robles, Carl 4" Dorothea Haueser). (5) In a series of specimens collected by Betty Knight near Paso Robles, pubescent pedicels are associated with fertile flowers and glabrous pedicels with sterile flowers. This statement is more or less true of most material of this variety. The upper pair of stamens are united by their filaments to the summit or they are free for nearly a line's length ; in the lower pair the filaments are completely united or united for % or % their length. There is in this matter of degree of union of the filaments obvious variation as in S. coulteri. While the stigmas are conspicuously long in all plants of this form, this character is one of degree only and will not serve ta this case for specific distinction. The Paso Robles plants are, therefore, reduced to varietal rank. In aspect they are quite like S. coulteri. Refs. — Streptanthus coulteri Greene, Fl. Fr. 257 (1891) ; Jepson, Man. 416, fig. 408 (1925). Caulanthus coulteri Wats. Bot. King 27 (1871), type from Cal., Coulter. Our present knowledge of the distribution of this species indicates that the Santa Clara Valley at or near Saugus is the only station crossed by the route of Thos. Coulter, Var. lemmonh Jepson. Strep- tanthus lemmonii Jepson, Man. 416 (1925). Caulanthus lemmonii Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 23:261 (1888), type loc. "Cholame," Lemmon. S. parryi Greene, Fl. Fr. 257 (1891), type a spm. col- lected by Parry, probably near Paso Robles. 11. S. inflatus Greene. Squaw Cabbage. Desert Candle. Annual; stem simple, very stout, becoming strongly hollow-inflated, 1 to 2i^ feet liigh; herbage glabrous (rarely a little hispid at base) ; blades of cauline leaves erect, oblong- ovate to elliptic or oblong, obtuse or merely subacute, entire or denticulate, sessile- auriculate or -cordate, li^ to 10 inches long; racemes at first very dense; pedicels glabrous or hispid, 2 to 4 lines long; flowers ascending, spreading or almost hori- 28 CRUCIFERAE zontal; calyx at first deep purple, becoming white, glabrous or nearly so; petals wliite or purplish-tinged, little exserted; stamens exserted a little; pods 2 to 4^4 inches long, ascending or erect. Dry plains and hills, 100 to 3500 feet: iMohave l^esert, north over the upper San Joaquin Valley and through the Inner South Coast Range to western Fresno Co. Mar.-May. Note on the flower. — Tlie sepals are strongly keeled in such a way as to make the young buds markedly -i-sided. The petal limbs are very narrow and very undulate on both sides of the median band ; they are only slightly exserted and spread rotately. The septum of the pod is often somewhat corky. Field note. — In years of scanty rainfall in the desert the plants more often occur in the richer sandy spots on the mesas and thus form small colonics (3 to 8 feet in diameter) to the leeward of a bush of Larrea or similar shrub. Or yet again, especially in seasons of higher rainfall, they may dominate an area half a mile or a mile square, forming a very dense stand (the plants 6 inches to a foot apart) and distributed without reference to the woody growth. Even in luxuriant colonies the stems are as frequently simple as few-branched, so that the assemblage has a very dis- tinctive aspect. In the Inner South Coast Eange this species is also found in colonies of restricted area (% to 2 or 3 acres), the colonies scattered at very wide intervals. The tender and succulent leaves of the plant are gathered by desert miners and prospectors who cook them for "greens" and make a dish which is esteemed more delicate than spinach. In the Inner South Coast Range the herbage is similarly valued by settlers. Logs. — Mohave Desert: Coolgardie Yucca Mesa, Jepson 6632, 6700; Stoddard's Well, Jepson 5904; Kramer, Jepson 15,448; Barstow, Jepson 5396; Randsburg, Kern Co., Heller 7702; Lan- caster, Davidson; Rosamond, Davy 2272. Upper San Joaquin Valley: Bakersfield, Eastwood; Sunset, Kern Co., Heller 7724. Inner South Coast Range : Elkhorn Scarp, Temblor Range, Jepson 16,224; Zapato Chino Creek, sw. Fresno Co., Jepson 15,388; San Carlos Creek, w. Fresno Co., Jepson 2741. Refs. — Streptanthus inflatus Greene, Fl. Fr. 257 (1891) ; Jepson, Man. 416, fig. 407 (1925). Caulanthus inflatus Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 17:364 (1882), type loe. Mohave Desert, Lemmon, Parish Bros. 12. S. campestris Wats. Stems one or few from the crown of a perennial root, mostly simple, IV^ to 4 feet high; blades of basal leaves oblong, irregularly dentate or denticulate towards the apex (the teeth setose-tipped), contracted at base to a winged petiole, the whole 5 to 7 inches long; upper leaves oblong to lanceo- late, auriculate-clasping ; flowers darkish purple, rarely yellowish, 4 to 5 lines long ; sepals bristle-tipped; pods spreading and curved, 3 to 6 inches long, 1 line broad; style short, stout; stigma shortly 2-lobed; seeds winged. Stony mountain slopes, 3000 to 7400 feet : San Bernardino Mts. to the Cuya- maca Mts. and south borders of San Diego Co. May-June. Loes. — Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mts., Hall; Santa Rosa Indian Village, Santa Rosa Mts., Jepson 1443; Campo, Abrams 3614. Var. bemardinus Jtn. Blades of basal leaves thickish, spatulate-obovate, contracted to a short petiole, 1 to 1% inches long, entire; flowers pale white, 3 lines long. — Mountain slopes or open forest, 5000 to 6500 feet: San Bernardino Mts. (Bear Valley, Parish 3035) and San Jacinto Mts. (Pine Cove, C. V. Meyer 147) to the Cuyamaca Mts. (Abrams 3874). Var. jacobaeus Jepson comb. n. Pedicels 1 to 2 lines long; flowers whitish, sometimes purp- lish; sepals 2 to nearly 3 lines wide. — Laguna Mts., Peirson 4837; Julian to Banner, Hall; Cuya- maca Mts. Refs. — Streptanthus campestris Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 25:125 (1890), type loc. Campo, G. B. Vasey # S. B. Parish; Gray, Syn. Fl. 1^:169 (1895) ; Jepson, Man. 417 (1925). Var. BERNARDINTJS Jtn. PI. World 22:89 (1919). Agianthus bemardinus Greene, Lflts. 1:228 (1906), type loc. San Bernardino Mts., Parish. Var. jacobaeus Jepson. Agianthus jacobaeus Greene, I.e. 229, type loc. Cuyamaca Mts., Orcutt 1507. 13. S. barbatus Wats. Stems simple, few or several from a perennial root- crown, ascending or horizontally spreading, 1 to 2 feet high; leaf -blades cordate, sessile and clasping, obtuse, all similar and nearly equal, crowded, 5 to 9 lines long; flowers purple, 3 to 4 lines long; sepals obtusish, setosely bearded near the apex; pods spreading, curved, II/4 to 2 inches long, 1 line wide; pedicels 1 line long; stigmas sessile or nearly so ; seeds roundish, narrowly margined. MUSTARD FAMILY 29 Sandy bottoms or rocky places, 3000 to 4000 feet : upper Sacramento River to Trinity Co. June. Locs. — Sisson, Cong don; Hayfork Mt., Tracy, 6453. Eefs. — Streptanthus barbatus "Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 25:125 (1890), type loc. upper Sac- ramento Eiver, Wilkes Exped.; Gray, Syn. Fl. 1^:169 (1895) ; Jepson, Man. 417 (1925). S. tor- tuosus Gray; Torr. Phanerogamia Pac. Coast N. Am. 227 (1874), not Kellogg (1863). Cartiera barbata Greene, Lflts. 1:226 (1906), 14. S. cordatus Nutt. Stems one or few from a perennial root-crown, often stout, 1 to 3 feet high; blades of basal leaves broadly spatulate-obovate, denticulate or dentate, especially toward the apex, and often setose-ciliate, y2 to II/2 inches long, on petioles i/4 to as long; blades of cauline leaves cordate-ovate to -oblong, mostly obtuse and entire, sessile, 1 to 2i/4 inches long; flowers 6 lines long; sepals at first greenish, turning purplish, of one size, erect, bearing a tuft of 3 or 4 short bristles near the apex; petals purple, narrowly white-margined, li/^ to l^^ times as long as the sepals, with ovate claw contracted above to a ligulate limb; pods ascending or spreading, 2 to 3^4 inches long, IV2 to 2^/2 lines broad; pedicels short, 2 to 4 lines long; stigma subsessile; seeds orbicular, winged. Dry sandy loam or rocky slopes of mountains and montane valleys, 5000 to 7500 feet : Alpine Co. to Shasta and Modoc Cos. East to Colorado, north to Oregon. June-July. Tax. note. — E. L. Greene (Pitt. 3:227) argues that the "eastern California" plants long referred to Streptanthus cordatus do not represent Streptanthus cordatus Nutt., the original of which was collected by Nuttall in the northern Rocky Mts. In the absence of a type specimen he receives Wyoming and eastern Utah plants as true S. cordatus and points out that in these the sepals are not bristly at tip as in the plants of eastern California. However, in a sheet of Strep- tanthus cordatus, a Jones collection from Deep Creek, Utah, which is surely conspecific with our plants of northeastern California, the calyces of one individual show this feature of a bristle- tipped calyx, while in the other individual the sepals are glabrous. The brief original description of Streptanthus cordatus Nutt. applies to our California plants save in that the flowers are described as greenish-white and the pods as deflexed. This statement as to color may for various reasons be unimportant, but the second point is more difficult. While the pods in our California plants are ascending or spreading, sometimes they are recurved as in the somewhat immature specimens of M. S. Baker from the Tamarack road, eastern Shasta County. It may be noted by way of comparison with other species that while the pods are typi- cally reflexed in S. coulteri Greene, they are sometimes erect. Nuttall's original description cov- ers explicitly the marked differences as to shape, petiolation and margin between the basal leaves and the cauline ones. We know of no other Streptanthus in which just this kind of heterophyllism occurs. Geographic considerations, too, lend some weight to the view that the plants on the western edge of the Great Basin may be the same as Nuttall's original plant from the north-easterly side of the Great Basin. If the type specimens are not extant, as said, the doubts raised by Greene may never be resolved, though a careful survey of the Streptanthi along the path traversed by Nuttall in crossing the northern Rocky Mts. might furnish a solution. In this work we retain the well-known name for our plants as conspecific with the plants on the eastern side of the Great Basin commonly referred to this species. Streptanthus cordatus in California occurs from Alpine Co. to Modoc Co. This form is well- known. S. cordatus is little known to us from "eastern California southward" (Pitt. 3:227) save in modified and very rare states which we specially indicate below as varieties. Citation of characteristic specimens of the species follows here. Locs. — Ebbets Pass, Brewer; Red Clover Creek, Plumas Co. ; summit Tamarack road between Clover Creek and Burney Valley, M. S. Baker; Davis Creek, Modoc Co., Austin ^ Bruce 2245; Ft. Bidwell, Manning 389 ; Mt. Bidwell, Jepson 7896 ; Pine Creek, Warner Range, L. S. Smith 965. Two quite unlike high altitudinal California forms of this species occur southward as f oUows : Var. exiguus Jepson var. n. Dwarfish, 4 to 7 inches high; leaves % to l^/^ inches long, narrowly lanceolate, entire, acute or acutish, the cauline merely auriculate-sessUe ; flowers 4 to 5 liaes long. — (Plantae reductae, unc. 4-7 altae; folia unc. %-l% longa, anguste lanceolata, integra, acuta vel acutiuscula, caulina auriculato-sessilia; flores lin. 4-5 longi.) — Sonora Pass, 10,000 feet. Brewer 1885. Var. duranii Jepson var. n. Stems 14 inches high ; leaves as in the species ; racenie loose ; flowers 4 to 5 lines long ; sepals deep purple, a little loose or tending not to overlap by their edges (whereas in the species there is a regular or even overlapping of the sepals by their edges) ; 30 CBUCIFERAE petals rather narrow, chocolate color, whit^-tipped. — (Caulcs unc. 14 alti; racemi laxi; florcs lin. 4-5 lonpi; sepala atropurpurea, vix iinhricata.) — Cottonwood Creek, Wliite Mts., 10,000 feet, Victor Duran 1G47 (typo). Refs. — Streptaktiius cordatus Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. 1:77 (1838), type loc. forests of the Rockv Mts.; B. & W. Bot. Cal. 1:34 (1876) ; Jepson, Man. 417 (1925). Euklisia cordata Rydb. BulI.'Torr. Club 33:142 (1906). Cartiera cordata Greene, Lflts. 1:226 (1906). C. leptopetala Greene, I.e., type loc. Stein's Mt., e. Ore., Cusick 2002. S. crassifolius Greene, Pitt. 3 :227 (1897), "eastern Cal. southward, and in adjacent Nev. and Ariz." Var. EXiauus Jepson. Var. duranii Jepson. 15. S. tortuosus Koll. Shield Plant. Annual; stem branching from the base, eree'l, olU'ii busli-like, sometimes nearly simple, 1 to 5^2 feet high, sometimes reduced and 3 to 6 inches high; herbage glabrous and glaucous; blades of lower leaves obovate to spatulate-obovate, 14 to 1 inch long, contracted at base to a petiole as long; blades of upper leaves becoming oblong- to ovate- or orbicular-cordate, entire, sessile and clasping, Yz to 1% inches long, mostly l^ to 1% inches broad; sepals purplish, connivent; petals rose-purple or white and purple-veined, 2i/^ to 6 lines long; pods recurved-spreading, lYz to 4% inches long, 14 to 1 line wide; stigma small, sessile; seeds orbicular, narrowly winged. "Montane, 2000 to 7000 feet: Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Tehama Co.; outer and middle Coast E-anges from Siskiyou Co. to Monterey Co. June- Aug. Note on the flower. — The flowers are somewhat bilabiate, a little by reason of structure, a little by reason of position of parts ; that is to say, the upper pair of petals elongate sooner than the lower and are always somewhat longer. Similarly the upper pair of the 4 longer stamens are longer than the pair on the lower side of the flower. The two short stamens have each a lateral posi- tion and barely show at the mouth of the corolla ; their acute or mucronate anthers, however, have upturned points and thus belong on the upper side of the flower. Locs. — Sierra Nevada: Farewell Gap, Jep.ion 998; Marble Fork, Kaweah River, Jepson 651; Round Mdw., Giant Forest, Jepson 715; Big Creek sta., Fresno Co., Jepson 13,114, 13,117; Mono Pass, Brewer 1727; Little Yosemite, Jepson 3158; Coulterville grade to Yosemite, Jepson 13,407; Hog Ranch, Hetch-Hetehy, A. L. Grant 966; Italian Bar, Tuolumne Co., Jepson 6382; Fischer's Cabin, Mokelumne River, Earuieji; Heather Lake, Eldorado Co., Jepson 8162; Donjier Lake, Heller 7016; Quincy, Heller 10,854; Broke-off Mt., J. Grinnell. Coast Ranges: Upton near Sisson, Jepson 13,406; Shackelford Caiion, w. Siskiyou Co., Jepson 2818; Humboldt Co., Chesnut 4" Drew; Duncan Mills, Sonoma Co., M. S. Baker; Mt. Diablo, F. P. McLean; San Antonio trail, Santa Lucia Mts., Jepson 1663. Var. orbiculatus Hall. Annual ; stems many from the base (or more commonly from a short erect axis 1 or 2 inches long), 3 to 6 or 9 inches high; flowers smaller (2^/^ to 4 lines long), darker purple. — High montane, 7000 to 10,500 feet: Sierra Nevada; high North Coast Ranges from Humboldt Co. to Siskiyou Co. Within its high altitudinal range, this form is fairly con- stant but has no character which separates it decisively from the prevailing form of the species at lower altitudes. Moreover, numerous intermediates occur, doubtless equaling in number of individuals either the species or its variety. Logs. — Sierra Nevada: Silver Lake, Alpine Co., Jepson 10,105; Big Mdw., Alpine Co., Jepson 10,140; Harden Lake, Tuolumne Co., A. L. Grant 1278; Vogelsang Pass, Jepson 3230; Mt. Lyell, Jepson 3333; Lake Merced, Yosemite, Jepson 3180; Kaiser Crest, A. L. Grant 1016; Daulton Mdw., Fresno Co., Jepson 13,005; Mt. Silliman, Jepson 752; Farewell Gap, Jepson 1138, 1151. Coast Ranges: Trinity Summit, Jepson 2118; Mt. Shasta, Jepson 13,405. Var. flavescens Jepson. Annual; flowers yellow. — Sawtooth Range. Var. oblongus Jepson. Annual; stem tall (2 to 3 feet high), openly branched; leaves of the main stem long-oblong, 1% to 3% inches long. — W. Siskiyou Co. (Cottage Grove, Jepson 2862) to n. Trinity Co. (Burnt Ranch, Tracy 6099). Var. pallidus Jepson var. n. Annual; coarse and somewhat succulent, 3 feet high; leaves very blue-glaucous beneath; sepals pale yellow; petals pale or whitish, purple-veined. — (Crassus, succulentiusculus, ped. 3 alius; folia infra caeruleo-glaueissima ; sepala flavescentia; petala pal- lida albidave, purpureo-venata.) — Rocky bluffs, Trinity Co., 1500 feet (Junction City, J. P. Tracy 7534, type). Var. suffrutescens Jepson. Coarse biennial 1 to 2 feet high, the stems half-woody at base; cauline leaves (of the main stems) obovate or oblong, cordate- or hastate-clasping, only the lower petioled, these with the blades obovate, somewhat saliently serrate, % to 1^4 inches long, on petioles 3 to 5 lines long. — Hoods Peak Range. MUSTARD FAMILY 31 Var. optatus Jepson var. n. Biennial or triennial, 1% to 2^/4 feet high; branches erect, simple, few or several from the basal woody main stem; leaves dimorphic, those of the first, second and third year sterile shoots obovate to oblong, serrate or subentire, 1 to 2i/^ inches long, drawn down to petioles 4 to 9 lines long; leaves of the flowering shoots, at least the upper ones, cordate-clasping as in the species; racemes tending to be secund. — (Herbae biennes vel triennes, rami simplices, erecti, e cauli primo basilari lignosi; folia pulli sterili, [anni primi, secundi et tertii] obovata vel oblonga, serrata vel subrntegerrima, unc. 1-2 14 longa; racemi esse secundi inclinati.) — Openly wooded slopes in the mountains or foothills, 1100 to 5700 feet: Fresno Big Trees, Madera Co. (Jepson 15,998, type, the flowering stems mostly in threes, noticeably diverging yet in the main erect) ; Gwin Mine, Calaveras Co., Jepson 1807. Refs. — Streptanthtjs tortuosus Kell. Proc. CaL Acad. 2:152, fig. 46 (1863), type loc, "the Copper region of the Sierra Nevada, C. D. Gibhs" (probably in western Calaveras Co. or Amador Co.). Pleiocardia tortuosa Greene, Lflts. 1:86 (1904). Var. ORBictlLATUS Hall, Univ. Cal. Publ. Bot. 4:197 (1912) ; Jepson, Man. 418, fig. 409 (1925). S. orbicuJatiis Greene, Fl. Fr. 258 (1891), type loc. n. of Donner Lake; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 214 (1901), ed. 2, 182 (1911). Pleiocardia orhiculata Greene, Lflts, I.e. Var. flavescens Jepson, Man. 418 (1925), type loe. Coyote Pass trail, Sawtooth Range, Jepson 982. Var. oblongus Jepson, Man. 418 (1925), type loc. Burnt Ranch, Trinity Co., Tracy 6099. Var. pallidus Jepson. \ar. suffrutescens Jepson, Man. 418 (1925) in part. S. suffrutescens Greene, Erythea 1:147 (1893), type loe. Hoods Peak, Sonoma Co., Bioletti; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 213 (1901), ed. 2, 181 (1911). Pleiocardia suf- frutescens Greene, Lflts., I.e. Var. optatus Jepson. 16. S. gracilis Eastw. Annual; stem simple or with delicate branches from near the base, 2 to 7 inches high; herbage glabrous; blades of lower leaves orbicular to spatulate, sinuate-dentate to pinnately lobed, 2 to 6 lines long, on petioles 1 to 3 times as long; upper cauline leaves mostly sessile, oblong to ovate, toothed or entire, auriculate-clasping, 2^/^ to 6 lines long; raceme 1 to 3 inches long, bearing below 1 or 2 small ovate sessile bracts (1^2 to 2 lines long) ; flowers 3I/2 to 4 lines long; sepals rose-purple, the tips membranously margined, spreading; petals lavender- purple to pink, with slender claw exserted, the limb broad, purple-veined; upper pair of filaments longest; pods erect, slender, V/o to 2 inches long. Disintegrated granite, 10,000 feet: region of the Kings-Kern divide, Sierra Nevada. July. Locs. — Bullfrog Lake, Fresno Co., Jepson 835 ; head of Kern Canon, Jepson 5032. Refs. — Streptanthus gracilis Eastw. Proc. Cal. Acad. ser. 3, 2:285 (1902), type loc. trail from East Lake to Harrison Pass, Tulare Co., Eastwood; Jepson, Man. 418 (1925). Pleiocardia gracilis Greene, Lflts. 1:86 (1904). 17. S. diversifolius Wats. Annual; stem erect and slender, branching above, 10 to 22 inches high; cauline leaves very narrowly linear, pinnately di\aded into a few remote narrowly linear or filiform segments, or sometimes linear and entire; bracts of the inflorescence broadly cordate, commonly long-caudate at apex; sepals pale with short recurved tips; petals at first pale lemon-yellow, becoming whitish and yellow-veined, 3 to 4 lines long, the limb orbicular ; filaments in pairs, the upper longest, all distinct; anthers long, sagittate; pods straightish or a little curved, reflexed, about 3 inches long, % line broad, style short; pedicels ^/2 to 2 lines long; seeds broadly elliptical, narrowly winged. Rocky places in the foothills, 1000 to 4700 feet : Sierra Nevada foothills from Amador Co. to Tulare Co. Apr.-June. Tax. note. — In the upper leaves the broad base tapers upward suddenly to a linear prolonga- tion which is tipped with a small blunt enlargement. The lower leaves have a similar enlargement at the tip of the divisions. A similar structure is often found on the leaves of Streptanthus polygaloides and S. breweri, but not, apparently, on those of S. tortuosus. The flowers in position of parts are sometimes a little "bilabiate", as in S. tortuosus. Locs. — Hog Ranch, Hetch-Hetchy, A. L. Grant 966; Mormon Bar, Congdon; Dunlap to Millwood, Fresno Co., Jepson 2765; Kaweah, Hopping 284; Bear Creek, Tulare Co., Purpus 1743. Refs. — Streptanthus diversifolius "Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 17:363 (1882), type loc. "Cosumne Creek" (=Cosumnes River), Rattan 223; Gray, Syn. Fl. li:168 (1895) ; Jepson, Man. 419 (1925). Mitophyllum diver sifolium Greene, Lflts. 1:88 (1904). S. linearis Greene, Pitt. 32 CRUCIFERAE 3:225 (1897), type loc. Mariposa Co., Conffdoit. S. foliosits Greene, I.e. 22G, type loc. "mts. of Fresno Co."; the "fragments" were probably collected near Peckinpali Mill (now Madera Co.) by Mrs. L. A. 1i. Pcckinpah. Pleiocardia fcn'csirain Greene, Lflts. 1:86 (1904), type loc. Tehipite Valley. Hall if- Chandler 492; the specimens represent plants of apparently stunted growth. 38. S. heterophyllus Nutt. Annual; stem usually simple, 11/4 to 5 feet high; herba{T:e hirsute on the lower half of the plant or only on the basal parts; leaves IVi: to 3V2 inches lon^, the blades oblong or linear to lanceolate, dentate with trian- gular or s^ubulate teeth, or pinnately and shallowly lobed, the lobes linear to oblong, usually remote and often salient; uppermost leaves sometimes entire, all sagittate- clasping except the basal; flowers 2^2 to 31/2 lines long; calyx greenish to dark- purple; petals linear, white, dark purple-veined; pedicels 2 to 4 lines long; pods and pedicels abruptly reflexed, the pods straight, 2 to 3\i inches long, somewhat 4-angled; style 1/2 line long; seeds narrowly winged. Foothills and canons, 200 to 3500 feet : coastal Southern California from Santa Barbara Co. to San Diego Co. Mar.-Apr. Locs. — Big Tujunga Canon, Peirson 63a; Rubio Canon foothills, Pcirson 63; San Bernar- dino, Parish; Escondido, C. V. Meyer 7; Ramona, Jepson 8519; San Diego, T. Brandegee. Refs. — Stkeptanthus heterophyllus Nutt; T. & G. Fl. 1:77 (1838), type loc. San Diego, Nuttall; Jepson, Man. 417 (1925). Caidanthus heterophyllus Payson, Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 9:298 (1922). 19. S. polygaloides Gray. Annual; stem slender, simple or branched, 1 to 3 feet high; leaves filiform, entire, some sagittate-clasping; flowers very shortly pedi- celed, yellowish or purple, 3 lines long; calyx very broad; lower sepal suborbicular, abruptly acute; upper sepal suborbicular, refuse, mucronate, larger than the lower sepal, very broad, resembling the banner in a papilionaceous flower; lateral sepals lanceolate or elliptic, acute or acuminate; petals with expanded claw and nar- row^ed limb, the lower 3 spreading, the upper one erect; stamens in 3 unequal pairs; upper pair of filaments connate to the summit, exserted, bearing small but pollini- ferous anthers; pods 1 to II/2 inches long, I/2 line wide, at length reflexed; seeds oblong. Open slopes, dry soil, 900 to 3000 feet : Sierra Nevada foothills, from Sierra Co. to Mariposa Co. May-June. Locs. — Downieville, Sierra Co., Adeline Frederick; Alleghany, Nevada Co., L. S. Smith; Harmon Peak, Calaveras Co. (fls. yellow), Davy 1434; Priest Hill, Tuolumne Co., Blasdale ; Bagby, Mariposa Co.; Mt. Bullion, Bolander 4848. Refs. — Stkeptanthus polygai^oides Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 6:519 (1865), type loc. along the Tuolumne River, Brewer; Jepson, Man. 419 (1925). Microsemia polygaioides Greene, Lflts. 1:89 (1904). 20. S. breweri Gray. Annual; stem widely branching from near the base, % to 2 feet high; herbage glabrous, also glaucous, especially on the lower side of the leaves; leaf -blades broadly ovate and acute to narrowly lanceolate, denticulate or entire, sessile, 1 to 2I/2 inches long, the blades of the lowest leaves broadly spatu- late to cordate-orbicular, with a short winged petiole; flowers 3 to 5 lines long, erect, short-pediceled; sepals acuminate, the tips slightly spreading; upper petals white or delicately veined with purple, the lower dark purple-veined or dark purple tipped with white; upper pair of filaments connate to apex, very dark purple, conspicuous; pods ascending, slightly to markedly curved, obscurely torulose, iy2 to 2^ inches long, % line wide; stigma sessile or nearly so; seeds small, orbicular, not winged. Dry brushy slopes, 1500 to 4000 feet : inner Coast Range from Glenn Co. to San Benito Co. June-July. Locs. — Between Mud Flat and Bennett Spr., Glenn Co., Heller 11,549 ; Snow Mt., Lake Co., T. Brandegee; Mt. Hepsedam (Syn. Fl. 1^:472). MUSTARD FAMILY 33 Var. hesperidis Jepson comb. n. Stem with few mostly simple branches; racemes secund or mostly so ; sepals greenish ; petals little exserted ; upper pair of petals whitish, the limb acute or narrow at apex, the lower pair with broader or rounded limb, whitish and purplish-veined. — Dry rocky slopes, 1500 to 2500 feet, Putah Creek basin : Knoxville grade, Jepson 13,355 ; Butts Canon, Napa Co. ; Mt. St. Helena, Tracy 2238 ; Moore's Creek, Howell Mt., Tracy 2219. This variety is disposed to lose its basal leaves early. Refs. — Strepta2^thus breweei Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 6:184 (1864), based on spms. from Arrovo del Puerto, near Mt. Oso, sw. Stanislaus Co., Brewer 1268, and Mt. San Carlos, San Benito Co., Brewer 790; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 214 (1901), ed. 2, 182 (1911), Man. 419, fig. 411 (1925). Pleiocardia breweri Greene, Lflts. 1:86 (1904). Var. hesperidis Jepson. jSi. hesperidis Jepson, Erythea 1:14 (1893), type loc. Knoxville grade to Lower Lake, Lake Co., Jepson 13,355. Pleiocardia hesperidis Greene, Lflts. 1:86 (1904). 21. S. barbiger Greene. Aimual; stem with erect branches from above the base, 1 to 2^/4 feet high; leaves 1 to 6 inches long, the blades linear to elongated linear-lanceolate, entire or the lower dentate, auriculate at base or not at all auri- culate, sessile or drawn down to a short petiole; racemes mostly a little loose; flowers 3 lines long, disposed to be secund, often markedly so; sepals greenish with whitish or membranous recurved tips; limb of petals rounded, not crisped or scarcely; upper pair of petals white, lower pair white with a purple band from claw running nearly to center of limb; upper pair of filaments united to top, the lower pair united half way; pods reflexed or reflexed-sp reading, slightly curved, rather obscurely torulose, but little known; seeds not winged. Openly brushy slopes, 500 to 1500 feet : Lake Co. to Napa Co. June-July. Tax. note. — Greene (Fl. Fr. 260) describes the calyx as "bristly -hairy", an apparently un- usual character for S. barbiger as we now know it. The calyces sometimes exhibit parallel hairlike lines in relief which imitate apprcssed bristles. However, this entire breweri-barbiger-niger series is unusually productive of variables, even for Streptanthi. Locs. — Snow Mt., T. Brandegee; Lakeport, C. F. BaTcer 3059; Mt. Hanna, Jepson 13,354; St. Helena (Fl. Fr. 260). Refs.— Streptanthxts barbiger Greene, Pitt. 1:217 (1888), type loc. Highland Sprs., Lake Co., A. B. Simonds; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 214 (1901), ed, 2, 182 (1911). Mesoreanthus bar- iiger Greene, Lflts. 1 :89 (1904). M. faJlax Greene, I.e. 90, type loc, St. Helena, Greene. M. vimi- neus Greene, I.e. 90, type loc. Lakeport, C. F. Baker 3059, 22. S. niger Greene. Annual; stem stout, 1% to 3 feet high, branched above an erect main axis 2 to 12 inches long; leaves linear, the blades of the lower ones pinnately but shallowly lobed or toothed, the blades of the upper entire and auric- ulate-clasping; racemes loose, flexuous, the pedicels 3 to 9 lines long; sepals dark purple or black; petals very narrow, white with dark purple mid-vein; pods straight or only slightly curved, ascending, 1 to 2 inches long, 1 line broad; seeds narrowly winged. Hillslopes, 50 to 400 feet : Tiburon, Marin Co, Apr.-May, Closely allied to S, glandulosus. Tax. note. — The fluctuating Streptanthus glandulosus furnishes certain variants which ap- proach S. niger but none of them has all the characters of S, niger, which seems to be an extreme derivation. The stems and leaves of S. niger are quite glabrous, a condition not found in speci- mens of S. glandulosus. The pedicels in the latter species are usually shorter than the flowers, in the former they are nearly twice as long. S. niger is known only from Tiburon. A similarly restricted endemic is CastUleia negleeta Zeile, while Convolvulus superatus Jepson var. purpuratus (Greene) Jepson and Monardella negleeta Greene are nearly confined to the Tiburon peninsula. Refs.— Streptanthus niger Greene, Bull. Torr. Club 13:141 (1886), type loc. Tiburon, Marin Co., Greene, Man. Reg, S. F. Bay 16 (1894) ; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 214 (1901), ed. 2, 182 (1911), Man. 419 (1925). EucUsia nigra Greene, Lflts. 1:83 (1904). E. violacea Greene, I.e., type loc. mid. Cal., Palmer, probably belongs here, though we have seen no authentic spms. 23. S. glandulosus Hook. Jewel Flower. Annual; stem nearly simple or with ascending branches from an erect axis, 1 to 2 feet high; herbage more or less hispid; blades of the lower leaves oblanceolate, coarsely and often saliently toothed, at least the basal slender-petioled, the blades of upper leaves lanceolate to linear. 34 CRUCIFERAE toothed or entire, sessile and auriculate-elaspinf?, the teeth callous-tipi)ed; flowers 5 to 6 lines lonpr; calyx commonly deep purple, 3 upper sepals approximate or con- nivpiit at tips, the lower free from the others and usually spreadinj^; petals purple, or white with eunspieuous purple veins, the upper pair commonly lonj?er and darker; claws broad, the limbs eurved-spreadiufj:; lon<;est pair of filaments often connate for their entire lenp:th and with reduced anthers; pods curved, more or less spreading:, {glabrous or hispid, 2 to 3 inches lon^, 1 line wide; pedicels 4 to 4^^ lines long:; seeds elliptical, narrowly winged. Middle altitudes, 1000 to 2000 feet : Coast Ranges from Mendocino and Solano Cos. to San Luis Obispo Co. Apr.-June. Note on variation. — Streptanthus glandulosus is a polymorphic species. Its leaves vary from hispid to nearly glabrous; they are of varying shapes and degrees of dentation but are narrow and, except the lowermost, more or less auriculate at base. The calyx varies in color from pale purple to nearly black and in shape from slender (not saccate) to conspicuously saccate and almost inflated. The petals are almost equally variable in color, size and shape. The pods in position are erect, spreading, or descending. Locs. — Mt. Sanhedrin, Jepson 13,409; Ukiah, Jepson 2508a; South Mill Creek, Mayacamas Range, Jepson 3013, 9223; Geysers, Sonoma Co., Bolander 3944; Walker Canon, Vaca Mts., Jepson, 13,410; Napa Range e. of Calistoga, Jepson 13,412; Conn Valley, Napa Co., Jepson 13,411; Oakland Hills, Bioletti; Las Trampas Ridge, Contra Costa Co., Jepson 13,408; Mt. Hamil- ton, Pendleton 903; Alma Soda Spr., Santa Clara Co., Heller 7502; Eva sta., Santa Cruz Mts., Jepson 13,414; sw. Stanislaus Co., Bretver 1269; Big Sur River, Monterey Co., Davy 7448; San Luis Obispo, Brewer 458. Var, albidus Jepson. Stem very stout and erect, 2 feet high ; herbage glabrous and glaucous above, some scattered pubescence only on lower part of stem and lower leaves; leaves like S. glandulosus; raceme strictly bilateral; flowers large (6 lines long); sepals white-margined and -tipped, purplish below; petals with limb conspicuous, crisped, white with purplish veinlets; pods erect, stout, 3 inches long. — Hillsides south of San Jose. Apparently this has been collected only by Rattan (in 1886 and 1887). It has some claims to specific rank but is so little known that we leave it in varietal status until more ample material is available. Volney Rattan writes : "I found the Streptanthus west of the Oak Hill (Catholic) Cemetery, four miles south of San Jose. It grows on the nw. slope above the [Cincas] creek which closely hugs the base of the hills on the west" (Jepson, Botanical Letters of Other Days, p. 232. ms.). Var. pulchellus Jepson. Stem generally branching, 4 to 12 inches high; herbage pubescent throughout; leaf -blades oblong-linear to oblong-lanceolate, with opposite salient teeth; raceme often subsecund; pedicels hairy, 1 to 2 lines long; sepals commonly very slightly hispid; pods commonly a little hispid, at least the lower ones. — Dry ridges, Marin Co. Refs. — Streptanthus glandulosus Hook. Ic. PI. t. 40 (1836), type from Cal., Douglas; B. &W. Bot. Cal. 1:34 (1876); Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 214 (1901), ed. 2, 182 (1911), Man. 419 (1925). Euclisia glandulosa Greene, Lflts. 1:82 (1904). S. perainoenus Greene, Bull. Torr. Club 13:142 (1886), type loc. Oakland Hills, Bolander, Greene. S. versicolor Greene, Erythea 3:99 (1895), type loc. Navarro River, Mendocino Co., Edith Byxbee. Euclisia versicolor Greene, Lflts. 1:83 (1904). S. mildredae Greene, Fl. Fr. 260 (1891), type loc. Mt. Hamilton, Mildred Holden. Euclisia mildredae Greene, Lflts. 1:83 (1904). S. bioletiii Greene, Pitt. 2:225 (1892), type loc. Hoods Peak, Sonoma Co., Bioletti; Man. Reg. S. F. Bay 17 (1894). Euclisia biolettii Greene, Lflts. 1:83 (1904). E. elatior Greene, Lflts. 1:84 (1904), type loc. Santa Lucia Mts., G. B. Vasey. E. balceri Greene, Lflts. 1:84 (1904), type loc. Bethany, San Joaquin Co., C. F. Baker 2785. S. asper Greene, Pitt. 3:225 (1897), type loc. Mt. St. Helena, Greene. Euclisia aspera Greene, Lflts. 1:83 (1904). Var. albidus Jepson, Man. 419 (1925). S. albidus Greene, Pitt. 1:62 (1887), type loc. s. of San Jose, Rattan. Euclisia albida Greene, Lflts. 1:83 (1904). Var. pulchellus Jepson, Man. 420 (1925). S. pulchellus Greene, Pitt. 2:225 (1892), type loc. Mt. Tamalpais, M. A. Howe. Euclisia pulchella Greene, Lflts. 1:83 (1904). 24, S. secundus Greene. Annual; stem 10 to 16 inches high; herbage similar to no. 23; racemes rather dense, secund; calyx as if 2-lipped, the 2 upper sepals approximate and larger than the 2 lower approximate ones; petals white; pods recurv'ed or pendulous; seeds wingless. Shale slides, lower mountain slopes, 400 to 1600 feet : Marin Co. to Sonoma Co. May-June. Locs. — Lake Lagunitas, Mt. Tamalpais, Jepson 2480; Mark West Creek, Sonoma Co., Jep- son 2430. MUSTARD FAMILY 35 Eefs. — STREPTA2JTHUS SECUNDUS Greene, Fl. Fr. 261 (1891), type loc. n. base Mt Tamal- pais; Man. Reg. S. F. Bay 17 (1894) ; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 215 (1901), ed. 2, 182 (1911) • Man. 420, fig. 412 (1925), excl. Lake Co. plants. EucUsia secunda Greene, Lflts., 1:83 (1904)'. 25. S. hispidus Gray. Annual; dwarfish, hispid throughout, branching, 2 to 6 inches high; leaf -blades obovate, coarsely toothed, not auriculate, all sessile ex- cept the very lowest, 14 to I14 inches long, the basal crowded; raceme sub-secund; sepals hispid with brownish hairs; petals purplish with white margins, 3 to 4 lines long; pods erect or ascending, very hispid, l^/^ to 3 inches long, 1 line wide, the pedicels 1/2 to 1 line long; style short and stigma broad; seeds elliptical, winged. Summits of the inner South Coast Range peaks, 3500 to 4800 feet : Mt. Diablo- San Carlos Range. Mar.-May. Locs. — Mt. Diablo, Bolander 6267, Congdon, Lemmon, Jepson 2641, E. W. Hides 112 • San Carlos Range, w. Fresno Co. (Syn. Fl. 1:472). Refs. — Streptanthus hispidus Gray, Proe. Am. Acad. 6:186 (1864), type loc. Mt. Diablo Brewer; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 215 (1901), ed. 2, 183 (1911), Man. 420 (1925). EucUsia hispida Greene, Lflts. 1:83 (1904). 3. THELYPODIUM Endl. Ours mostly coarse erect annuals or biennials, rarely perennial. Basal leaves mostly petioled, the cauline petioled or sessile-auriculate. Flowers white or pale yellow, rarely purple or roseate, the racemes often dense. Petals with narrow claw, the exserted limb narrow or obovate, plane or crisped. Stamens tetradynam- ous, exserted; filaments distinct, in a few species often united; anthers narrowly linear, curved. Stigma small, circular and entire or obscurely 2-lobed. Pod terete, slender, short-stipitate or sessile. Seeds oblong, somewhat flattened, not winged or scarcely so. Cotyledons incumbent. — Species about 15, North America. (Greek thelus, female, and pus, foot or support, the ovary more or less stipitate.) Cauline leaves not sagittate- nor auriculate-clasping ; annuals or biennials. Flowers spreading in a dense spike-like raceme; fruiting racemes dense; herbage glabrous; transmontane biennials. Blades of cauline leaves sessile, entire; racemes short, compact 1. T. integrifolium. Blades of cauline leaves petioled, irregularly laciniate or entire, the upper subentire; racemes much elongated 2. T. laeiniatum. Flowers in a raceme, the raceme soon lax ; fruiting racemes commonly lax ; annuals. Flowers ascending; mostly Coast Ranges and coastal S. Cal. Blades of cauline leaves, at least the uppermost, sessile; flowers 4 to 5 lines long; pods ascending; herbage glabrous or nearly so S. T. fiavescens. Blades of cauline leaves petioled or mostly petioled; flowers 1% to 2^ lines long. Calyx purple or purplish; pods ascending or deflexed; herbage glabrous or nearly so 4. T. lemmonii. Calyx green or yellowish; pods commonly reflexed or divaricate-spreading; herbage hispid in part „ 5. T. lasiophyllum. Flowers soon reflexed; pods with a beak 1 to 3 lines long; leaves all petioled; herbage glabrous and glaucous; southern deserts 6. T. longirostris. Cauline leaves sagittate- or auriculate-clasping ; herbage glabrous and glaucous. Pods not torulose or scarcely so, ascending; annuals or no. 8 biennial; plants usually tall. Raceme very dense and spike-like; n. and e. of Sierra Nevada 7. T. brachycarpum. Raceme not dense or spike-like; leaves all entire. Petals spatulate, 2 times as long as the sepals; buds ovate; n. Cal 8. T. hoivellii. Petals linear-oblanceolate, 1^/4 to IV^ times as long as the sepals; buds linear; San Bernardino Mts 9. T. stenopetalum. Pods more or less markedly torulose. Perennial with heavy root-crown ; pods ascending ; plants low, the stem with few reduced leaves; Modoc Co 10. T. flexuosum. Annual; pods declined-spreading ; stem with elongated-serpentine branches; deserts 11. T. cooperi. 36 CRUCIFERAE 1. T. integrifolium Endl. Stem simple or branched only above, 3 to 6 feet hiu'h; liorbajxo ^Wahrous; blades of basal leaves ovate-lanceolate, entire or shallowly n'pai'ul-dentate, 1 to 6 inches lonp:, drawn down into petioles nearly as lonp:; blades of npper leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile (the lower ones sometimes auricnlate), acnte, erect; flowers crowded in subcapitate racemes; racemes 1 to 2 (or 4) inches Ion?, several in a terminal sli«rhtly leafy-bracteate panicle; pedicels 1 to 3 lines Ion J'; racemes little elonjjated in fruit, the pods therefore crowded and forming a sort of "brush"; pods widely spreading, slender, torulose, curved upwards, 1 to iVs inches long; stipe i/4 to V^ line long. Moist situations or in stream bottoms, 2300 to 8000 feet : Mohave Desert; White Mts. East to Colorado, north to eastern Washington. June-Aug. Note on the glands. — Tn Thelypodium integrifolium, as it occurs in Oregon and Washington (the tvpe region), the flowers have four distinct nectar glands. In Mohave Desert plants (rep- resenting the form called T. affine Greene) the flowers have the 4 glands united in such various degrees that they may occur as two only and entire, or two and variously notched as shown in fig. 131. i )\ /^ )\\ A I \\ fl i\ ^^^ further, under "Ix)cs." below, Parish 1485. This AJi) JAjUH. ill a lit II i 11 condition of more or less partial union of the glands is to be seen also in plants at Wadsworth, Nev. (Palmer 22). Thelypodium affine Greene, consid- ered as distinct from T. integrifolium, rests essen- tially upon the gland character, but we regard this character as variable and uncertain. In aspect and in detail of structure the Californian plants seem essentially like those of the north, that is, those of Oregon and Washington. Locs. — So far as now known to us, this species occurs in California only in the White Mts. (Eob- erts Ranch, Wyman Creek, V. Duran 1688) and in a crescent-shaped area on the westerly margin of the Mohave Desert along the base of the mountains or on their lower slopes as follows: Tehachapi Mts.; Lancaster, Parish ms; Rancho Verde, VictorvUle, Parish 10,532; Rabbit Sprs., S. B. lines long, the parts spreading, the sepals and petals nearly or quite rotate; sepals dark lavender with white margins, carinate, hooded at apex; petals pale lavender with deeper veins, obovate or cuneate-oblong, only slightly longer or slightly shorter than the sepals; anthei-s yellow or purple; capsule slender or subfiliform, 2 to 214 inches long; pedicels glabrous; stigma small, 2-lobed. Open hill slopes or plains in heavy black adobe or friable gray clays, 700 to 3000 feet : inner South Coast Range from western San Joaquin Co. to southeastern San Luis Obispo Co. Mar.-June. Note on relationship. — Thelypodium lemnionii, an excellent species, has been somewhat rarely collected. It grows in colonies of about one-quarter to three acres usually, which favor the friable clays of steep hill slopes. The colonies are commonly rather densely populated and rather well defined. It seems likely that they are on the whole well isolated with reference to each other. We have observed them only at intervals of about six to twenty miles. While differing very strongly from Thelypodium laciniatum, the type of the genus, Thely- podium lemmonii seems nevertheless more at home in Thelypodium than in Streptanthus. The petals are nearly rotate, while the linear sepals are exactly and somewhat stiffly rotate, filling the intervals between the petals. The flower is thus not at all streptanthoid, either considered as a whole or in relation to the petals which are nearly plane or only slightly cupped, not at all crisped and without any differentiation into claw and limb. On tlie whole the flowers are fairly thely- podioid, especially as compared with tliose of Thelypodium brachycarpum Torr. The filaments are terete, quite distinct and slightly fleshy; they are rarely a little hairy. In one colony, as observed in the Yeguas Hills, where the plants are all of one aspect and habit, with uniform leaf, raceme and flower characteristics, some flowering axes show closely erect pods, other axes show reflexed pods, other axes still show spreading pods (Jepson 16,203). The flowers are sometimes obviously a little "physiologically bilabiate" as to position of the petals which stand in pairs: those of the lower pair spread a little right and left, those of the upper pair are slightly divergent and turned backward. A colony of these plants is slightly fragrant during anthesis. Locs. — Tracy (Fl. Fr. 263) ; Zapato Chino Creek, sw. Fresno Co., T. Brandegee; Diablo Range, sw. Fresno Co., Jepson 15,391; Cholame, Lemmon 4572; Estrella plain. Barber; upper Waltham Creek, w. Fresno Co., Jepson 16,160 ; Palo Prieto Canon, e. San Luis Obispo Co., Jepson, 16,198; Yeguas Hills, n. of Carrizo Plain, Jepson 16,203; Sumner ranch, Bitterwater Creek, Temblor Eange, Jepson; Carrizo Plain, opp. Elkhorn Scarp, Jepson 16,219; Cuyama, se. San Luis Obispo Co., Eastwood. Refs. — Thelypodium lemmonh Greene, West Am. Sci. 3:156 (1887), type loc. Lemmon's ranch, Cholame, San Luis Obispo Co., Lemmon; Fl. Fr. 263 (1891) ; Gray, Syn. Fl. 1:178 (1895) ; Jepson, Man. 412 (1925). Caulanthus anceps Payson, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 9:303 (1922). 5. T. lasiophyllum Greene. Stem simple, or branching above, y2 to 6 feet high; herbage hispid with scattered hairs or nearly glabrous above; blades of lower leaves sinuately pinnatifid with mostly acute denticulate or entire segments, 2 to 10 inches long, the upper lanceolate, less lobed or merely denticulate, all petioled, or the upper rarely sessile; raceme very densely flowered, much elongated in fruit; pedicels 1 line long; petals white, yellowish, or sometimes roseate, 1% to 2 lines long; sepals oblong, scarcely the length of the narrow petals; pods straight or some- what curved, strictly defiexed, 2 to 4 inches long, ^ to ^ line wide. Open foothills, good soil, 50 to 2100 feet : coastal Southern California; Colorado and Mohave deserts; Coast Ranges and their bordering plains, mostly toward the interior. North to Washington. Apr. Variation and geographic range. — This species is fluctuatingly variable in nearly every gross character. The plants vary greatly in size and are especially luxuriant on "burns." The leaves are notoriously variable and exhibit a wide range in pinnate division; they are glabrous to hirsute and vary greatly in size. The flowers vary in color. The petals show a range of variation from oblong-spatulate to linear in plants growing side by side (Howell Mt., Tracy 1500, 1500^^). The MUSTARD FAMILY 39 pods vary from very slender to stout, from straight to much curved, assume very diverse positions, and vary much in length. These variations, hov^ever, occur without any apparent or definite relation to the geographic distribution of the species in the California coastal region. While most Thelypodium species are inclined to be infrequent in individuals, this species is one of the most common and widely distributed native plants of its immediate alliance in the Coast Range hills, especially toward the inner range, but has never been collected in the Sierra Nevada foothills north of Tulare Co. so far as known to us. It extends south to San Diego Co. and in a slightly or obscurely modified form through the Mohave Desert eastward to Utah. Like- wise it ranges north to Washington. Its preference for the Coast Ranges as against the Sierra Nevada foothills is all the more remarkable in that it extends so far beyond the Coast Ranges proper to the north and to the south without obvious modification. It may be hazarded that slightly higher winter or spring temperatures in the Sierra Nevada foothills account for its absence in that range. The varieties named below are of little importance morphologically. Locs. — S. Cal. : Vallecito, Jepson 8598 ; Blair Valley, e. San Diego Co., Jepson 8676 ; Cuya- maca Mts., Newlon 359; Campo, Abrams 3573; San Diego, Jones 2634; Painted Canon ne. of Mecca, Jepson 11,657; Arroyo Seco, Los Angeles, Peirson 327; Hesperia, Newlon 469; Antelope Valley, Davidson; Mohave sta.. Heller 7751; Ord Mt., Jepson 15,504. Coast Ranges: Zapato Chino Creek, sw. Fresno Co., Jepson 15,365; Paso Robles, Barber; Carmel, Heller 6586; Crystal Sprs., San Mateo Co., C. F. Baker 459 ; Los Buellis Hills, E. J. Smith ; Berkeley, Tracy 599 ; Liver- more, Bioletti; Mt. Diablo, Jepson 9219; Briones Hills, Chandler; Montezuma Hills, Solano Co., Jepson; Gates Canon, Vaca Mts., Jepson 13,349; Napa Range e. of Calistoga, Jepson 13,347; Santa Rosa, M. S. Baker; South Mill Creek, e. of Ukiah, Jepson 9225; Blue Lakes, Lake Co., Jepson 13,350. West side of the Great Valley: Maricopa, Kern Co., Jepson 12,166; Huron, w. Fresno Co., C. F. Meyer 266 ; Bethany, w. San Joaquin Co., C. F. Baker 2791 ; Colusa, Chandler 807. Var. inalienum Rob. Pods slender, erect or spreading. — Solano Co, to San Luis Obispo Co. as follows: VacaviUe, Jepson 13,352, 13,353; Livermore, Greene; San Luis Mt., Summers. This variety differs from var. rigidum because of its slender pods and from the species because of its erect pods, but these characters, looking toward the species, are inconstant. Var. rigidum Rob. Plant rigid, often glabrous ; pods stout, rigid, deflexed-spreading, some- what spinescent; pedicels V^ line long. — Glenn Co. to eastern Contra Costa Co. as follows: Wil- lows, Jepson, 13,351; Main Prairie, Solano Co., Jepson 13,345; Livermore, Greene. Pods often broadest at base and tapering to apex; they may be ascending, spreading and descending on one raceme. Var. utahense Jepson. Leaf -blades thin, rather more glabrous than in the species, the lobes rounded (mostly acute in the species); fruiting raceme sparse; pods slender, very rigidly and angularly divaricate, and straight or sometimes a little curved. — -Colorado and Mohave deserts. East to Utah. This is an inconstant form which is scarcely tenable. The specimens representing it vary amongst themselves about as much as they do collectively from the species. Intermediates to the species occur in the Colorado Desert. It is not uncommon in the deserts. Eastern San Diego Co.: Vallecito, Jepson 8574, 8599; Mason Valley, Jepson 8712; Blair Valley, Jepson 8677c; Wagon Wash near Sentenac Canon Jepson 12,477. Utah: St. Thomas, Goodding 700. Refs. — Thelypodium lasiophyllum Greene, Bull. Torr. Club 13:142 (1886), Man. Reg. S. F. Bay 19 (1894) ; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 212 (1901), ed. 2, 180 (1911), Man. 412, fig. 406 (1925). Turritis lasiophylla H. & A. Bot. Beech. 321 (1840), type from Cal., Douglas. Guillenia lasiophylla Greene, Lflts. 1 :227 (1906). Sisymbrium reflexum Nutt. Jour. Acad. Phila. n.s. 1 :183 (1847), type loc. near San Pedro, Cal., Nuttall, and Proc. Phil. Acad. 4:25 (1848) ; B. & W. Bot. Cal. 1:41 (1876). Var. inalienum Rob.; Gray, Syn. Fl. r:177 (1895), type loc. Nipoma, Brewer 417; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 212 (1901), Man. 413 (1925). Guillenia inaliena Greene, Lflts. 1:228 (1906). Sisymbrium acutangulum B. & W. Bot. Cal. 1:41 (1876), not DC. Var. RIGIDUM Rob.; Gray, Syn. Fl. 1»:177 (1895) ; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 212 (1901), Man. 413 (1925). T. rigidum Greene, Pitt. 1:62 (1887), type loc. Antioch, Greene. Guillenia rigida Greene, Lflts. 1 :228 (1906). Var. utahense Jepson, Man. 413 (1925). T. utahense Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 29:233 (1902), type loc. St. George, Utah, Jones in 1880. 6. T. longirostris Jepson. Stem much-branched, 1 to 1% feet high; herbage glabrous and glaucous; leaf -blades lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, the lower repand- dentate, the upper entire, all contracted to a short petiole, the whole 1 to 2^2 inches long; flowers 2 to 2% lines long, pale yellow or pinkish, soon reflexed, borne on slen- der pedicels 1/2 to 1 line long; sepals green, or somewhat purplish-tinged, scarious- margined ; petals pale yellow or pinkish, narrow, limb very short, narrower than the expanded summit of the claw; pods curved or straight, divaricate or deflexed, nerved, 1 to l^/^ inches long, 14 to % line wide, tapering to a beak 1 to 3 lines long; seeds winged. 40 CRUCIFERAE Sandy soil, 10 to 5700 feet: Monterey Co.; Inyo Co.; south to the Mohave and Colorado deserts. East to Arizona and Nevada, sonth to Sonora. ^lar.-Ai)r. Note on tho flower. — The upper pair of stjiincns (closely approximate) are the longest, the lower pair are next in length, the lateral pair are sliortcst. The flowers are very promptly reflexed. Loca. — Soledad, Monterey Co., Jones .3129; Calicnte, Kern Co.; Lancaster, Elmer 3G2.5 ; Kramer, Mohave Desert, Jepson 5333 ; Barstow, Parish 9665 ; Calico Wash ne. of Barstow, Jepson 6702; Laws, Invo Co., neller 8183; Argus Mts., Hall r()fiil lohos of the basal leaves and the filiform divi- sions of the upper leaves is very striking. In age the branches and pods become very rigid and somewhat spreading or divaricate. The pods are quite glabrous or essentially so, with a replum which is slightly prominent and rounded. Introduction note. — This species \vith us first appeared near the coastal towns of Southern California about 1910 (Parish, Bull. S. Cal. Acad. 19*: 18) and is now established in widely scat- tered localities throughout the state. It came in earlier in Washington and Idaho where, it has been thought, its appearance was due to introduction from the eastern United States through the building of the Northern Pacific Railroad by James J. Hill. The folk of those states in conse- quence call this weed Jim Hill Mustard, as do settlers in Siskiyou County, California, where the writer first observed plants along the railway lines in 1914. Locs. — Laguna Mts., Peirson; Henniger Flats, San Gabriel Mts., Peirson 61; Claremont, D. L. Crawford; Redlands, Jepson 5538; Lytle Creek Wash, Parish 11,141; Tehachapi Pass, II. L. Bauer; Rabbit Valley, San Benito Co., Jepson 12,242; San Francisco, H. A. Walker 5014; Sonoma, P. Kuhn; Andrews Camp, Inyo Co., E. Brandegee ; Cape Horn, Nevada Co., Essig ; Weott, Humboldt Co., Jepson 16,530; Sisson, Jepson 5790; Yreka, Kleaver. Eefs. — Sisymbrium altissimum L. Sp. PI. 659 (1753), type European; Gray, Svn. Fl. 1>:137 (1895) ; Parish, Muhl. 9:58 (1913), Bull. S. Cal. Acad. 14:15 (1915) ; Dav. Bull. S. Cal. Acad. 13:44 (1914); Jepson, Man. 421 (1925). Norta altissima Britt.; Britt. & Br. 111. Fl. ed. 2, 2:174, fig. 2060 (1913). 3. S. thalianum J. Gay. Thale Cress. Stems one or several from the base, slender, erect, branching above, 9 to 13 inches high, glabrous above, hirsute below with spreading hairs; leaf -blades of the basal rosette obovate to oblong, entire or nearly so, thinly stellate-puberulent, y^ to ^/^ inch long, narrowed to petioles V2 to as long; cauline leaves few, sessile, mainly hirsute-ciliate; racemes open; petals spatulate, very obtuse or truncatish, white, % line long; pods linear, 4 to 5 lines long, on spreading pedicels 2 to 3 lines long. Open ground : Alameda, Lake and Trinity Cos. Introduced from Europe. Apr. Locs. — Berkeley, Morton 545, beginning to be established in protected areas in 1926 ; Knox- ville grade to Lower Lake (= f . glabrescens Briq.), Jepson 13,415 in 1892; Oregon Gulch Mt., Trinity Co., Tracy 7537 in 1927. Refs. — Sisymbrium thalianum J. Gay, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 1, 7:399 (1826). Arahis tha- liana L. Sp. PI. 665 (1753), tvpe from n. Eur. Arabidopsis thaliana Hevnh. ; Holl. & Heynh. Fl. Sachs. 1:538 (1842); Britt. & Br. 111. Fl. ed. 2, 2:176, fig. 2063 (1913). f. gl^vbrescens Briq. Prod. Fl. Cors. 2: 38 (1913), stem and cauline leaves glabrous. 4. S. irio L. London Rocket. Stem erect, branching above the base, II/2 to 2 feet high; herbage glabrous; leaf -blades ovate or lanceolate in outline, 1 to 4 inches long, commonly pinnately parted or divided into 1 or 2 pairs of lobes below the large terminal segment which is coarsely toothed to subentire, the petioles ^^ to 11/4 inches long; flowers in a dense raceme, the raceme in fruit becoming loose; petals white; pods spreading, narrowly linear, 1% to 2 inches long. European weed, introduced into waste lots and orchards in coastal Southern California. Jan.-Feb. Locs. — Claremont (in 1923); Upland and Ontario (in 1918), Bull. S. Cal. Acad. 17:65; Pasadena (in 1926) ; Yorba Linda, G. Byron Deshler (in 1929). Refs. — Sisymbrium irio L. Sp. PI. 659 (1753), type European; Parish, BuU. S. Cal. Acad. 19*:18 (1920). Norta irio Britt.; Britt. & Br. 111. Fl. ed. 2, 2:174 (1913). 5. S. sophia L. Flix-weed. Stem branching above the base, li/4 to 1% feet high ; herbage finely pubescent with branched hairs ; leaves finely bi- or tri-pin- natelj' dissected, the segments linear or lance-linear, ^4 to 1^ lines long; pedicels filiform, spreading, 3 to 5 lines long; petals white; pods ascending, narrowly linear, % to 1^4 inches long; seeds in 1 row. European weed, introduced in northern California but now appearing in Southern California; rare with us. May- June. MUSTARD FAMILY 45 Locs.— Truckee, E. A. Walker 2139 ; Warner Mts., Morion 629 (in 1925) ; Alturas, Taylor ^ Bryant (in 1910) ; Yreka, Butler 120 (in 1908), Eleaver 1; Monolith, Tehachapi Valley, Jepson 11,618 (in 1927). Eefs. — Sisymbrium sophia L. Sp, PI. 659 (1753), type European; Gray, Syn. Fl. li:139 (1895) ; Jepson, Man. 421 (1925). Sophia sophia Britt.; Britt. & Br. 111. Fl. ed. 2, 2:170, fig. 2051 (1913). 6. S. incisum Engelm. Stem 1 to 2% feet high; herbage stellate-puberulent, obscurely glandular; leaves thin, pinnate (or the upper leaflets not distinct) ; leaflets ineised-pinnatifid, 3 to 14 lines long, the ultimate segments mostly 1 to 3 lines long; petals yellow; pods 6 to 8 lines long, straight or upwardly curved, erect or ascending on widely spreading pedicels ; pedicels slightly longer, equaling or slightly shorter than the pods ; seeds in 1 row (sometimes indistinctly in 2 rows) ; style distinct (i/4 to % line long). Montane, 2000 to 11,500 feet: San Bernardino Mts.; Providence Mts.; White Mts.; Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Placer Co.; Yollo Bolly Mts. to Siskiyou Co. East to Arizona and Tennessee, north to Saskatchewan. May- Aug. Locs. — S. Cal. : Seven Oaks, San Bernardino Mts., G. B. Grant 4049 ; Providence Mts., Muns 3439. White Mts.: Big Prospector Mdw., J. Grinnell. Sierra Nevada: Golden Trout Creek, Tulare Co., Jepson 4945 ; Mt. Whitney, Jepson 1095 ; Horse Corral Mdw., Kings Canon, Jepson 765; Bench Mdw., Kaiser Ridge, Jepson 13,332; Devil's Postpile, Madera Co., A. L. Grant 1556; Benson Lake, Yosemite Park, Jepson 4511; Sonora Pass, A. L. Grant 155, 275; Emerald Bay, Lake Tahoe, J. T. Howell 1118. North Coast Ranges: Soldier Ridge, Yollo Bolly Mts., Jepson 13,385 ; Shackelford Creek, Butler 126. This species is obviously variable in leaf segmentation and in length of pedicels and in form and size of pods. In the extended suite of specimens before us the following varieties are discernible only as extreme forms in a series connected by intergrades, the last named being the most definitely marked. Var. filipes Gray. Primary divisions of the leaves discrete or somewhat remote; upper leaves or sometimes most of them with the terminal segment elongated-linear (mostly ^^ to 1 inch long, y-2 to 1 line wide) and entire; sometimes, also, with all the segments of the leaves above the basal ones entire; pedicels 5 to 8 lines long, usually longer than the pods. — East side of the northern Sierra Nevada; rare in the southern Sierra Nevada. North to Oregon and Idaho, east to Colorado. Locs. — Paradise Creek, Kings River, Newlon 222; Truckee, Sonne. Lewiston, Ida., Heller 2969. Var. sonnei Rob. Pods 3 lines long, somewhat acute, on pedicels about as long. — East slope of the Sierra Nevada or in desert valleys : Nevada Co. to Sierra Co. ; White Mts. to Kern Co. Locs. — Sierraville, Jepson 8057; Truckee, Sonne 526; w. slope Washoe Mts., Nevada Co., Davy 3164; Silver Canon, White Mts., Heller 8218; Mohave, Heller 7763. Var. liartwegianum Wats. Pods oblong, mostly acutish, short (1 to 2 lines long), on some- what appressed or nearly erect pedicels, the pedicels about as long. — East slope or easterly areas of the Sierra Nevada, 6700 to 10,000 feet: Tulare and Inyo Cos. to Mono Co. (Cal.) and to Douglas Co., Nev. ; White Mts. East to Colorado, north to British Columbia, south to Mexico. Locs.— Rock Creek, Kern Caiion; Mt. Dana, H. M. Evans; Mono Lake, Brewer 1850; Silver Canon near Big Prospector Mdw., White Mts., Jepson 7352. Refs. — SiSYMBRnrM iNCistui Engelm.; Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. n. ser. 4:8 (1849), type loc. N. Mex.; B. & W. Bot. Cal. 1:41 (1876) ; Gray, Syn. Fl. 1^:139 (1895) ; Jepson, Man. 421, fig. 413 (1925). Bescurainia. incisa Britt. Mem. Torr. Club 5:173 (1894). Sophia incisa Greene, Pitt. 3:95 (1896). Var. filipes Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. 4:8 (1849), type loc. Clearwater, Ore., Spalding. Var. sonnei Rob. ; Gray, Sim. Fl. r:140 (1895), type loc. Truckee, Sonne 19 ; Jepson, Man. 421 (1925). Sophia sonnei Greene, Pitt. 3:95 (1896). Bescurainia cahformca O. E. Schulz; Engler, Pfl^r. 4"=: 330 (1924), not SmelowsUa calif ornica Gray. Var. hartwegianum Wats.; B. & W. Bot. Cal. 1:41 (1876) ; Gray, Syn. Fl. 1^:139 (1895) ; Jepson I.e. Sisymbrium hartwegianum Fourn. Sisymb. 66 (1865), type loc. Mexico, Hartweg 38 (ace. Syn. PL). Sophia 7j.art«;e<7m}m Greene, Pitt. 3:95 (1896). 7. S. pinnatum Greene. Tansy Mustaed. Stem % to 2 feet high; herbage ashy-tomentuiose or puberulent, sometimes glabrate and green; leaves pinnately or bipinnately dissected; segments elliptic to linear-oblong, i/4 to 1 line long; petals yellow; pods oblong to linear, acute at each end, 2 to 5 lines long, shorter than the 46 CRUCIFERAE slender spreading or divaricate pedicels; seeds in 2 rows; style very short (Yq line long) or almost none. Desert or arid slopes and mesas, 1250 to 8500 feet: n. Humboldt Co.; Siskiyou and Modoc Cos.; north end and ea-stern slopes or summits of the Sierra Nevada; head of the San Joaquin Valley; south to the Mohave and Colorado deserts, thence west to cismontane Southern California; occasional in the South Coast Ranges; more common southward in our region than northward. East to Virginia. Mar.- May. Locs. — Humboldt, Siskiyou and Modoe Cos.: Trinity Summit, Jepson 2049a; MeAdams Creek, Butler 895 ; Klamath Eiver, Butler 727 ; Egg Lake, M. S. Baker; Lake City Canon, Austin 4' Bruce 224G. Sierra Nevada: Donner Lake, Ileller 6937; Truckce, Sonne r)404b; Bloody Canon, Mono Co., Chesnvt 4" Drew; Yosemite Valley, Blasdale; Golden Trout Creek, Tulare Co., Jeyson 4942; Tehachapi, Davy 2167. Desert region: Cottonwood Creek, White Mts., Duran ; Inde- pendence, S. W. Austin ; Ilanaupah Cafion, Panainint Range, Jepson 7032 ; Lanfair, Maye Ten- nant; Mohave, Heller 7763; Barstow, Jepson 5363, 6603; Cottonwood Spr., n. Colorado Desert, Jepson 12,572; San Felipe Valley, Jepson 8726; Vallecito, Jepson 8536. Upper San Joaquin Valley: Huron, E. 0. Camphell; Eastside canal, Bakersfield, Davy 1914. South Coast Ranges: Arroyo Mocho, Alameda Co., Morton 811; San Luis Obispo, Summers. Cismontane S. Cal.: Canada del Capitan, Santa Barbara coast, Jepson 11,905; Santa Cruz Isl.; Santa Susanna Mts., Ventura Co., Brewer 205; Saugus, Davy; Arroyo Seco, Los Angeles, Peirson 309; San Bernardino Valley, S. B. 4" T^- ^- Parish; Santiago Creek, Santa Ana Mts., Alice King; Julian, San Diego Co.; Laguna, San Diego Co., Cleveland. Var. brachycarpum Jepson comb. n. Pods oblong, obtusish, 1 to ll^ lines long. — Inyo Co. foothills. North to eastern Oregon and Canada. Locs.— Bishop, Heller 8363. Desert Well, e. Ore., Leiberg 389. Eefs. — Sisymbrium pinnatttm Greene, Bull. Cal. Acad. 2:390 (1887); Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 215 (1901), Man. 421, fig. 414 (1925), Erysimum pinnatum Walt. Fl, Car. 174 (1788), type loc. "Carolinas." Sisymbrium canescens Nutt. Gen, 2:68 (1818), Va, to Ga. ; B, & W. Bot. Cal. 1:40 (1876) ; Greene, Fl. Fr. 271 (1891) ; Jepson, Fl. W, Mid. Cal. I.e., ed. 2, 183 (1911). Sophia pinnata Howell, Fl. Nw. Am. 56 (1897). Sophia brevipes Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 29:238 (1902). Sisymbrium incisum var. californicum Blkp. Mont. Agr. Coll. Stud. Bot. 1:60 (1905). Sophia calif ornica Rydb. I.e. Desourainia pinnata Britt. Mem, Torr. Club 5:173 (1894) ; O. E. Schulz in Eugler, Pflzr, 4'°'' -.326, fig. 66 (1924). D. menziesii O. E. Schulz, I.e. 328. Var. BRACHYCARPUM Jepson. S. brachycarpum Rich.; Franklin, First Joum. ed. 1, app. 744 (1823). Descurainia paradisa O. E. Schulz in Engler, Pflzr. 4^"^: 331 (1924), at least as to citation of Heller 8363, which has the seeds in two rows. 8. S, cumingianum F. & M. Closely resembling stout forms of S. incisum; stem stouter, simple, 3V2 feet high, pubescent with short branched hairs; leaves densely canescent-tomentose, their blades ovate or round-ovate in outline, % to 11/2 inches long, pinnately divided into 3 or 4 pairs of segments, the segments vary- ing from inequilaterally incised or serrate to entire; petals white; pods narrow, abruptly pointed, sparsely pubescent with branched hairs, 7 to 9 lines long; seeds in 2 rows, lightly compressed. Thin woodlands or open ground, 4500 to 6500 feet : Mohave and Colorado des- erts, and bordering southerly or westerly ranges. East to New Mexico. Chile. June-July. Locs. — Victorville, Parish 10,542 ; Strawberry Valley, San Jacinto Mts. ; Vandeventer, San Jacinto Mts, Refs. — Sisymbrium cumingianum F. & M. Ind. Sera. Hort. Petrop. 38 (1835), type from Chile; Gray, Syn. Fl. r:139 (1895) ; Jepson, Man. 422 (1925). 6. ISATIS L. Ours a biennial or perennial herb. Flowers small, yellow, crowded in small panicled corymbs. Pod 1-celled, 1-seeded, indehiscent, winged and strikingly like a samara or ash-fruit. — About 50 species, Europe, Asia. (The classical name). 1. I. tinctoria L. Dyers Woad, Stems branching from or near the base, 1 to 2 (or 3) feet high; herbage somewhat glaucous, glabrous or the lower leaves MUSTARD FAMILY 47 sparingly ciliate along the midrib; blades of basal leaves oblong-ovate to lance- olate, entire or remotely serrate, 3 to 4 inches long, on petioles nearly as long; cauline leaves sessile, sagittate at base; flowers 1 to II/2 lines long; stigma broad, sessile; pods 4 to 7 lines long on slender pedicels, erect at first but eventually pendent, becoming dark purple at maturity. European species, naturalized in Siskiyou Co., a troublesome pest in Scott Valley, springing up from the root when cut down; known locally as Marlahan Mustard. Locs. — Yreka, W. L. Kleaver; Scott River Valley, Butler 804. Refs. — ISATis TINCTORIA L. Sp. PI. 670 (1753), type European; Jepson, Man. 422 (1925). For the history of the woad dye industry see J. B. Hurry, "The woad plant and its dye" (pp. 1-328, pis. 1-17. 1930). 7. CAKILE L. Maritime branching annual with fleshy leaves and rather small purplish or white flowers. Pod fleshy, or when ripe, dry and corky, 1-celled, jointed in the middle, the 2 joints 1-seeded, the upper joint at length deciduous, the lower one persistent. Cotyledons accumbent. — Species 4, sea and lake shores, North Amer- ica, Europe, tropics. (Arabic name.) 1. C. edentula Hook. var. calif ornica Fer. Sea Kocket. Stems decumbent, often 2 feet long; leaf -blades oblanceolate or narrowly obovate, crenate or shal- lowly sinuate-toothed; pod 7 to 12 lines long, the lower segment cylindrical, the upper ovoid and acuminately narrowed to a flattened truncate often retuse beak. Sea beaches : San Diego to Humboldt Bay; north to Vancouver Island. June- Sept. Note on indigenous status. — Long regarded as introduced, there is at the present day a tendency on the part of some botanists to regard our Cakile of the California coast as a native plant. There are, however, some plausible reasons of a negative kind for looking upon it as introduced. None of the early explorers (1786-1835) obtained it so far as known to us. H. N. Bolander, a first-rate observer, makes no mention of it in his Catalogue of the Plants of the Vicinity of San Francisco (1870). The genus is not included in the Botany of the California Geological Survey (1876-1880). It is not until a full century after the first botanists examined our shores that Cakile appears in the California literature, when it is recorded by Behr (Fl. Vic. S. F. 224, — 1888), who cites only one locality, "Berkeley salt marshes." From this time forward, for reasons often sufficiently obvious in regard to questions of nativity, authors seldom make an explicitly positive statement as to our form of Cakile edentula. Greene says "probably indigenous" (FI. Fr. 277 — 1891). In 1892 K. Brandegee includes it in her Catalogue of the Flowering Plants of San Francisco as an alien (Zoe 2:340). In the Synoptical Flora (r:132, — 1895) Robinson says "perhaps introduced". Millspaugh (Field Mus. Bot. 2:130,-1900) says "introduced". The statement of Fernald (Rhod. 24:23,-1922) implies that it is a native spe- cies. At the present day no botanist could collect on the ocean strand of San Francisco County without finding Cakile at nearly any season of the year. If it were an inhabitant of those much- frequented beaches from 1850 to 1870 or 1885, it would seem remarkable that it was not obtained by at least some one of the several botanists of the California Academy of Sciences or by many botanical travelers. Locs.— San Diego; Newport, Orange Co., Alice King; Carmel, Newlon 105; Pillar Point, San Mateo Co., C. F. Baker 1746; San Francisco, Jepson 10,237; West Berkeley, Bioletti; Bo- linas, J. T. Howell 2256; Ft. Bragg, W. C. Mathews 161; Samoa, Humboldt Bay, Tracy 1266. Kefs.— Cakile edentula Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:59 (1830). Bunias edentula Bigel. Fl. Bost. 157 (1814), type loc. Mass. Var. califobnica Fer. Rhod. 24:23 (1922); Jepson, Man. 422 (1925). C. californica Hel. Muhl. 3:10 (1907), type loc. Monterey, Heller 6856. C. ameri- cana Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 216 (1901), ed. 2, 183 (1911). 8. RAPHANUS L. Radish Coarse much-branched annuals or biennials. Lower leaves lyrately pinnate or pinnatifid, shortly petioled. Flowers large, purple or yellow, or becoming white. Petals long-clawed. Pod thick, beaked by the stout style, 1-celled, filled 48 CRUCIFERAE witli sponiry or corky lissuo, li;j:litly constricted between the seeds or even monili- form, indcliiscent or eventually breakin<^ transversely into 1-seeded joints. Seeds subg:lobose, cotyledons conduplicate. — Species about 6, Europe and Asia, (Greek raphanos, quick-appearing, on account of the prompt germination of the seeds.) 1. R. sativus L. Wild Radish. Branching widely, 2 to 5 feet high; herbage nearly glabrous or hispid with scattered, hairs; blades of lower leaves pinnatelj'^ parted, crenate, the terminal segment large and round, the lateral smaller, ovate or oblong, sessile with the upper side adherent to tlie midrib, the lower lobe free; blades of upper leaves mostly toothed, or with a few small lateral segments; flowers 8 to 9 lines broad; petals purple or white; pods 3 to 4 lines broad, 1 to 3 inches long, with one to several constrictions, 2 to 3-seeded, or the body of the pod globose and 1-seeded. Common weed of waste places in towns and villages and about country settle- ments. Naturalized from Europe. May-Aug. Locs. — Chico, Heller 11,560; Vacaville, Jepson 5k; Berkeley, Jrpson 126e; French Camp, San Joaquin Co., Sanford ; Pacific Grove, Parish 11,570; Santa Ana, Alice King; Escondido, C. V. Meyer 122; Witch Creek, AJderson. Refs.— Raphantjs sativus L. Sp. PI. 669 (1753), tvpe European; Parish, Muhl. 5:126 (1909) ; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 217 (1901), ed. 2, 185 (1911), Man. 422 (1925). R. KAPHANISTRUM L. Sp. PI. 669 (1753), type European; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 218 (1901), ed. 2, 185 (1911) ; Man. 422 (1925). Jointed Charlock. Flowers yellow or white; pod moniliform, (1 or) 4 to 10-seeded. — Native of Europe, occasionally adventive: San Diego; San Jacinto Valley; San Bernardino (Muhl. 5:126); Pacific Grove; San Francisco; Berkeley; Elk Grove; Yosemite. 9. BRASSICA L. Mustard Ours annuals or biennials, either glabrous or sparsely hispid with coarse hairs, the lower leaves usually lyrately pinnatifid or pinnate, the upper disposed to be more or less entire. Flowers large, yellow. Lateral sepals more or less gibbous at base. Petals with long claw and abruptly spreading limb. Papilla-like glands 4, green, rather large, alternating with the claws of the petals. Pod terete, terminat- ing in a stout beak; valves 1 to several-nerved. Seeds in 1 row, globose. Cotyle- dons conduplicate, incumbent. — Species about 80, eastern hemisphere. All of our species are naturalized weeds. (The Latin name for cabbage.) Bibliog. — Lambert, A. B., Note on the Mustard plant of the Scriptures (Trans. Linn. Soc. 17:449-450, — 1837). Pieters, A. J., and Charles, Vera K., Seed coats of certain species of the genus Brassica (U. S. Dept. Agr., Division of Botany Bull. 29:1-19, figs. 1-6,-1901). Pods ascending on spreading pedicels; annual. Stem-leaves with the blades auriculate or cordate-clasping; beak terete 1. B. campcstris. Stem-leaves Avith the blades petioled or merely sessile; beak flattish 2. B. arvensis. Pods closely appressed to the stem. Stems glabrous or nearly so; pods somewhat quadrangular, the beak short; annual 3. B. nigra. Stems retrorse-hispidulose ; pods terete, the beak % as long as the body, commonly contain- ing a seed; perennial 4. B. incana. 1. B. campestris L. Common Yellow Mustard. Turnip. Rutabaga. Erect, sparingly branched, 1 to 6 feet high; herbage succulent, glaucous, and glabrous save for some bristle-bearing pustules on the upper surface of the lower leaves; blades of cauline leaves all sessile and clasping by an auricled base; blades of the lower leaves irregularly serrate or denticulate, and pinnatifid or pinnate with the terminal segment very large and the lateral segments sessile by a broad base and more or less decurrent on the rachis, the blades of the upper ones lanceolate and en- tire; flowers 6 to 8 lines broad; sepals narrowly oblong, yellowish, ascending; petals with elliptic limb; pods terete, IVi to V/o inches long, narrowed into a subulate beak, tipped with a flat stigma. Naturalized European weed, abundant throughout California. Feb.-Apr. MUSTARD FAMILY 49 Locs. — Eureka, Tracy 3242; Truckee, Sonne; Berkeley, Jepson 126f ; Elmira, Jepson; Eubio Canon (hills w.), San Gabriel Mts., Peirson 306; Eseondido, C. V. Meyer 9. Eefs. — Brassica campestris L. Sp. PI. 666 (1753), type European; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 216 (1901), ed. 2, 184 (1911), Man. 423 (1925). 2. B. arvensis Rabenh. Charlock. Stem branching, 1 to 2 feet high; herb- age light green, hispid with scattered hairs or merely hispidulose; leaf -blades pinnatifid or lobed or merely toothed, the upper rhombic, petioled or sessile by a narrow base, not clasping; petals 4 to 6 lines long; pods somewhat constricted between the seeds, 1 to l^/^ inches long, with 3 to 8 seeds in each cell; beak flattish, Ys as long as the body, often containing a seed; valves nerved. Native of Europe, sparingly naturalized. Apr. Locs. — Yreka; Eureka, Tracy 4635; Napa, Jepson 59e; Vacaville, Jepson 5301; Berkeley, Jepson 80g; San Francisco, Elsie Zeile; Alviso, Jepson 15,187. Eefs. — Brassica arvensis Eabenh. Fi. Lusatica 1:184 (1839); B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 5 (1888); Jepson, FL W. Mid. CaL 217 (1901), ed. 2, 184 (1911), Man, 423 (1925). Sinapis arvensis L. Sp. PI. 668 (1753), tvpe European. B. sinapistrum Boiss. Voy. Espag. 2:39 (1839- 45) ; B. & W. Bot. CaL 1:40 (1876). 3. B. nigra Koch. Black Mustard. Stems 3 to 6 or even 12 feet high; herbage dark green (not glaucous), glabrous or with some scattered stiff hairs; leaves all petiolate; blades of the lower leaves lyrately pinnatifid or divided, the terminal segment very large, shallowly lobed and sharply dentate; blades of the upper leaves less lobed or the uppermost linear and entire and commonly droop- ing or pendulous; racemes long and dense; petals 'iYi lines long, much longer than the sepals; pods closely appressed to the axis of the raceme, torulose, indistinctly 4 sided, beaked by the style; seeds nearly black, highly pungent. Naturalized from Europe, everywhere common at low altitudes though rare in the deserts. Very abundant in interior grainfields. May-July. Historical note. — In pioneer days Brassica nigra was generally of ranker growth than at present, forming thickets 8 to 12 feet high, which became, except for the cattle paths, as impene- trable as brushwood. In the early eighties of the last century such thickets existed for many leagues all about the settlement of mainly adobe houses known as Los Angeles. Children were warned not to wander into the Black Mustard "groves," since they frequently became lost (H. A. Dutton) . Birds nested in the branches of these "trees" and, eating the seeds, disseminated widely the mustard pest. According to A. B. Lambert (Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 17:449, — 1837), this is the Mustard Tree of the Bible (Matt. 13:31-32). In any event Brassica nigra is indigenous throughout the Mediterranean region. From the Mediterranean, probably from Spain by way of Mexico, it was, with scarcely any doubt, introduced into California during the Franciscan Mission period. Folk legends have come down which picture the friars dropping the seed at intervals on the flats and in the passes, while threading the unknown coastal valleys as they penetrated northward towards the later San Francisco, in order that the expedition might, by the growing plants, easily find its way back again over the same route the next year. On the other hand printed records which use the scientific binomial in the designation of the species as occurring in Alta California during the Spanish period and early American period are very scarce, perhaps indeed quite lacking. No Brassica species is mentioned for California in Bentham's Botany of the Voyage of the Sulphur, Hooker and Arnott's Botany of Beechey's Voyage, Hooker's Flora Boreali-Americana, Presl's Eeliquiae Haenkeanae nor in the Linnaea papers of Chamisso and Schlechtendahl. Even in the highly interesting botanical parts of the Pacific Railroad Survey Eeports, with the Sur- vey's list of plants as collected by the various expeditions, there is no mention of Brassica m California. It is somewhat difficult to reconeUe this lack of scientific record with the popular theory of the verv early introduction of Brassica nigra except upon the ground that the botanists of the first expeditions were naturally absorbed in collecting the striking novelties of the Cali- fornia flora. Doubtless so common an alien as Brassica nigra, well known m other parts of the world, was disregarded by scientific travelers as unworthy of their attention, as not meriting col- lection or record. That the printed record is, in this matter, deficient, is evidenced by the testi- mony of the early settlers. These American pioneers in California have, by way of reminiscence, related seeing the Black Mustard in gold days. One of them, James McCrory, tells us ol this species filling with yellow the Santa Clara Valley and other valleys bordering San Francisco i^ay during the fifties of the last century. There was comparatively little cultivation of the soil m tne 50 CRUCIFERAE earliest days of the American occupation and the Black Mustard spread freely over the moist valley lowlands. Notwithstanding tliat the plant was so cominon in the fifties and sixties, printed botanic^il records, as said, are lackinp. So far as now appears, the binomial Brassica nip^ra, in indication of this species as growing in California, first occurs in Bolandcr's "Catalogue of Plants Growing in tlie Vicinity of San Francisco," published in 1870, page 5. Locs. — Hydesville, Humboldt Co., Tracy 4514; Ft. Bragg, W. C. Mathews; Napa, Jepson; Mt. Diablo, Jrpson 9109; Berkeley; Berryessa, Santa Clara Co., Davy 7055; San Luis Obispo, Brewer 484; Mission La Purisima, Jepson 11,931; Santa Barbara; Strawberry Valley, San Jacinto Mts. ; Escondido, C. V. Meyer 21. Refs.— Brassica nigra Koch.; Roehl. Dcutschl. Fl. ed. 3, 4:713 (1833) ; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 217 (1901), ed. 2, 184 (1911), Man. 423 (1925). Sinains nigra L. Sp. PI. 6G8 (1753), type north European. 4. B. incana Meigen. Stem widely branching, II/2 to 3 feet high; herbage hispidnlose, retrorsely so on the stems and petioles; leaf-blades pinnately parted, or the uppermost merely lobed or subentire; flowering racemes subcapitate, mucli elongated in fruit; petals 2 to 3 lines long; pods closely appressed to the axis, 5 to 7 lines long, the beak % to I/2 as long as the body, constricted beyond the valves and bearing a single seed in the constricted portion. Introduced from Europe; established along the coast and spreading into the interior. May-Sept. Immigrant note. — Brassica incana (B. adpressa Boiss.) first appeared in Los Angeles about 1909 (Davidson, Bull. S. Cal. Acad. 12:11,-1913). As early as 1895 it is indicated (Syn. Fl. P:134) as collected at San Bernardino by Parish and it was again (1914) noted by Parish in San Bernardino and later (1918) in Redhinds; cf. Bull. S. Cal. Acad. :9*:17 (1920). In the San Francisco Bay region it was first noted in Berkeley about 1915 but probably appeared earlier. It has since spread rapidly throughout this region and has become common: St. Helena, Jepson 9831 ; Brannan Isl., lower Sacramento River, Jepson 10,220 ; Oakdale, Jepson 10,569. The two long-established grainfield weeds, B. nigra and B. campestris, keep mainly to broken ground, and in great part, complete their cycle during the winter and spring seasons. B. incana, on the contrary, spreads freely over dry unbroken ground and flourishes chiefly during the arid summer season. Of these three the latter is evidently destined to be the more abundant species and is already a serious agricultural pest. Refs. — Brassica incana Meigen, Dcutschl. Fl. 3:270 (1842). Sinapis incana L. Cent. PI. 1:19 (1755). B. adpressa Boiss. Voy. Espag. 2:38 (1839-45), type loc. Spain; Jepson, Man. 423 (1925). Jlirschfeldia incana Lagreze-Fossat, Fl. Tarn et Garonne 19 (1847). B. ERUCA L. Sp. PI. 667 (1753), type loc. Switzerland. Garden Rocket. Somewhat succulent, 1 to 1% feet high; herbage glabrous or sparingly hirsute; leaf-blades lyrate, pinnately lobed or pinnatifid ; flowers ^/^ to % inch broad, variously colored, the petals strongly veined ; pods erect- appressed, % inch long, the stout flat beak % as long as the body. — Adventive from Europe: fields near Yreka, Butler 1050; newly seeded alfalfa field, San Luis Obispo, Gondii in 1909; vacant lot, San Bernardino, in 1923 (Bull. S. Cal. Acad. 23:129). B. ALBA Boiss. Voy. Espag. 2:39 (1839^5). Sinapis alba L. Sp. PI. 668 (1753), type European. White Mustard. Erect annual 1 to 2 feet high, more or less pubescent with stiff Lairs; leaf -blades all pinnatifid with large terminal leaflet or lobe, bluntly toothed; pods on spreading pedicels, bristly, the broad sword-shaped beak equaling or longer than the body ; seeds few, large, pale. — Native of Europe, adventive in orchards or grainfields: Riverside, Bichard Baynor; Santa Monica (Erythca 1:57) ; Surf, Santa Barbara Co., K. Brandegee; Byron, Bio- letti; vicinity of San Francisco (Bolander, Cat. 5, — 1870) ; Vacaville, Jepson 527. 10. DIPLOTAXIS DC. Herbs similar to Brassica. Leaves toothed, pinnatifid, pinnately divided or entire. Petals yellow. Nectar glands 4, minute. Pods linear-elongated, flat or flatfish, short-beaked, borne erect on straight obliquely ascending pedicels; valves mostly 1-nerved; seeds in 2 rows in each cell; cotyledons conduplicate. — Species 19, central Europe to north Africa and India. (Greek diploos, double, and taxis, arrangement, referring to the biseriate seeds.) 1. D. tenuifolia DC. Wall Rocket. Perennial; stems erect, leafy, 1 to 4i/^ feet high; petals 3i/^ to 6 lines long; pods 1 to II/4 inches long. Native of Europe, sparingly naturalized in coastal Southern California. Apr. MUSTARD FAMILY 51 Locs.— Pasadena, Geo. B. Grant 289, at least as early as 1905; Los Angeles, Davidson in 1895; "scattered over about 200 acres between Santa Ana and Tustin, introduced about ten years since/' Ethelbert Johnson in 1929. Eefs.— DiPLOTAXis TENuiPOLiA DC. Syst. 2:632 (1821) ; Jepson, Man. 423 (1925). ^Siswrn- brium tenuifo lium L. Cent. PI. 18 (1755), "Gallia, Italia, Helvetia." DiPLOTAXis MURAiis DC. Syst. 2:634 (1821). Sand Socket. Annual: leaves mostly basal; petals 2 to 2% lines long; pods 1 to 1% inches long. — Native of Europe, adventive at San Bernar- dino ace. Parish (Bull. S, Cal. Acad. 19*: 18,— 1920). Conringia orientalis Dumort. Fl. Belg. 123 (1827) . Brassica orientalis L. Sp. PL 666 (1753), "in Oriente", i.e., Near East. Hare's Ear. Erysimum perfolia- tum Crantz, Stirp. Aust. 1:27 (1762), Erect glabrous annual; leaves elliptic to ovate, cordate-clasping, entire; petals yellowish; pods erect, linear, elongated. — Introduced from the east ]\Iediterranean region, a waif in waste places : Upland San Bernardino Valley (Bull. S. Cal. Acad. 19' :18,— 1920). 11. BARBAREA R. Br. Perennial herbs similar to the yellow-flowered Nasturtiums. Stem angular. Leaves lyrate or pinnatifid. Flowers yellow. Stamens 6, distinctly tetradynam- ous. Pod linear, somewhat quadrangular, abruptly tipped by a short style, the valves strongly 1-nerved or carinate. Seeds in 1 row in each cell, turgid, not margined. — About 7 species, temperate zones. (Named after St. Barbara.) 1. B. orthoceras Ledeb. Winter Cress. Stem erect, rather stout, 10 to 16 inches high; herbage glabrous; blades of basal leaves elliptic, sometimes cordate at base, % to 2 inches long, with or without small supplementary lobes borne along the petiole; blades of cauline leaves similar, pinnatifid, with the terminal lobe largest and often oblong-lanceolate; raceme terminal and solitary or with several from the upper axils; petals narrowly obovate or oblanceolate, the blade scarcely narrowed into a claw, about 3 lines long, twice or nearly twice as long as the yellow sepals ; pods somewhat crowded, erect and appressed or strongly ascend- ing) % to 1 inch long, % line wide, the beak l^ to % line long. Along streams or in woods in the high mountains, 9500 to 12,000 feet : Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Fresno Co. North to Alaska, thence east to Labrador; n. Asia; n. Scandinavia (aec. Fernald). July. Geog. note. — While mainly or wholly absent from the deserts and the valleys, Barbarea ortho- ceras (including its variety) is in California vridely distributed in the motmtain ranges and the foothills, not only in the Coast Eanges but in the most primitive and unchanged portions of the Sierra Nevada at middle and high altitudes. It is, judged by the nature of the habitat and the associated indigenous species, very certainly, we think, a native plant. We may add that it is also found on the highest and most remote peaks in an alpine form, as on Mt. Whitney, where its decumbent stems, 2 to 4 inches long, bear flowers vdth the sepals slightly thickened at apex. The typical form of the species is apparently somewhat uncommon in California and is confined to the high Sierra Nevada ; in almost all of our specimens the racemes are more or less pathogenic. Locs. — Poison Mdw., Soda Canon, Sawtooth Kange, Jepson 1137; Wildflower Lake, w. Inyo Co., Jepson 884; Kearsarge Pass, Jepson 881; Huntington Lake, A. L. Grant 1477; Soda Sprs., San Joaquin Eiver, Congdon. Var. dolichocarpa Per. SUiques spreading or ascending, somewhat remote, often somewhat incurved, 1^^ inches long, ^2 line wide. — Wet ground, about springs or in woods, foothills and mountains, 300 to 9500 feet: coastal Southern California; Sierra Nevada; Coast Ranges. North to British Columbia, east to Wyoming, south to Mexico (ace. Fernald, Ehod. 11 : 140). Mar.- July. Locs.— S. Cal.: Big Pines, San Gabriel Mts., Peirson 3166; Seeleys Flat, San Bernardino Mts., Parish. Sierra Nevada: Volcano Creek, Tulare Co., Jepson 4946; Crane Flat, Yosemite Park, Jepson 10,437; Calaveras Big Trees, A. L. Grant; Mineral, Tehama Co., J. Grinnell. Coast Eanges: Berkeley, Jepson 6227; Mt. Tamalpais, Jepson 11,561; Howell Mt., Jepson 10,319, 13,344. Eefs.— BAitBAREA ORTHOCERAS Ledeb. Hort. Dorp. (1824), Fl. Eoss. 1:114 (1841), type loc. Siberia. B. vulgaris Greene, Fl. Fr. 249 (1891) ; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 220 (1901), ed. 2, 52 CRUCIFERAE 387 (1911), Man. 424 (1925). Var. dolichocarpa Fer. Rhod. 11:140 (1909), typo loc. w. Klickitat Co., Wash., Suksdorf 2022. B. vulgaris var. arcuata B. & W. Bot. Cal. 1:40 (1876). 12. RADICULAIIill Nearly or quite jjlabrons herbs, soiiu'tiiiics j^rowinp; in Avater, mostly in wet places. Leaves toothed or piniiatifid or pinnately divided. Flowers small, white or yelloAV. Sepals spreading: in anthcsis. Petals scarcely clawed. Stigma capi- tate, nearly sessile. Pod linear or oblong, terete or nearly so, valves mostly 1-nerved. Seeds minute, in 2 rows in each cell; cotyledons accumbent. — About 50 species, all continents but most abundant in the north temperate zone. (Dimin- utive of Latin radix, radish. ) Flowers white; petals distinctly clawed, nearly twice the length of the sepals; perennial 1. K. nasturtium-aquaticum. Flowers yellow; petals scarcely clawed, shorter or little longer than the sepals. Pods linear, more or less curved upward ; annual or biennial. Stems several from the base, diffuse ; leaves pinnately parted or divided, the lobes mostly regular and equal 2. B. curvisiliqua. Stem one, erect, branching above the base; leaves Ij'rately pinnatifid 3. E. palustris. Pods oblong, turgid, straight; low diffuse plants; perennial 4c. E. sinuata. 1. R. nasturtium-aquaticum Britten & Rendle. Water Cress. Stems ascend- ing or prostrate at base and rooting at the nodes; herbage glabrous; leaflets or segments 3 to 9, ovate or nearly round, the terminal always the largest, or the lowest leaves without lateral leaflets; flowers white, 2 to 2^) lines broad; petals nearly twice the length of the sepals; pods divaricately spreading, I/2 to 1 inch long, the pedicels % to as long. Abundant in slow-flowing creeks (especially where not bordered by trees) and about springs in the mountains, 1 to 6000 feet: throughout California. Europe. May-Aug. Immigration note. — While this plant has long been thought an introduced plant, it seems not to be such in the most usual sense, that of involuntary introduction through modern trade and traffic. There is developing a considerable body of evidence that Water Cress was present in North America and in California before the advent of the historical settlements by Europeans. This subject is well discussed by S. B. Parish in the Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences (19': 18,— 1920). Locs. — Yreka, Butler 1056; Kneeland Prairie, Humboldt Co., Tracy 3830; Ulatis Creek, nw. Solano Co., Jepson 13,401; Berkeley, Jepson; Dorrington, Calaveras Co., Jepson; Monterey coast, Jepson; Cajon Pass, Peirson 372; Santa Ana, Alice King. K«fs. — Eadicxtla nasturtium-aquaticum Britt. & Rendle, Brit. Seed PI. 3:1907; Jepson, Man. 424 (1925). Sisymbrium nasturtium-aquaticum L. Sp. PI. 657 (1753), type European; Britt. & Br. 111. Fl. ed. 2, 2:162, fig. 2033 (1913). Nasturtium officinale R. Br.; Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2,4:110 (1812); B. & W. Bot. Cal. 1:43 (1876); Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 221 (1901), ed. 2, 187 (1911). Eoripa nasturtium Rusby, Mem. Torr. Club 3^:5 (1893). 2. R. curvisiliqua Greene. Western Yellow Cress. Stems several to many from the base, diffuse (rarely erect), 3 to 7 inches long (rarely to 1 or 1^/^ feet long) ; herbage glabrous; leaves mostly % to 2 inches long, or the lowest or basal often 3 to 12 inches long, their blades pinnatifid or pinnately parted (the seg- ments varying from linear and commonly entire to oblong or ovate and either entire, toothed or pinnatifid) ; pods linear, terete, more or less curved, 2i/2 to 7 lines long, the pedicels 14 to l^/^ lines long. Frequent in stream beds, margins of pools and marshy places, 10 to 7500 feet : throughout California. North to British Columbia, east to Wyoming, south to Lower California. Exceedingly variable in foliage. May- July. Locs. — Sierra Nevada: Hume Lake, Fresno Co., K. P. Kelley ; Hetch Hctchy, A. L. Grant 854; Belle Mdw., Tuolumne Co., Jepson 6488; Dorrington, Calaveras Co., Jepson 10,174; Blue Canon, Placer Co., II. A. WalTcer 1208; Truckee, Sonne; PrattvUle, Plumas Co., Cleveland; Goose Lake Valley, Modoc Co., R. M. Austin; Little Hot Springs Valley, Modoc Co., M. S. Baker; Still- water, Shasta Co., M. S. Baker ; Medicine Lake, Siskiyou Co., M. S. Baker. Great Valley: Yuba MUSTARD FAMILY 53 City, Jepson; Princeton, Colusa Co., Chandler; Vacaville, Jepson 13,382; Stockton, Davy. Coast Ranges: Oro Fino, Butler 121; Yreka, Butler 118; Marble Mt. valley, Butler 131; Eureka, Tracy 2519; Holmes Flat, Eel River, Tracy 4693; Fort Bragg, W. C. Mathews 85; Soldier Ridge, se. Trinity Co., Jepson 13,380; Uncle Sam Mt., Lake Co., Jepson; Gilroy, Jepson 13,378; Carmel River, Jepson 13,379; San Miguelito Rancho, Santa Lucia Mts., Jepson 1638; Arroyo Grande, San Luis Obispo Co., Alice King. S. Cal.: Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mts., Nora Pettibone; Hemet Valley, Riverside Co., C. M. Wilder 943 ; Ft. Yuma, Parish 8295. Refs. — Radicula curvisiliqua Greene, Lflts. 1:113 (1905); Jepson, Man. 424, fig. 415 (1925). Sisymbrium curvisiliqua Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:61 (1830), type loe. North-West Coast, in sandy soil, near streams, Douglas. Nasturtium curvisiliqua Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. 1:73 (1838), Columbia River, Nuttall; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 221 (1901), ed. 2, 188 (1911) ; B. & W. Bot. Cal. 1:42 (1876) ; Gray, Syn. Fl. 1^:148 (1895). Boripa curvisiliqua Bessey, Mem. Torr. Club 5:169 (1894). Nasturtium curvisiliqua var. lyratum Wats.; Brew. & Wats. I.e. 43. Boripa lyrata Greene, Man. Reg. S. F. Bay 20 (1894). Badicula lyrata Greene, Lflts. I.e. 3. R. palustris Moencli. Marsh Cress. Stem erect, simple or mostly branched above, (1 or) 2 to 5 feet high; herbage usually glabrous; leaf -blades broadly oblanceolate or narrowly oblong in outline, coarsely toothed or, if deeply pinnati- fid, mostly on the lower part of the blade, the lobes often irregularly dentate; pods oblong, turgid, 2i/^ to 51/2 lines long, obtuse, the pedicels nearly as long; style ^4 to % line long. Marshy places near streams, 50 to 6200 feet : widely distributed in California, but not common. North to British Columbia; east to the Atlantic. Europe, Asia. Mar.-June. Locs. — Garden Grove, Orange Co., Alice King; Kern River delta, Davy 2151; Bakersfield, Heller 7595; Sebna, Kate Stirring; Searsville, San Mateo Co., C. F. BaTcer 1856; Tracy, Michener 4- Bioletti; Lathrop, H. A. Walter; St. Helena, Jepson 13,375; Truckee River at Tahoe, Eelen Geis 198; Grouse Creek, Humboldt Co., Chesnut 4- Drew; Yuba City, Jepson 13,377; Star Bend, Feather River, Jepson 13,376; Biggs, Jepson 12,356; Redding, Blankinship. Refs.— Radicitla palustris Moench, Meth. 263 (1794); Britt. & Br. lU. Fl. ed. 2, 2:161, fig. 2030 (1913) ; Greene, Fl. Fr. 268 (1891) ; Jepson, Man. 425 (1925). Sisymbrium amphibium a palustre L. Sp. PI. 657 (1753), type from n. Eur. Nasturtium terrestre R. Br.; Ait. Hort. Kew. 2, 4:110 (1812) ; Gray, Syn. Fl. r:147 (1895). N. palustre DC. Syst. 2:191 (1891); Greene, Fl. Fr. 268 (1891); Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 221 (1901), ed. 2, 188 (1911). Boripa palustris Besser; Greene, Man. Reg. S. F. Bay 20 (1894). Nasturtium dictyotum Greene, Fl. Fr. 268 (1891), type loc. Grand Isl., lower Sacramento River, Jepson (a teratologieal form). Boripa dictyota Greene, Man. Reg. S. F. Bay 20 (1894). Badicula dictyota Greene, Lflts. 1:113 (1905). Nasturtium occidentale Greene, Fl. Fr. 268 (1891), type loc. plains of the upper Sacramento. Badi(mla occidentalis Greene, Lflts. I.e. Boripa multicaulis Greene, Pitt. 3:97 (1896), type loe. banks San Joaquin River. 4. R. sinuata Greene. Sand Cress. Stems decumbent or prostrate, arising from deep-seated vertical rootstocks, branching, pale green, puberulent, 4 to 6 inches long; herbage pale green, the stems puberulent; leaf -blades more or less narrowly oblong or oblanceolate, pinnately parted in a sinuate and regular man- ner, the segments rather crowded, subequal, oblong to deltoid, entire or coarsely toothed; petals yellow, scarcely longer than the sepals, aging white and half again as long; pods ovate to oblong, very turgid with rounded valves (almost obcom- pressed), rounded at apex or pointed, l^^ to 21/2 lines long, on pedicels 11/2 to 2 lines long; style usually I/2 to % line long. Montane, often in the deep sand of lake or river shores, 5000 to 6200 feet : San Bernardino Mts. ; Sierra Nevada. North to Saskatchewan, east to Arkansas. July. Locs.— Pods rounded or truncate at apex: Little Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mts.; State Line, Lake Tahoe, Peirson 6187; Emerald Bay, J. T. Howell 1376; Lakeside, Eldorado Co., Helen Geis 153. Pods pointed at apex: upper San Joaquin River, Madera Co., Congdon; CedarviUe Canon, Modoc Co., B. M. Austin. Var. truncata Jepson. Habit and leaves similar to the species; pods oblong, l^^ to 1% lines long, truncate, the style very short. — San Gabriel Mts. (Crystal Lake). Var. Integra Jepson. Leaf -blades narrowly obovate to broadly oblong, not lobed, sparingly dentate or subentire; pods oblong-ovate, turgid, 11/2 to 2 lines long, on pedicels % line long.— Montane, 6000 to 10,200 feet, east of the Sierra Nevada from Inyo Co. to Modoc Co. 54 CRUCIFERAE Locs. — Silver Caiion nonr Big Prospector Mdw., Wliitc Mts., Jcpson 73r)4; North Fork Crooked Creek, White Mts., Jcpsnn 7344; Mt. Bidwell, Jcpson 7902. Kefs.— Kadicula siN'UATA Greene, Lflts. 1:113 (1905); Jepson, Man. 424 (1925); Britt. &Br. III. Fl.cd. 2, 2:160, fig. 2027 (1913). Xaxturtium sinnaiiim 'Nutt.; T. &G. Fl. 1:73 (1838), type loc. banks of the Columbia River, Nnttall; B. & W. Bot. Cal. 1:43 (187G) ; Gray, Syn. Fl. l':147 (1895). Eoripa sinuata Hitchcock, Spring Fl. Manhat. 18 (1894). lioripa tencrrima Greene, Erythea 3:4(3 (1895), type loc. Modoc Co., 11. M. Austin, liadicula tcnerrima Greene, Lflts. 1:113 (1905). Var. trun'cata Jepson, Man. 424 (1925), type loc. Crystal Lake, San Ga- briel Mts., Peir.son 2450. Var. Integra Jepson, Man. 425 (1925), type loc. Silver Canon, White Mts., Jepson 7354. Radicula A0STRIACA Jepson comb. n. Nasturtium austriacum Crantz, Stirp. Austr. ed. 1 : 15 (1762), type from Austria. Roripa austriaca Spach, Hist. Veg. Phan. 6:513 (1838) ; Hegi, Fl. Mit.-Eur. 4':309, fig. 803. Stems slender, erect, V/2 to 2 feet high, microscopically pubcrulent; blades of the leaves oblong to oblong-obovate, unequally serrate, narrowed below to a l)road petiole-like auriculate base, 1^4 to 2^/^ inches long, glabrous; racemes 3 to 5 inches long, panicu- late at summit; petals yellow, 2 lines long; pedicels soon spreading, 2 to 5 lines long; pods sub- globose, y^ to IV2 lines long. — European weed, introduced into cultivated fields in Modoc Co.: Corporation ranch, south of Alturas, ace. M. K. Belluc (Mo. Bull. Cal. Dept. Agr. 22:385), reported in 1933. In general habit it recalls some Sisymbrium species. 13. CARDAMINE L. Bitter Cress Ours erect herbs with leafy stems. Leaves simple or pinnate, the basal in a rosette. Flowers white or pinkish. Very near Dentaria and scarcely separable, but the flowers smaller (in ours 1 to 4 lines long) and pods narrower. — About 125 species, temperate regions of both hemispheres and extending into the arctic zone. (Ancient Greek name of some species of cress.) Leaves simple, undivided ; petals 2 to 3 lines long ; perennials ; ne. Cal. Stems many from an ascending mueh-branched caudex; flowers white or pinkish; dwarf plants 1. C. bellidifolia. Stem simple or branched above, from a running rootstock ; flowers white ; plants 1 to 2 feet high 2. C.lyallii. Leaves, at least the cauline, with 3 to many pinnate leaflets ; flowers white. Some basal leaves simple; cauline 3 to 5-foliolate; petals 2l^ lines long; perennial; mostly montane 3. C. hreweri. Basal leaves pinnate. Flowers rather large; petals 2^/^ to 3 lines long; perennial. Leaflets 1 or 2 pairs, angulately lobed; plants abundantly stolonif erous ; Humboldt Co 4. C. angulata. Leaflets 4 to 6 pairs, not lobed; plants not stolonif erous; coastal S. Cal 5. C. gambelii. Flowers smaller ; petals 1 to 2 lines long ; annuals or biennials. Leaflets mostly roundish ; capsules V2 to % line wide, about 8 to 18-seeded 6. C. oligosperma. Leaflets mostly oblong or linear; capsules % line wide, about 20 to 30-seedod 7. C. pennsylvanica. 1. C. bellidifolia L. Alpine Cress. Scape-like peduncles and leaves eaespi- tose on the branched root-crown, the plants 2 to 6 inches high; herbage glabrous; leaf -blades ovate or elliptic, 3 to 9 lines long, on slender petioles 2 to 3 times as long; flowers few; pods erect, 10 to 15 lines long. High peaks of northern California, 7000 to 8000 feet : Lassen Peak; Mt. Shasta; Medicine Lake. North to xilaska, east to New England. Europe, Asia. June. Locs. — ^Lassen Peak, B. M. Austin; Mt. Shasta (Syn. Fl. 1^:155) ; Medicine Lake, M. S. Baker 508. Refs. — Cabdamine bellidifolia L. Sp. PI. 654 (1753), type European; Jepson, Man. 425 (1928). C. bellidifolia var. pachyphylla Cov. N. Am. Fauna 16^:146 (1899), type loc. Mt. Shasta, Merriam. 2. C. lyallii Wats. Stem erect from a rootstock, simple or branched, 10 to 15 inches high; herbage glabrous; leaf -blades all simple, 6 to 8, reniform to cordate, MUSTARD FAMILY 55 subentire or sliallowly sinuate, 1 to 2% inches broad; pods erect on spreading pedicels % to l^^ inches long; style very short. Montane, 5500 to 6000 feet : Placer Co. to Siskiyou Co. North to British Colum- bia, east to northern Nevada. June-July. Locs. — Deer Park, Placer Co., Helen Geis 65; Truckee road to Hot Sprs., Talioe, Sonne; w. slope Washoe Mts., Nevada Co., Davy 3162 ; Marble Mountain Valley, Siskiyou Co., Butler 132. Eefs. — Cardamine lyallii Wats. Proe. Am. Acad. 22:466 (1887), based on spms. from the Cascade Mts. of Ore. and Wash. (Wilkes, Lyall, Hall 29, G. B. Vasey, Howell), Blue Mts. of Ore. (CusicTc) and Clover Mts. of Nev. (Watson) ; Jepson, Man. 425 (1925). 3. C. breweri Wats. Sierra Cress. (Fig. 133.) Steins from a slender root- stock, erect or decumbent at base, 7 to 16 inches high; herbage glabrous or nearly SO; leaves 3 (or to 7)-foliolate, or the basal mostly simple; terminal leaflet usually round-cordate, entire to sliallowly lobed; lat- eral leaflets usually very much smaller and rounded; pods 8 to 13 lines long, 14 to % line wide, ascending or erect on pedicels 4 to 7 lines long; style almost none. Montane, 4000 to 8500 feet : Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Modoc Co.; and near sea- level at Humboldt Bay. North to Washington, east to Wyoming. Apr.-July, Locs. — Kern Lake, Kern Canon, Jepson 4943 ; Wol- verton Creek, Marble Fork Kaweah Eiver, Hopping 348; North Fork Kings River; Soda Sprs., upper San Joaquin River, Madera Co., Congdon; Walker Lake, Mono Co., Congdon; Truckee River, Nevada Co., Davy 3163; Donner Lake, Nevada Co., Heller 6918; Yuba Pass, Sierra Co.; Bridge Creek, Lassen Co., BaJcer 4" Nutting; e. slope Mt. Shasta, M. S. Balcer; Eureka, Tracy 4891. Refs. — Caedamine brevfeei Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 10:339 (1875), type loc. Sonora Pass, Brewer; Jepson, Man. 425 (1925). C. modocensis Greene, Pitt. 4:203 (1900), type loc. Lassen Creek, Modoc Co., E. M. Austin. Fig. 133. Cardajviine breweri Wats. a, base of plant, X % ; &, upper part of plant, X 1/2; c, fl., X 4; d, pod, X 1. 4. C. angulata Hook. Wood Cress. Stems erect, 1 to IV2 feet high, abundantly stolonifer- ous; herbage glabrous; leaves 3 or 5-foliolate, when 5-foliolate the lower pair of leaflets usu- ally much smaller; leaflets ovate, 1 to 2i/4 inches long, somewhat angulately 5-lobed, subpalmately and strongly 5-nerved; racemes 2 to 4% inches long, rather few- flowered; pods lanceolate, straight, 9 to 11 lines long, spreading. Wet places in Redwood forest, 400 to 600 feet : Humboldt Co. North to British Columbia. May. Loc. — Prairie Creek, Tracy 7588. The lobes of the leaves are few, remote and angular; vrhile variable they still give the foliage a peculiar aspect. Refs. — Cardamine angulata Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:44 (1829), type loc. Fort Vancouver, Columbia River, Douglas, Scolder; Bot. Misc. 1:343 t. 69 (1830). 5. C. gambelii Wats. Swamp Cress. Stems rather stout, 2 to 4 feet long, decumbent and rooting at base but not properly stoloniferous; herbage glabrous or sparingly soft-villous; leaflets 4 to 6 pairs, broadly ovate to narrowly oblong, cuneate at base, acute, 1 or 2-toothed on each side, 4 to 10 lines long; raceme very dense, becoming elongated and loose in fruit; flowers white, 2^/2 to 3 lines long; pods 9 to 10 lines long, mostly arcuate, on divaricate pedicels nearly as long; style slender, 1 line long. 56 CRUCIFERAE Swamps. 1000 to 3000 feet: cismoiitaiic Southern California from Santa Bar- bara Co. to San Diego Co. South to ^Mexico. Locs. — Los Angeles (Abrams, Fl. Los Angeles 172) ; San Bernardino, Parish 379C; Julian, San Diego Co. Refs. — Cardamine oambeui Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 11:147 (1876), type loc. near Santa Barbara, Gambcl, Eothroclc; Jepson, Man. 426 (1925). 6. C. oligosperma Nutt. Hill Cress. Stems branched from the base or simple, 3 to 14 inclies higli; herbage hispidulous or glabrous; leaves pinnate (the basal in a rosette), i/o to V/2 inches long (including the petiole) ; leaflets 5 to 11, little unequal, with a notch in each side toward the apex, 1 to 4 lines long, petiolu- late; petals much surpassing the sepals; pods 6 to 9 (or 12) lines long; valves separating while still green-herbaceous; pedicels 1 to 2 lines long, little accrescent in fruit. Under oaks and other trees in openly wooded country, 20 to 700 feet : Santa Monica Mts.; Coast Ranges from Monterey Co. to Humboldt Co.; Sierra foothills from Sacramento Co. to Shasta Co. North to British Columbia. Feb.-Mar. Locs. — Topango Canon, Los Angeles coast (ace. Parish, Bull. S. Cal. Acad. 8:7) ; Del Monte, Berg; Los Gatos; Alum Ptock, Santa Clara Co., Pendleton 672; Berkeley, Jepson 13,357; Mill Valley, Chandler; Olema, Jepson; Santa Eosa. M. S. Baker 97; Duncan Mills, Bavy 1643; Kel- seyviile. Lake Co., Jrwin 23; Humboldt Bay, Tracn 4923; Redding, BlanUnship; Burney Falls, Shasta Co., M. S. Balcer; Michigan Bar, ne. Sacramento Co., Jepson 15,259. Refs. — Cakdamine OLIGOSPERMA Nutt. ; T. &G. Fl. 1:85 (1838), type loc. shady woods of the Columbia, Nuttall; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 222 (1901), ed. 2, 188 (1911), Man. 426 (1925). 7. C. pennsylvanica ]\Iuhl. Quaker Cress. Annual or biennial; stems simple or branched, 8 to 20 inches high; herbage glabrous or nearly so; leaflets 7 to 13, mostly oblong or linear, but those of the lowest leaves suborbicular, mostly sessile; pods suberect, on spreading pedicels 3 to 6 lines long. Moist places, chiefly in shade, 3000 to 4000 feet : eastern Nevada Co. North to Alaska, east to the Atlantic. May. Loc. — Truckee, Sonne 628. Refs. — Cakdamine pennsylvanica Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 3:486 (1800), type loe. Pennsyl- vania; Britt. & Br. 111. Fl. 2:128, fig. 1726 (1897) ; Jepson, Man. 426 (1925). 14. DENTARIA L. Toothwort Glabrous perennials. Stems and one or two long-petioled basal leaves from tuberous rootstocks, the stems usually with few leaves, rarely branched, and spar- ingly leafy. Flowers in a raceme, large, white or rose-tinted. Sepals equal at base, erect or nearly so. Petals with slender claws and ovate spreading limb, much longer than the sepals. Pod linear, flattened parallel to the partition, stout, atten- uate above into the slender style, the valves and partitions not nerved; seeds wing- less. — Species about 10, northern hemisphere. (Latin dens, a tooth, the rootstocks toothsome in some species.) Leaves all simple; rare species. Cauline leaves scattered along the stem, their blades round-cordate; flowers in a raceme; foothills 1- B. cardiophylla. Cauline leaves approximate beneath the corymbose raceme, their blades suborbicular, obtuse at base; montane 2. B. corymbosa. Cauline leaves pinnate or pinnately parted, the basal simple or 3 to 5-foliolate. Style 1 to 3 lines long ; leaf -segments mostly ovate or roundish ; common.. ..3. B. integrifolia. Style 5 lines long; leaf -segments narrow; rare 4. B. macrocarpa. 1. D. cardiophylla Rob. Lad's Toothwort. Stem 6 to 11 inches high; leaf - blades cordate, denticulate, shortly acutish or obtuse, 1^4 to 2 inches wide; petioles 2 to 3 inches long, or of the cauline leaves 5 to 6 lines long; racemes subcorymbose ; flowers 3^2 lines long; corolla white. MUSTARD FAMILY 57 Moist loam on wooded canon slopes, 300 to 1000 feet : Vaca Mts., Solano Co. Mar.-Apr. Loc— In truly typical state this is known to us only from the east slope of the Vaca Mts., where first obtained Mar. 1, 1885. Refs. — Dentaria cardiophylla Eob. ; Gray, Syn. Fl. l':155 (1895); Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 222 (1901), ed. 2, 188 (1911). Cardamine cardiophylla Greene, Fl. Fr. 266 (1891), type loc. Weldon Canon, Vaca Mts., Jepson 14,731. D. integrifolia var. cardiophylla Jepson, Man. 426 (1925). 2. D. corymbosa Jepson. Walty Toothwort. Plants 5 to 8 inches high; herbage glabrous; leaves all simple, the blades mostly orbicular in outline, coarsely dentate or sometimes palmately lobed, 1 to 1% inches long; cauline leaves mostly 2 or 3, approximate on upper part of stem; leaves from the rootstock with round- cordate blades; fruiting raceme corymbose, the lower pedicels 1 to li/4 inches long; pods 1 to 1% inches long, not including the (2 to 3 lines long) style. High peaks and mountain slopes, 5500 to 7000 feet : inner North Coast Ranges from the Yollo Bolly Mts. to northern Lake Co. ; southern Sierra Nevada. Flowers unknown. Locs.— North Coast Eanges: South Yollo Bolly; Black Butte, C. M. Wilder; Mt. Hull, Tulare Co. : Colony Mill, TV. Fry 354. Var. grata Jepson var. n. Stem simple, 4 to 6 inches high, naked below, the cauline leaves in threes (rarely in twos), somewhat approximate beneath the raceme; blades of cauline leaves ovate to olslong-lanceolate in outline, % to 1^/4 inches long, coarsely 3-toothed at apex, or some- times with a supplementary lateral tooth near the middle on each side ; leaves from the rootstock with blades obovate in outline, entire save for the 3-lobed apex; raceme in anthesis corymbiform, 7 to 10 lines long; flowers SY2 to 4% lines long; petals white; fruit not known. — (Folia caulina ternata, raro binata, ovata vel oblongo-lauceolata, unc. %-!% longa, ad apieem crasse 3-denti- culata, nunc cum dente addicio prope utriusque lateris medium ; folia radicales obovata, integer- rima, apice 3-lobato excepto.) — Timber Gap, Tulare Co., 9400 feet. Hall 4- Baicoch 5370 (type). Eefs. — Dentaria corymbosa Jepson, Man. 426 (1925), type loc. South Yollo Bolly, Jepson 126d. Var. grata Jepson. 3. D. integrifolia Nutt. Milk-maids. (Fig. 134. ) Stem mostly one from the rootstock, erect, 6 to 21 inches high, the herbage rather fleshy; leaves from the rootstock simple or 3-f oliolate, the blades of the leaves or leaflets orbicular, ovate or reniform, dentate or lobed, % to 2% inches long; cauline leaves 3 or 5-f oliolate, the leaflets orbicular to lanceolate or linear; raceme mostly single; corolla white, 6 lines broad; se- pals green or dull red; pods flattened, 1 to 1^/2 inches long, terminating in a stout style 1^ to 2 lines long. Foothills and valley floors, 25 to 150 feet: Coast Ranges from Monterey Co. to Contra Costa, Sonoma and Napa Cos. Feb.-Apr. Variation note. — Nuttall's original descriptions of his specimens of Dentaria integrifolia and califor- nica (T. & G. Fl. 1:88) from Monterey differentiate his species very slightly and somewhat ambiguously. Chiefly on account of the word "plains", which we con- strue as open places, we are applying the name Den- taria integrifolia to the plant with thickish smallish leaves, entire leaflets, and white flowers, which grows in open wet situations on the valley floors, often whiten- ing, in March and April, low moist fields from Monterey to Marin Co. and Napa Valley. This was evidently the construction placed upon the descriptions by E. L. _ ttt i. -d 1 i Greene (Fl. Fr. 266). The following stations may be noted: San Francisco; West BerJieley; Lafayette, Davy; Dillon's Beach, M. S. BaTcer; Olema, Jepson 80e. Fig. 134. Dentaria integrifolia Nutt. a, tubers and roots, X ^/^ ; &, A- branchlet, X 1 ; c, basal leaf, X % ; d, pod, X %. 58 CRUCIFERAE Dcntaria intcgrifolia (including its varieties and more especially the var. californica) is extroiiiely varialilo in foliage and in habit. I^eaf or leaflet outline is especially fluctuating. A single individual often exliibits five or six distinct shapes of leaflets, while it is not infrequently one's experience that fifteen or twenty more or less marked leaf variants can be had from a series of plants froiM oiu' station, the plants otherwise not dissimilar. Var. californica Jepson. Leaves or leaflets larger and thinner, as a rule, than in the species; corolla white or pale rose-color. — Shady banks or in rich woods or tliickets, 50 to 8700 feet, throughout eismontanc C:Uifornia. Geog. distribution. — This form, so ncarlj' related to the species, grows in the Avooded canons of hills bordering the open wet valley flats indicated above as occupied by D. intcgrifolia but is more widely distributed by far and is common everj^herc in the hill country beyond the range of D. intcgrifolia. Its leaves were described by Nuttall as crenate or incisely denticulate, and are in any event more commonly denticulate than in D. intcgrifolia, and are sometimes pale purple beneath. In the main its characters suggest tliat it is an edaphic variant. A long series of speci- mens of var. c-alifornica may be cited as follows. S. Cal. : San Diego, G. W. Dunn; Arroyo Scco, Los Angeles, Brmmton 789; Pacoima Canon, San Gabriel Mts., Peirson 265; Lady's Harbor, Santa Cruz Isl., Mabel Peirson. Coast Ranges: San Luis Obispo, Ida Blochman; Los Altos (hills back of), Santa Clara Co., Jepson 9103; Arroyo Mocho, Jepson 10,677; Mt. Diablo, Jepson 9850; Berkeley Hills, Earl Mulliken 4; Koss Valley, Jepson 30k; Papermill Creek, Marin Co., Jepson 10,311a'; St. Helena, Jepson 32e; Knights Valley, Jepson 32d ; Duncan Mills, Davy 1644; Na- varro, Mendocino Co., Byxbee; Kneeland Prairie, Tracy 4878; Trinity Summit, Davy 5832; Marble Mt., Jepson 2844; Crescent City, Howell. Sierra Nevada: Tule River, Tulare Co., Purpus 5075; Yankee HUl, Tuolumne Co., A. L. Grant 650; New York Falls, Amador Co., Hansen 578; Big Mdws., Plumas Co., B. M. Austin; Little Chico Creek, E. M. Austin 332; Cow Creek Canon, Shasta Co., M. S. Baker; Shasta Sprs., Butler 649. Var. tracyi Jepson. Leaves a very dense deep purple beneath, the basal smaller than in var. californica; flowers deep rose-pink, slightly smaller. — Woods, Van Duzen River, Humboldt Co. Var. pachystigma Wats. Raceme sessile or nearly so. — Plumas Co. Refs.— Dentabia integrifolia Nutt; T. & G. PL 1:88 (1838), type loc. Monterey, Nuttall; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 221 (1901), ed. 2, 188 (1911) ; Man. 426 (1925). Cardamine integri- folia Greene, Bull. Cal. Acad. 2:389 (1887). Var. californica Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 222 (1901), ed. 2, 188 (1911), Man. 426 (1925). D. californica Nutt. I.e., type loc. Monterey, Nut- tall; Wats. Proe. Am. Acad. 14:289 (1879); Bot. Cal. 2:430 (1880); Gray, Syn. Fl. r:159 (1895). Cardamine californica Greene, Fl. Fr. 266 (1891). C. puucisecta Benth. PI. Hartw. 297 (1848), type loc. Monterey, Hartweg 174; B. & W. Bot. Cal. 1:30 (1876). C. cuneata Greene, Bull. Cal. Acad. 1:74 (1885), tvpe loc. Jolon, Monterev Co., Greene. D. cuneata Greene, Pitt. 3:123 (1896). Cardamine nuttaUii Greene, Bull. Cal. Acad. 2:389 (1887), Fl. Fr. 266 (1891). C. sinuata Greene, Erythea, 1:148 (1893), type loc. Crescent City, Thomas Howell. D. sinuata Greene, Pitt. 3:123 (1896). Var. tracyi Jepson, Man. 426 (1925), type loc. Blue Slide, Van Duzen River, Tracy 5426. Var. pachystigma Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 14:289 (1879), type loc. Plumas Co., Lemmon, Fl. M. Austin, Ames; Jepson, Man. 426 (1925). D. pachystigma Wats.; Gray, Syn. Fl. P:155 (1895). 4. D. macrocarpa Nutt. Oregon Toothwort. Stem 4 to 8 inches high, aris- ing from elongated thick rootstocks; leaves pinnately divided into 5 linear or oblong lobes % to 1 inch long, or sometimes palmately parted; cauline leaves 1 to 3; raceme nearly sessile; petals pink; pods 1 to IV2 inches long; styles in fruit 4 to 5 lines long. Shady slopes, 10 to 4000 feet : Plumas Co. to Del Norte Co. North to British Columbia. Mar.-Apr. Locs.— Plumas Co. (Sjti. Fl. l':154); Humbug Mt., Siskiyou Co., Butler 1152; Crescent City, Howell 109. Refs. — Dentaria macrocarpa Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. 1:88 (1838), type loc. Columbia River, Nuttall; Jepson, Man. 427 (1925). C. pulcherrima Greene, Erythea 1:148 (1893), type loc. Mosier, e. Ore., Howell. 15. SMELOWSKIA C. A. Mey. Low caespitose perennials with stellate-pubescent herbage. Leaves deeply pin- natifid or bipinnatifid. Flowers in racemes, small, white, yellowish or purplish- tinged. Anthers slightly sagittate at base. Pod oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, more or less obcompressed, the valves strongly keeled; style short. — Species 7, western North America and central Asia. (Timotheus Smielowski, Russian botan- ist, 19th century.) MUSTARD FAMILY 59 Herbage densely whitish-pubescent; leaf -segments soft, obtuse; pods somewhat obcompressed but subteretish. — Sect. Eusmelowskia 1. s. calycina. Herbage greenish, thinly pubescent; leaf -segments rigid, acute; pods obcompressed, distinctly though not strongly flattened. — Sect. Polyctenium 2. S. fremontii. 1. S. calycina C. A. Mey. (Fig. 135.) Plants 11/2 to 4i^ inclies high; herbage densely whitish-pubescent; leaves chiefly in a basal tuft, % to II/2 inches long, the blades pinnately divided into linear or oblong segments 2 to 3 lines long; flowers white with rose-color veins, 1 to 2 lines long; pods linear, 3 to 5 lines long. Montane, northern Sierra Nevada in south- eastern Shasta Co. East to Colorado, north to Alaska. Loc. — Lassen Peak, CJiesnut 4" Drew. Eefs. — Smelowskia cai.ycina C.A.Meyer; Ledeb. PI. Alt. 3:170 (1831), type loc. Siberia; Jepson, Man. 427 (1925). Rutchinaia calycina Desv. ; Hook. PI. Bor. Am. 1:58, t. 17, fig. B (1830). S. OVAI.IS Jones, Proc. Cal. Acad. ser. 2, 5:624 (1895), type loc. Mt. Adams, Wash.; pods ovate, trun- catish or subcordate at base, 1 to 2^2 lines long. — Lassen Peak (Syn. Fl. 1^:469). This is, apparently, only a reduced form of S. calycina C. A, Mey. 2. S. fremontii Wats. Stems erect, tufted on the root-crown, 2 to 5I/2 inches high; herb- age greenish, thinly pubescent; leaves 1 to IV2 inches long, the blades divided into linear-sub- ulate segments 3 lines long; flowers white or lemon-yellow; pods linear-oblong, 21^2 to 5 lines long. Dried swales or beds of former pools, 4200 to 5400 feet : hills and mountain valleys east of the Sierra Nevada crest from Plumas Co. to Modoc Co. North to Oregon. Apr.-June. Locs. — Portola, Plumas Co., E. Branclegee ; Amedee, Lassen Co., Loughridge ; Eagle Lake and Madeline plains, Lemmon; Ewing Creek, Modoc Co., E. M. Austin; "West "Valley, "Warner Mts., L. S. Smith 780; Tule Lake, Manning ; Happy Camp, Modoc Co., L. S. Smith 1230. Eefs. — Smelowskia fremontu "Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 11:123 (1876), based on spms. from near Klamath Lake, Fremont, and n. Sierra Nevada, Lemmon. Polyctenium fremontii Greene, Lflts. 2:219 (1912). Braya pectinata Greene, Erythea 3:69 (1895), type loc. Ewing Creek, Modoc Co., E. M. Austin. 16. ARABIS L. Rock Cress Ours erect and often tall annuals or biennials, or caespitose perennials. Flow- ers rose-purple, white or yellowish-white. Sepals greenish or purplish, erect and equal, or the lateral pair slightly saccate at base. Petals obovate or spatulate, with narrow claw and flat blade, commonlj^ much exceeding the sepals. Pod flattened parallel to the partition, the valves more or less 1-nerved. Seeds more or less winged; cotyledons accumbent. — About 120 species, all continents, but mostly north of the equator. (Name from the land Arabia.) A. Leaves all pinnately parted. Plants decumbent, branching from base, hirsute; annual or biennial; mainland 1. A. virginica. Plants erect, slender, branching above, glabrous; annual; insular 2. A. filifolia. B. Leaves entire or toothed, or only the basal pinnately parted. 1. Seeds nearly marginless; basal leaves broad, mostly spatulate to obovate. Pods semi-terete, strictly erect; herbage glaucous, glabrous except at base; biennial. .3. A. glabra. Pods flattened, ascending or divaricate ; herbage not glaucous. Fig. 135. Smelowskia calycina C. A. Mey. a, habit, X %; b, leaf, X 2 ; c, fl., X 5 ; d, pod, X 3. 60 CRUCIFERAE Flowers greenish-white; herbage hirsute; l)iennial i. A.hir.ftita. Flowers crimson or rose-purple, showj'; herbage commonly glabrous but the leaves ciliate with forked hairs; perennial 5. A. blcpharophylla. 2. Seeds wing-margined; pods flattened or flattish. a. Pods narrowly linear. Cauline leaves petioled, the blades entire or slightly toothed, the basal ones repand or dentate 6. A. repanda. Cauline leaves mostly sessile. Herbage glabrous or somewhat pubescent below; biennial or perennial; middle and high altitudes, Sierra Nevada. Pods erect; root-crown slender (1 to 2 lines thick), simple or branching 7. A. drummondii. Pods ascending; root-crown very thick (3 to 12 lines in diameter), commonly simple 8. A. eognata. Herbage more or less pubescent; pods spreading or reflexed. Plants 2 to 7 inches high ; perennial. Pedicels glabrous; flowers 2 to 3 lines long; high Sierra Nevada 9. A. lemmonii. Pedicels pubescent; flowers 3 to 5 lines long; Coast Kange peaks 10. A. brewcri. Plants 7 to 18 inches high. Cauline leaves pinnately and rather closely incised; basal leaves narrowly linear, in silvery tufts; biennial or perennial 11. A. subpinnatifi4ia. Cauline leaves entire or merely dentate or serrate. Koot-crown simple or with few branches, rarely woody. Corolla commonly white or nearly so, sometimes jjurple. Flowering racemes at first very dense; flowers soon pendulous; pedi- cels puberulent; corolla white; fruiting racemes secund; biennial or perennial 12. A. seeiinda. Flowering racemes loose ; flowers not pendulous in anthesis ; pedicels mostly pilose ; corolla white or purple ; fruiting racemes not secund; biennial 13. A. retrofracta. Corolla dark red or pinkish- white. Herbage hoary with a fine dense pubescence; pedicels glabrous or only scantily puberulent; Great Basin region. Corolla 1^2 to 2 lines long; stem scantily leafy; perennial 14. A. canescens. Corolla 314 to 4 lines long; stem densely leafy; biennial 15. A. beclcwithii. Herbage puberulent or pubescent ; cismontane or mostly. Fruiting racemes mostly secund; pods straight; root-crown simple or shortly branched; pedicels glabrous; corolla 2 to 3 lines long, white or pinkish; biennial; middle altitudes in the mts 16. A. rectissima. Fruiting racemes not secund or rarely so; pods mostly curved; root-crown with long leafy branches; pedicels pubescent; corolla dark red, 3 to 5 lines long; perennial; chiefly in the foothills or at low altitudes in the mts 17. .4. arcuata. Root-crown with branches several to many, woody ; desert perennials. Ovary usually densely tomentulose; pods deflexed or pendent, I'V^ lines wide; herbage canescent 18. A. pidchra. Ovary glabrous or nearly so; pods mostly spreading or recurved, % to 1 line wide 19. A. perennans. b. Pods broadly linear to oblong or elliptic, flattened ; perennials. Pods pendent or deflexed, glabrous ; plants 7 to 14 inches high. Herbage glabrous; pods linear, 2 lines wide, acute or attenuate-acute at apex 20. A. suffrutescens. Herbage canescent; pods oblong, rounded at each end, 3 lines wide 21. A. glaucovalvula. Pods not pendent or deflexed. Pods ascending; leaves hoary-canesccnt 22. A. nardina. Pods erect. Style % to % line long or stigma sessile ; herbage green. Basal leaves not densely crowded, about 1 inch long 23. A. platysperma. Basal leaves in a very dense tuft, 3 to 6 lines long 24. A. inamoena. Style 2 to 2^ lines long; herbage canescent 25. A. parishii. MUSTARD FAMILY 61 1. A. virginica Trel. Virginia Rock-cress. Annual or biennial, nearly glab- rous; stems several from the base, decumbent or ascending, 7 to 15 inches high; leaf-blades deeply and pinnately parted into nearly uniform segments, the seg- ments oblong or linear, few-toothed or entire; flowers small, white; pods linear, spreading, % to 1 inch long, 1 line broad, on pedicels 1 to 2 lines long, beaked by a short pointed style; valves faintly veined or obscurely 1-nerved at base; seeds in 1 row. Open places, or low ground, 10 to 200 feet : lower San Joaquin Valley to South- ern California and northern Lower California. East to Texas and Virginia. Apr.-Oct. Locs. — Stockton, Davy, San ford 340; Tracy, Michener 4' Bioletti; Inglewood, Los Angeles Co. (Abrains, Fl. Los. Ang. 178) ; San Diego, C. F. Baker 1644. Tiajuana, L. Cal., Orcmtt 1459. Eefs. — Arabis virginica Trel.; Branner, Eep. Geol. Surv. Ark. 1888: 165 (1891) • Jepson Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 219 (1901), ed. 2, 186 (1911), Man. 428 (1925). Cardamine virginica h. Sp! PI. 656 (1753), type loc. Virginia. Planodes virginimm. Greene, Lflts. 2:221 (1912). Carda- mine liidoviciana Hook. Jour. Bot. 1:191 (1834), "banks of the Mississippi," Nuttall. A. ludo- viciana Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. 9:60 (1842). 2. A. filifolia Greene. Island Rock-cress. Delicate annual; stem erect, slender, branching above, 8 to 12 inches high; herbage glabrous, somewhat glau- cous; leaf -blades pinnately divided with filiform lobes, % to 1 inch long; flowers roseate or purple; petals roundish-obovate, narrowed to a claw, 2i/^ to 3 lines long, about twice as long as the sepals; pods ascending or somewhat spreading, almost filiform-linear, acute, 1% to 1% inches long; seeds in 1 row. Shadj^ north slopes, perhaps about 500 to 1000 feet : Santa Cruz Island. Refs.— Arabis filifolia Greene, Bull. Cal. Acad. 2:390 (1887); Gray, Syn. Fl. r:159 (1895) ; Jepson, Man. 428 (1925). Cardamine filifolia Greene, Pitt. 1:30 (1887), type loc. Santa Cruz Isl. Greene. 3. A. glabra Bemh. Tower Mustard. Stems bluish-green, erect, simple (very rarely branched) , 2 to 4 feet high from a biennial root; herbage glaucous and glabrous but often hispidulous at base; blades of basal leaves broadly spatulate to narrow-obovate, coarsely dentate or merely denticulate, 1^ to 4^2 inches long, soon withering; blades of cauline leaves ovate to lanceolate, entire, clasping by a sagittate base; petals dull white, 2 to 3 lines long, little exceeding the sepals; pods strictly erect or even appressed to the stem, straight, 3 to 4 inches long, ^ to % line wide, on pedicels 3 to 5 lines long; seeds in 2 rows, narrowly winged or wingless. Foothills and mountains, 100 to 4700 feet : Coast Ranges, Sierra Nevada, and cismontane Southern California, widely distributed and not rare, but the plants commonly solitary. North to Canada and east to New England; Europe, Asia, Australia. Apr. Locs. — Sierra Nevada: Pit River, Modoc Co., M. S. Baker; Big Mdvrs., Plumas Co., T. Bran- degee; Bear Valley, Nevada Co., Jepson 13,389; Glen Alpine, Pendleton 4" Peed 1207; Dorring- ton, Calaveras Co., Jepson 10,184; Pine Ridge, Fresno Co. Coast Ranges: Yreka, Butler 122; summit New River trail, Trinity Co., Jepson 1994; Hupa, Chandler 1337; Blue Lakes, Lake Co., Jepson; St. Helena, Jepson 32c; Mill Valley, Marin Co., H. A. Walker 632; Fish Ranch, Berkeley Hills, Jepson 13,388; Saratoga foothills, Pendleton 720. Southern California: Fort Tejon, Davy 2333; Santa Monica Canon, Barter 313; Rubio Canon, San Gabriel Mts., Peirson 390; Saunder Mdw., Mt. San Jacinto, C. V. Meyer 198; Vandeventer, San Jacinto Mts., Jepson 1431. Refs.— Arabis glabra Bernh. Syst. Verz. Erf. 195 (1800); Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 219 (1901), ed. 2, 286 (1911), Man. 428 (1925). Turritis glabra L. Sp. PI. 666 (1753), type Euro- pean. A. perfoliata Gray, Syn. Fl. 1^:160 (1895). 4. A. hirsuta Scop. Hairy Rock-cress. Biennial; stem erect, simple or strictly branched, 1 to 3 feet high; herbage deep green, rather sparsely hirsute; leaf-blades entire or sparingly dentate, those of the basal oblanceolate to elliptic- oblong, 1 to 3 inches long, narrowed to short winged petioles, those of the cauline 62 CRUCIFERAE oblong to lanceolate, sessile by a subcordate or auriculate base; petals white, 2 to 4 linos lonjx; pods linoar-filiforni, 1' •> to 2% inches long;, \'n to Y2 Ji^c wide, erect, on slender pedicels 2 to 5 lines long:; valves faintly nerved below the middle and more or less veined; style scarcely any; seeds in one row, suborbicular, very nar- rowly margined. Mostly montane and 4000 to 8000 feet : widely scattered in California, but rare. East to Georgia and north to Alaska. Europe, Asia. May- June. Locs. — Willow Creek Valley, Modoc Co., E. M. Austin; Burney Falls, Shasta Co., Baker 4' Nutting ; Inverness, Drew; Yosemite, Alice King; South Fork Santa Ana Kiver, San Bernardino Mts., Peirson. Refs. — Arabis hiksuta Scop. Fl. Cam. ed. 2, 2:30 (1772), typo loc. Carniolia, head of the Adriatic; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 219 (1901), ed. 2, 186 (1911), Man. 428 (1925). 5. A. blepharophylla H. & A. Rose Cress. (Fig. 136.) Stems few or several from the crown of a perennial root, 4 to 8 (or 12) inches high; herbage deep green, somewhat pubescent, the leaves with scattered fiocs of hairs or sometimes glabrous save for the ciliate margins; leaf -blades den- tate or entire, blades of the basal leaves broadly spatulate or obovate to elliptic, ob- tuse, 1 to 2% inches long, the cauline leaves few, their blades oblong, sessile; flowers large and fragrant; sepals often colored, broad, 2 to 3 lines long, one pair more or less saccate at base and broader than the other pair; pet- als rose-purple, 5 to 7 lines long; pods erect or ascending, straight or nearly straight, glabrous, 1 to V/2 inches long, 1 line wide, abruptly beaked by a short stout style ; valves veined, 1-nerved; seeds in 1 row, round-ellip- tical, narrowly winged or barely margined. Rocky hillsides and ridges near the sea, 5 to 1000 feet : Sonoma Co. to Santa Cruz Co. Mar.-Apr. Locs. — Bodega Bay, Ali<;e Griffin; Pt. Reyes, Ahrams 11,585; Mt. Tamalpais, Newlon 93; Sausa- lito, Alma Ames; Red Rock, San Francisco Bay, Jepson 13,386; Mt. Davidson, San Francisco, Jepson 10,344; San Bruno Hills, Jepson 5i; Montara Mts., Ferris; Santa Cruz Co. (Anderson, Nat. Hist. Santa Cruz Co. 35). This species has long been attributed to Mon- terey: by Brewer and Watson, Bot. Cal. 1:32,-1876; by Gray, Syn. Fl. 1»: 161,— 1895; and by other au- thors following them, including the present writer. We have, however, never collected it at Monterey and there are no specimens of it from Monterey Co. in the herbaria at Berkeley, Stan- ford or Pacific Grove, and we have no definite modern record of the occurrence of this species on the Monterey Peninsula. Var. macdonaldiana Jepson. Stems 3 to 5 inches high, several from a branched caudex; herbage glabrous; petals oblanceolate, truncate, 4 lines long; stamens with broad filaments, the upper and lower pairs exceeding the sepals, the lateral pair much shorter. — Northwestern Mendocino Co. Refs. — Arabis blepharophylla H. & A. Bot. Beech. 321 (1840), type from Cal., Douglas; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6087 (1874) ; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 219 (1901), ed. 2, 186 (1911), Man. 428 (1925). Var. MACDONALDLAifA Jepson, Man. 429 (1925). A. macdonaldiana Eastw. Bull. Torr. aub 30:488 (1903), type loc. Red Mt., nw. Mendocino Co., Eastwood. In the Botanical Magazine (t. 6087) J. D. Hooker cites San Francisco as the station for the Douglas collection, but there is no locality given on the original Douglas spm. (Herb. Hook., Kew). Search at Kew and elsewhere gives no evidence that a definite station is known for any Fig. 136. Arabis blepharophylla H. & A. a, habit, X ^/^ ; 6, fr. branch- let, X 1/^ ; c, dehiscing pod, X %. MUSTARD FAMILY 63 Calif oruian herbarium specimen of Douglas. It is significant that the elder Hooker (W. J.), who had most to do with the Douglas plants, does not cite in the Botany of the Beechey a definite lo- cality for a seed plant in the case of Douglas' California material save in two dubious instances. 6. A. repanda Wats. Yosemite Rock-cress. Stem from a biennial root, li^ to 1% (or 2) feet high, branching above; herbage stellate-pubescent, or the hairs at base simple and longer, the upper parts sometimes subglabrous; basal leaves somewhat rosulate, the blades obovate to oblanceolate, repandly few-toothed, coarsely dentate or nearly entire, narrowed to a commonly short petiole, 2 to 4 (or 7) inches long; upper leaves smaller, the blades narrowly oblanceolate or linear; sepal pairs unequal in breadth; petals dull white, narrow, approximate, 2 to 3 lines long, a little exceeding the sepals; pods glabrous, spreading and more or less curved, anastomosely few to several-nerved on the sides, 2i/2 to 4^2 inches long, 1% to 2 lines wide, borne on usually stout ascending pedicels 1 to 2 lines long; seeds in one row, elliptical, broadly winged. Montane, dry or gravelly slopes, 6000 to 8500 feet : Sierra Nevada from Mari- posa Co. to Tulare Co., thence westerly to the San Emigdio Range and southerly to the San Gabriel and San Jacinto mountains. May, Tax. note. — The basal leaves are sometimes a little shaggy and grayish. There is, however, every intergrade to plants with leaves less hairy and green. Both states may be found in plants of lower altitudes. Plants of higher altitudes tend to have greenish leaves. See the variety described below. Locs. — Eancheria Mt., Tuolumne Co., Jepson 4588; Yosemite, Jepson 10,449; Horse Corral Mdw., Kings Canon, Jepson 766; Round Mdw., Giant Forest, Jepson 682; Middle Tule River, Purpus 3007; Tehachapi, Greene; Mt. Pinos; Rock Creek, San Gabriel Mts., Peirson 507; Lytle Creek Canon, Mt. San Antonio ; Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mts., Parish 3752 ; South Fork Santa Ana River, Mum 6227; Tahquitz Valley, San Jacinto Mts. Var. greenei Jepson nom. n. Plants 7 to 9 inches high; herbage greenish; pods glabrous, shining, finely nerved. — High montane, w. Inyo Co. In 1908 Greene published a high-montane dwarf related to A. platyspermum as A. inamoena (Fedde, Rep. 5:243). In 1911, having for- gotten his previous use of this specific name, he published, as a segregate of A. repanda, a plant with greenish herbage and shining pods from Lake Sebrina on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada in Inyo Co., under the name A. inamoena (Lflts. 2:158). It is this latter plant that we are here considering. The pods in the typical form of A. repanda are puberulent, but the pods of plants in Tulare Co. are less puberulent or almost glabrous, though not quite glabrous; some- times the pods are shining. Such characters, in this case, we do not regard as reliably specific. Therefore, A. inamoena Greene (1911), not A. inamoena Greene (1908), is at most of varietal value and we give it the name var. greenei. Refs.— Arabis repanda Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 11:122 (1876), type loc. Yosemite Valley, Bolander 4881; B. & W. Bot. Cal. 1:32 (1876) ; Jepson, Man. 429 (1925). Var. greenei Jepson. A. inamoena Greene, Lflts. 2:158 (1911), type loc. Lake Sebrina, Bishop Creek, Inyo Co., David- son 2729; not A. inamoena Greene (1908). 7. A. drummondii Gray. Canada Rock-cress. Stems one or few from a bien- nial root-crown, erect, leafy, mostly simple, 1 to 2 feet high ; root-crown simple or sometimes shortly branched; herbage glabrous or a little pubescent below; blades of basal and lower cauline leaves oblanceolate, narrowed below to a petiole, entire, 1/2 to 1% inches long; blades of cauline leaves linear-oblanceolate to linear-lance- olate, sessile-sagittate; petals white to rose-color, 3 to 4 lines long; pods erect, crowded, 1% to 2i4 inches long, 1 line wide; seeds narrowly winged, 1 line long. Montane"slopes," 5500 to 8000 feet: White Mts.; Sierra Nevada from Madera Co. to Nevada Co. ; thence nw. to Siskiyou Co. East to Rocky Mts., north to Canada. June. Tax. note. — Plants with a single stem represent the extreme in habital form of this species but are not at all separable from plants with two to several stems. The cauline leaves are sagit- tate, in the var. alpina commonly not sagittate. Biennial forms intermediate between the species and the perennial var. alpina apparently occur: High Grade district, Modoc Co., L. S. Smith 961 (cauline leaves sagittate) ; Mt. Lola, Nevada Co., Hall ^ BahcocTc 4539 (cauline leaves not sagittate or not obviously so). A tall (2 feet high) robust plant collected by Congdon, east of Minarets", is apparently perennial ; it has sagittate cauline leaves. 64 CRUCIFERAE Locs. — White Mts., Shocklcy 500; upper San Joaquin River, Madera Co., Congdon; Ranche- ria Mt., Yoscmitc Park, Jepson 4584 ; Deer Park, Placer Co., Davy 3247 ; Summit sta., Nevada Co., Jepson 13,343 ; Lop Lake, Shackelford Creek, Siskiyou Co., Butler 123, 1G64. Var alpina Wats. St^^nis slender, several from tlio slender branches of a loosely branched perennial rootcrowni, \i> to 5 (or sometimes 12) inches high; herbage glabrous, rarely puberulent below ; blades of basal leaves oblanceolate, narrowed below to a petiole, entire or rarely few- toothed, 5 to 13 lines long; blades of cauline leaves linear or lanceolate, sessile, commonly not sagittate; petals purple, 1^,^ to 3 lines long; pods ascending or erect, IVt to 2 inches long. — Loamy or sandy soil, 8000 to 11,600 feet: Sierra Nevada from Inyo Co. and Tulare Co. to Modoc Co. North to British Columbia; east to Montana and Utah. June- July. Tax. note. — W^hilc Watson's original description of Arabis lyallii calls for sagittate cauline leaves, these are only occasionally sagittate. Examples of sagittate leaves may be found in plants from Elkhorn Mt., Mont., T. Brandegee, and Mt. Rainier, Wash., 0. D. Allen 299, but not in the California specimens cited below, though plants mth sagittate leaves may be expected. Locs. — Little Kern River, Tulare Co., Purpus 1815; Rock Creek, near Mt. Whitney, Jepson 5059a; Yosemite Park, Jepson 3305 (Mt. Dana), 4561 (Macomb Ridge), 4551 (Tower Peak); Mt. Bidwell, Jepson 7893. Refs. — Arabis drummondii Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 6:187 (1864). Turritis stricta Graham, Edinb. N. Phil. Jour. 7 :350 (1829), type loc. n. Rocky Mts., Drummond. Var. alpina Wats. Bot. King 18 (1871), type loc. w. Nevada.' A. lyallii Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 11:122 (1876). A drvm- mondi var. lyallii Jepson, Man. 429 (1925). 8. A. cognata Jepson. Lady Rock-cress. Stems slender, few to many, 2 to 4 inches high, ascending from a very stout and densely scaly perennial root-crown 3 to 12 lines broad; herbage glabrous; basal leaves with oblanceolate blades tapering gradually to a slender petiole as long or longer than the blade, % to 2 inches long, 2 to 3 lines wide; cauline leaves few and small (the blades obovate, sessile) or some- times none; flowers rose-purple, 3^/2 lines long; fruiting pedicels slender, 3 to 7 lines long; pods spreading or ascending, % to 1% inches long, 1 line wide; seeds winged at apex, I/2 line long. Montane, 5700 to 7800 feet : Sierra Nevada from Mariposa Co. to Plumas Co. Locs. — ^Near Yosemite, Hall ^ Babcock 3436 ; Mt. Elwell, Plumas Co. Ref. — Arabis cognata Jepson, Man. 429 (1925), type loc. Mt. Elwell, C. M. Wilder. 9. A. lemmonii Wats. Soldier Rock- cress. (Fig. 137.) Stems few to many from a branched perennial crown, 3 to 9 inches high; herbage pubescent, occasionally glabrous above; blades of lower leaves spatulate to ob- lanceolate, narrowed to a petiole, the whole 3 to 6 or 8 lines long, covered with a fine close pubescence or even whitish felt, the hairs short with the branches rebranched; flowers light purple, 2 to 3 lines long; pods glabrous, 1 to 1^/^ inches long, widely spreading or recurved; ped- icels glabrous. Rocky places, 6000 to 11,000 feet: White Mts.; Sierra Nevada from Tulare and Inyo Cos. to Shasta and Siskiyou Cos. North to British Columbia, east to Montana and Wyo- ming. May-June. It is very near A. breweri in habit and character, but the stems are more slender and the leaves grayer. Locs. — White Mts.: North Fork Crooked Creek, Jepson 7278, 7300 ; Big Prospector Mdw., Jepson 7334. Sierra Nevada: Olancha Peak; Farewell Gap, Jepson 1016, 1036; Timosea Peak, Inyo Co., Jepson 5079; Kaiser Peak, Jepson 13,019 (pedicels pubescent) ; Lundy Trail, Mt. Warren, Congdon; Mt. Dana, Jepson Fig. 137. Arabis lemmonii Wats. a, habit, X % ; &, epidermal hair, X 90 ; c, fl., X 21^ ; d, pod, X%;e, seed, X 7. MUSTARD FAMILY 65 3303; Sonora Peak, Tuolumne Co., A. L. Grant 397; Mt. Tallac; Desolation Valley, Eldorado Co., Jepson 8173 (pedicels pubescent) ; Tinkers Knob, Placer Co., Sonne; Lassen Peak, Ches- nut 4' Drew; Hot Springs Valley, n. Plumas Co., Jepson 12,288. Siskiyou Co.: Highland Mine Butler 892. ' Kefs. — Akabis lemmonti Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 22:467 (1887), based on plants from the Eocky Mts. to the Sierra Nevada and Cascades; Jepson, Man. 430 (1925). A. austinae Greene- Fedde, Eep. 5:242 (1908), type loc. Little Chico Creek, R. M. Austin. A. polyclada Greene', Lflts. 2:75 (1910), type loc. Farewell Gap, Purpus 1897. A. depauperata Nels. & Ken. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 19:36 (1906), type loc. Mt. Eose, Nev., Kennedy 1167. A. Icennedyi Greene, Lflts. 2: 71 (1910), type loc. Galena Creek, mts. of Washoe Co., Nev., 8000 ft., P. B. Kennedy. A. DAViDSONn Greene, Lflts. 2:159 (1911), type loc. North Fork Bishop Creek, Inyo Co., A. Davidson 2728; Davidson, Bull. S. Cal. Acad. 13:43 (1914). Low glabrous perennial; corolla white or pinkish, 3 lines long; pods narrow, sub falcate, 1^ inches long (ex char.). — It is appar- ently near A. lemmonii Wats, but F. J. Smiley (Univ. Cal. Publ. Bot. 9:205) reduces it to varietal rank as A, lyallii var. davidsonii Smiley. He cites under the variety C. M. Wilder's Mt. Elwell plant which we have named A. cognata. 10. A. breweri Wats. Brewer Rock-cress. Stems many from the much- branched crown of a stout woody root, 2 to 6 inches high ; herbage pubescent, the hairs seldom more than 3-forked; leaves light-colored or whitish, especially be- neath, as if glaucous; blades of the lower leaves broadly spatulate, entire, 3 to 10 lines long, the petioles ciliate ; upper leaves with lanceolate to oblong blades sessile by a subcordate base or obtusely auriculate; flowers bright red-purple or nearly white, 3 to 5 lines long, the pedicels and purplish calyx more or less pubescent; pods spreading and arcuate, glabrous, 1^?^ to 2^/2 inches long, 1 line broad; valves 1-nerved, veined; seeds orbicular, narrowly winged, in one row or nearly so. Rocky summits of mountain peaks, 3800 to 5500 feet : Coast Ranges from Men- docino Co. to Monterey Co. Apr. Logs. — Castle Peak to Middle Eel Eivcr, Jepson 13,373; Mt. Hull, Hall 9570; Snow Mt., Lake Co., T. Brandegee ; Pope Valley grade summit (e. of Calistoga), K. Brandegee ; Mt. Diablo, Greene; Mt. Hamilton, Pendleton 888; Loma Prieta, Davy 449; San Antonio trail, Santa Lucia Mts., Jepson 1662. Geog. note. — As an indigenous habitant of the central Coast Eange peaks this species is a definite type fairly well characterized. Beyond this range and towards the north, especially in Siskiyou County, it shades, however, into A. lemmonii Wats., from which it becomes not easily distinguishable. The plants of the northern Sierra Nevada are often not typical A. lemmonii Wats., but we are referring them to that species, partially on geographic grounds: for example, a very slender specimen from Desolation Valley (Jepson 8173) is here listed as A. lemmonii Wats., in spite of the fact that it has pubescent pedicels. Var. figularis Jepson var. n. Herbage more hairy; pods rather strictly ascending. — (Pubes- centior; siliquae strictiusculo-ascendentes.) — Potter Valley, Mendocino Co., C. A. Purpus (type). Eefs. — Arabis breweri Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 11:123 (1876), type loc. Mt. Diablo, Brewer, Bolander; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 220 (1901), ed. 2, 187 (1911), Man. 431 fig. 418 (1925). A. epilobioides Greene; Fedde, Eep. 5:242 (1908), type loc. Mt. Sanhedrin, Heller. A. poly- trioha Greene, Lflts. 2: 72 (1910), type loc. Yreka, Butler, probably belongs here also. Var. FIGULARIS Jepson, 11. A. subpinnatifida Wats. Two-way Rock-cress. Stems simple, 1 or few from a biennial or perennial root, 8 to 12 inches high; herbage (especially the leaves) canescent or almost silvery; basal leaves tufted, the blades very narrowly linear or oblong to linear-oblanceolate, entire or rarely sparingly toothed, 4 to 12 lines long, on petioles about as long; blades of the cauline leaves lanceolate, un- equally or saliently incised, sometimes merely toothed, or the uppermost entire; petals rose-color or white, 5 to 7 lines long; pods glabrous or pubescent, straight or slightly curved, 2 to 3 (or 5) inches long, 1 to 11/2 lines wide, markedly attenuate to a short style, and pendent upon recurved or spreading puberulent or hairy pedi- cels 2 to 5 lines long ; valves 1-nerved to the middle and veined ; seeds in 1 row, as broad as the partition, winged. Mountains and plateau valleys, 3000 to 5000 feet : Siskiyou Co. Southwestern Oregon to northern Nevada. Apr. 66 CRUCIFERAE Tendency to li-af dimorpliisni. — Tlie basal leaf rosettes, especially those borne on sterile shoots, commonly exhibit dense silvery tufts of very narrow entire leaves. In the most marked state of the species the broader caulinc leaves are pectinately incised. The differences between the two extreme types of leaves show, therefore, a strong development in the direction of dimor- phism. In addition to its peculiar foliage the species is distinguished by the attenuate or some- what gladiate form of the pods. Locs. — Shackelford Canon, Butler 17C3 (in part) ; Greenhorn Mt., Butler 685 (whito- flowcred) ; Humbug Mt., Butler 587; Yreka, Butler 587, 1446; Edgewood, J. W. Eisling. Ore.: Tennessee Pass near Kirby, Henderson 5918. Refs. — AR.^B1S subpinnatipida Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 20:353 (1885), based on spms. from West Humboldt Mts., Nev., Watson, Scott Valley, Siskiyou Co., Greene, and Waldo, Ore., Howell; Jepson, Man. 431 (1925). 12. A. secunda Howell. Summit Rock-cress. Biennial or perennial; stems simple, several from the base or solitary, branched above, 8 to 18 inches high ; herb- age densely pubescent below, scantily pubescent above; leaves 1 to IV2 inches long, the blades of the basal petioled, oblanceolate, repand-toothed, the blades of the cauline sagittate-clasping, oblong-linear, repand or entire; flowers white, becom- ing pendent on pubescent pedicels; petals white, 3^^ lines long; pods narrow, se- cund, deflexed, 1^ to 2^2 inches long. Montane slopes, 5000 to 6000 feet : northern Humboldt Co. and western Siski- you Co. North to Washington. June-July. Tax. note. — Certain American authors, particularly the authors of the Botany of California and of the Synoptical Flora of North America, have not infrequently determined certain West American plants of the Transition Zone as Arabis holboellii Ilornem. This species was based on specimens from Disco Island in the Arctic Ocean and is portrayed in an excellent illustration in the Flora Danica, pi. 1879. While the present writer has also (Man. 429, — 1925) referred various Californian plants to this species in the status of varieties, such reference of California plants, which are in some cases of the Arid Transition Zone, to a truly boreal species seems so problematical that the step is here taken of recognizing these plants of the Arid Transition under specific designations. As figured in the detail drawing in the Flora Danica (vol. 11, pi. 1879) the petals of A. hol- boellii are 2^4 times as long as the sepals; the flowers and fruits are both distinctly secund; the flowering raceme is loose; the flowers spread horizontally; the petals are white; the filaments are dilated at the base and middle and contracted above; and the pods are (for the most part) only slightly curved. Of our Californian forms A. secunda Howell is, perhaps, nearest the plant of the Arctic Ocean, but its sepals are a little over half as long as the petals; its raceme is at first capitate-congested, though promptly becoming looser below with the flowers soon pendulous; its longer stamens have filaments equally dilated throughout. A. retrofracta Graham is often quoted as a synonym of A. holboellii; as represented by Californian material, A. retrofracta has a coarser and more abundant pubescence; its racemes are not secund; its pedicels are usually pilose. A. arcuata Gray is even further removed; its habit is coarser; its corolla is usually dark red; its petals are about 1^/^ times as long as the sepals ; its racemes are not secund, but its pods are strongly curved. It appears that a series of allied forms reaches across the continent from Southern California, Arizona and New Mexico to Disco Island in the Arctic Ocean, the type locality for Arabis hol- boellii. While the northerly end of the series is not well known to us and much is still lacking in the way of knowledge of the life history of our own forms, we are disposed, at this time, to look upon certain of the published segregates of the Arid Transition Zone as best disposed in specific rank. There seems to be fairly sufiicient grounds, geographically and morphologically, to warrant this step. In Pittonia (4:187-189) E. L. Greene has, to be sure, already taken the stand that Arabis holboellii is to be excluded from the North American mainland flora and he publishes segregates formerly resting under the larger concept, but he docs not organize his series monographically. Consequently one can not so readily make appraisement of his species or the basis of his ideas. While his diagnoses bespeak the polished scholar, his usual practice led him to quote but a single specimen or only a few specimens, so that, sometimes, his species are, perhaps, neglected from lack of means to appreciate them. For example, after much study, Arabis rectissiraa Greene is now, apparently, reasonably clear to us. Regardless of what differences of opinion may even- tually develop as to its status, it is a fairly definite form of the Sierra Transition Zone, specimens of which, derived from the length of that mountain chain, can be quoted freely from a number of large American herbaria. Some of our units of this group are still quite diverse in content. Arabis retrofracta Gra- ham is one of these. As received here the plants included under this name are varied in appear- MUSTARD FAMILY 67 ance and considerably unlike in character of pubescence, and in length and curvature of pods. The material seems to represent, however, an involved complex, which w^e are, at present, unable to resolve into definite phylogenetic lines. The entire series from Arabis secunda to A. pulchra admittedly represents very closely related types, each of them possessing more or less of mystifying outliers. But our series as worked out, is, we believe, in the interests of further investigation of the life history of these plants along useful lines. We cite below some California stations for A. secimda. Locs. — Grouse Mt., Tracy 4838; Trinity Summit, Davy 5859; Klamath Eiver, Chandler; Marble Mt., Siskiyou Co., Jepson 2834. Eefs. — Arabis secunda Howell, Erythea 3:33 (1895), type loc. Mt. Adams, Wash., Suhs- dorf, Howell. A. arcuata Gray var. secmida Bob.; Gray, Syn. Fl. 1^:164 (1895). A. sparsiflora Nutt. var. secunda Piper, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 11:294 (1906). A. Iiolboellii var. secunda Jepson, Man. 430 (1925). 13. A. retrofracta Graham. Northern Rock-cress. Biennial ; stem usually solitary, erect, simple or branched, 7 to 24 inches high, pubescent with simple or forked hairs; leaves pubescent with hairs more or less forked to stellate; blades of the basal leaves oblanceolate, repand-dentate, % to I14 inches long, blades of the cauline linear-oblong, acute, entire, I/2 to 1 inch long; flowers white or purple, 2 to 3 lines long; pods linear, straight or arcuate, II/2 to 2 inches long, more or less reflexed or spreading, seldom strictly secund; pedicels hairy or rarely pubescent. Montane, 3500 to 6000 feet : Trinity Co. to Siskiyou Co.; Plumas Co. to Modoc Co. North to Washington, east to Idaho, thence to British America. June. See note under no. 12. Locs. — Dorleska, Trinity Co., Hall 8600; Quartz Valley, Siskiyou Co., Butler 610; Yreka, Butler 592, 723, 728; Goosenest foothills, Siskiyou Co., Butler 1331; Goose Lake, C. C. Bruce 2247a; Forestdale, Modoc Co., M. S. Balcer ; Eagle Lake, J. Grinnell; Hot Springs Valley, Lassen Peak, Jepson 12,287, 12,294. Eefs. — Arabis retrofracta Graham, Edinb. New. Phil. Jour. 7:345 (1829), type from the region between Hudson Bay and Eocky Mts., Richardson. A. holboellii var. retrofracta Jepson, Man. 429 (1925). A. holboellii B. & W. Bot. Cal. 1:33 (1876), in part. A. sparsiflora Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. 1:81 (1838), type loc. near the sources of the Columbia Eiver, Nuttall. A. arcuata Gray var. subvillosa Wats.; Gray, Syn. Fl. 1^:164 (1895). A. campyloloba Greene, Pitt. 4:192 (1900), type loc. Yreka, Greene. A. tenuis Greene, Pitt. 4:189 (1900), type loe. mts. of e. Wash., SuTcsdorf. A. brucae Jones, Contrib. W. Bot. 14:37 (1912), type loc. hills near Davis Creek, C. C. Bruce; apparently of the A. retrofracta aggregate; entire plant glabrous (ex char.), Arabis bolanderi Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 22:467 (1887). Watson quotes three collections. Of these we take as the type the first mentioned, "Yosemite Valley or Mono Pass (Bolander)". The label on the Bolander specimen (Gray Herb.) reads in this manner: "with 6270 or 6273". No. 6270 means Mariposa Grove, but no plant like this is known to us from that region. No. 6273 is recorded in the Bolander Field Book as "Arabis. Mono Pass". We take this to be the type locality. The plant of the type collection bears only sterile pods of distinctive outline. These plants are well matched by similar sterile specimens from the high central Sierra Nevada as follows: Mt. Ealston, H. M. Evans (one individual of the collection showing, significantly, one fertile pod) and Upper Echo Lake, Tahoe region, E. 0. Essig. This matter is more fully dis- cussed by the writer in Madrono 1:254-255 (1929). It is our judgment that Watson's binomial must be a synonym of A. retrofracta Graham. 14. A. canescens Nutt. Gray Rock-cress. Stems slender, 1 or few from the simple or branched crown of a taproot, 5 to 8 (or 17) inches high, finely puberu- lent, scantily leafy but with small yet dense tufts of narrow leaves at base; blades of leaves of the basal tufts narrow-oblanceolate, acute, 3 to 7 lines (or to 1% inches) long, closely white-tomentulose; cauline leaves mostly few and scattered, their blades linear, clasping; racemes short (1 to 2, or 4, inches long) ; flowers small, 1 to 11/2 lines long; petals white; pods pendulous, typically narrow (% to % line wide) and straight-edged, strongly compressed, commonly glabrous, 1 to 1% inches long, on pedicels 1% to 3 lines long; seeds winged, in 2 rows. Dry mountain slopes, 5000 to 8000 feet : Modoc Co. East to Wyoming, north to eastern Oregon. May-June. Tax. note.— Little studied in the field and scantily represented in herbaria, this species is probably limited in its typical form to the northern part of the Great Basin. It is perhaps not 68 CRUCIFERAE rare in the ropion of eastern Oregon, though obscurely known as occurring in northeastern Cali- fornia. Our description is based primarily on a part of the original collection of Nuttall as preserved in the Kew IIerl);iriuin, the lalul, "Aral)is canescens. R. Mts.," being in the hand of Nuttall. He also collected it in the Blue Mts., Ore. (Syn. Fl. l':l(JG). The narrow pods and the tufts of small whitish leaves make a distinctive impression upon the mind but arc difficult to define in differential terms. Arabis canescens is allied to A. retrofracta Graham, but its pods are narrower and much Hatter than in the latter species. Logs.— Eagle Peak, Warner Mts., L. S. Smith 815. Ore. : Dry Creek, Crook Co., Leiberg 3421. Refs.— Arabis canescens Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. 1:83 (1838), type loc. n. Rocky Mta., Nuttall; Gray, Syn. Fl. r:165 (1895). 15. A. beckwithii Wats. Lieutenant's Rock-cress. Stems 1 or few from a simple or branched biennial root-crown, erect, simple or paniculately branching above, 5 to 12 inches high, rather densely leafy; herbage hoary with a fine dense pubescence, the inflorescence tending to be glabrous or glabrate; leaf-blades oblong- or linear-lanceolate, entire or dentate, y2 to 1 inch long, the cauline leaves sessile, the basal narrowed to a slender petiole ; raceme comparatively few-flowered and soon loose; pedicels glabrous or scantily pubenilent; sepals slightly over half as long as the petals; petals purple, 31/2 to 4 lines long, the limb obovate; pods 11/2 to 2% inches long, % to 1 line wide, glabrous, straight or somewhat curved, more or less pendent on recurved or defiexed pedicels 2 to 3 (or 4) lines long. Rocky slopes, 4000 to 7600 feet : east side of the Sierra Nevada crest from Inyo Co. to Modoc Co. East to Nevada, north to eastern Oregon. June. Tax. note. — The difficulties in distinguishing this species from A. retrofracta are often con- siderable. Typically the stem in A. beckwithii is densely leafy and the stellate-pubescent herbage inclines to be silvery in aspect, while the stem in A. retrofracta is much less leafy and the herbage tends somewhat to green or greenish. Locs. — Goose Lake, C. C. Bruce 2247; Warner Mts., L. S. Smith 55; Parker Creek, Modoc Co., Ferris # Duthie 65; Castle Peak, Sonne 6598; White Mts., Purpus 5796. Ore.: Redmond, Deschutes Co., Whited 99. In the North Coast Ranges we find certain plants resembling A. beck- withii and hesitantly note them as follows: Mt. Eddy, Heller 13,434; South Yollo BoUy, Jepson 13,342. Refs. — Arabis beckwithu Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 22:467 (1887), type loc. Quartz Mts., n. Nev., BecTcwith 22, the first cited collection. The second ("Carson City, Watson") and third ("Candelaria, Shochley") collections cited by Watson we include in the species, excluding "San Bernardino Mountains, Parish Brothers 1302". A. subpinnatifida var. bechwithii Jepson, Man. 431 (1925). 16. A. rectissima Greene. Rector's Cress. Stems 1 to several, simple, aris- ing from the crown of a biennial root, 1^/4 to 3 feet high; herbage a little glaucous, pubescent below with simple or forked hairs or subglabrous and the leaves merely ciliate; blades of basal leaves oblanceolate to obovate, contracted below to a winged petiole, % to IV2 inches long; blades of cauline leaves linear or oblong-lanceolate, sessile-auriculate, i/^ to 1^4 inches long; corolla white or pinkish-white, 2 to 3 lines long; pods straight or very slightly curved, secund, deflexed or typically rather closely reflexed, 2^4 to 3 inches long; pedicels glabrous, 3 lines long; seeds broadly winged. Loose soil on mountain slopes or open forest floors, 3500 to 9000 (or 11,000) feet: Sierra Nevada from Siskiyou Co. to Tulare Co.; San Bernardino Mts.; San Gabriel Mts. June. See note under no. 12. Locs. — Black Butte near Mt. Shasta, Jepson 59e; Eagle Lake, Lassen Co., J. Grinnell; Tahoe, K. Brandegee; Nevada Fall, Jepson 3139; Yosemite, Jepson 10,450; Lamberts Dome, Mason 344; Huntington Lake, Jepson 12,992, 13,050, 13,078, 13,110; Evolution Basin, E. Fergu- son 472; Bubbs Creek, Fresno Co., Jepson 812; Farewell Gap, Jepson 1004; Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mts., Abrams 2830; Mt. San Antonio, Parish 1970. Refs. — Arabis rectissima Greene, Pitt. 4:191 (1900), type collected by L. A. B. PecTcinpah in the Sierra Nevada, almost certainly near the Peckinpah Mill, 5600 feet alt., now Madera Co. (formerly Fresno Co.). A. holboelUi var. fendleri Wats.; Gray, Syn. Fl. r:164 (1895) as to California plants; not A. fendleri Greene, Pitt. 3:156 (1897). A. holboelUi var. fendleri Jepson, MUSTARD FAMILY 69 Man. 429, fig. 416 (1925). Probably A. duriuscula Greene, Pitt. 4:191 (1900), type loc. Donner Lake, Michener. A. NEMOPHiLA Greene, Lflts. 2:78 (1910), type loc. Sequoia National Forest, A. Davidson. Petals white or pinkish; pods straight, extremely narrow, 3 inches long, erect (ex char.). — This may be a form of A. rectissima Greene ; or, yet again, it might be A. drummondii Gray. 17. A. arcuata Gray. Curly Rock-cress. Stems usually simple and erect, 1 to 3I/2 feet high from the simple or branching crown of a perennial root; herbage stellate-pubescent, the leaves stellate-canescent ; blades of basal leaves linear-ob- lanceolate, mostly acute, entire or repand-dentate, 1 to IY2 or 2^4 inches long, the petioles often ciliate; blades of cauline leaves linear to lanceolate, mostly entire; corolla 3 to 5 lines long, mostly dark red; pods commonly curved or sometimes nearly straight, glabrous, 2 to 4 inches long, % to 1% lines wide, acute, spreading or defiexed on divaricate pubescent or canescent pedicels 2 to 5 lines long. Mountains, 2500 to 6000 feet: Sierra Nevada from Shasta Co. to Tulare Co.; intermontane and cismontane Southern California. South into Lower California. May-June. Habit note. — The root-crown or caudex remains simple the first two or three years, after which it develops few to several short persistent woody branches which bear the flowering stems of the season. These stems are usually densely leafy at base. In habit and in most features as well this species is most closely related to A. perennans Wats. Locs. — Sierra Nevada: Horse Mt., Shasta Co., J. T. Howell 2311 (pedicels subglabrous) ; Folsom, Alice King; Snow Creek, Mariposa Co., Jepson 10,487; Yosemite, Jepson 4271; Mari- posa, Congdon; Huntington Lake, A. L. Grant 1060; Dunlap to Millwood, Fresno Co., Jepson 2772 ; Cedar Creek, Sequoia Park, Jepson 600 ; Kaweah, Sopping 381. S. Cal. : Redreef Canon, Topatopa Mts., Abrams ^ McGregor ; Echo Mt., San Gabriel Mts., Peirson 62; San Bernardino, Parish 4387 ; Strawberry Valley, Mt. San Jacinto, Jepson 1287 ; Idyllwild-Keen Camp road, C. V. Meyer 169; Witch Creek, Alder son; Campo, Abrams 3563. Var. rubicundula Jepson var. n. Leaves less pubescent; corolla pale pink; pedicels short- pilose. — (Folia minus pubescentia; petala rubicundula; pedicelli breviter pilosi.) — Mt. Day, Santa Clara Co., R. J. Smith (type). Eefs. — Arabis aucuata Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 6:187 (1864). Streptanthus arcuatus Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. 1:77 (1838), type loc. high hills, Santa Barbara, Nuttall. A. holboellii var. arcuata Jepson, Man. 430, fig. 417 (1925). A. maxima Greene, Pitt. 4:192 (1900). Var. rubicundxila Jepson. 18. A. pulchra Jones. Desert Rock-cress. Stems one or several from a branching woody crown, erect, commonly simple, leafy, 12 to 15 inches high; herb- age stellate-canescent or -pubescent throughout; blades of lower leaves narrow- oblanceolate, gradually contracted below to a petiole, the whole 1 to 2% inches long, blades of the upper leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile; raceme not very dense; flowers usually large, soon spreading or reflexed; petals 4 to 6 lines long, rose-color, about twice as long as the pubescent sepals; ovary usually densely woolly; pods pendent, finely pubescent or glabrate, II/2 to 2% inches long, 11/2 lines wide, on defiexed pedicels 4 to 7 lines long; stigma sessile; valves longitudinally veined on either side of the midnerve; seeds small, in 2 rows, orbicular, narrowly winged. Dry soil or slate rocks, 2000 to 5500 feet : desert slopes of mountains on the western borders of the Mohave and Colorado deserts; desert ranges; east side of the Sierra Nevada. East to Utah. Mar.-May. Tax. note. — There is a gross similarity in habit between the flowering stages of Arabis pulchra and Arabis arcuata. In A. pulchra, however, the pedicels are usually deflexed from the beginning and the ovaries white-tomentulose ; in A. arcuata the pedicels are commonly divari- cate and the ovaries commonly glabrous or at most only partially puberulent. It is thus possible to distinguish provisionally the two species without the presence of fruits. The ranges of these two species meet, but are mutually exclusive, A. pulchra being of the deserts, A. arcuata being chiefly of the Arid Transition Zone in cismontane California. Locs.— Jacumba, Abrams 3643; Cushenbury Canon, Parish 2323; Hesperia, Parish 2323a; Acton, Basse; Lancaster, Davidson; Fairmont, Antelope Valley, Dudley # Lamb; Mt. Pj^oS; Abrams 4- McGregor 202; Ft. Tejon, Parish 1969; San Emigdio Canon, Kern Co., Davy 2016; Oak Canon, Tehachapi Mts., Dudley 425; Walker Pass (e. slope), Abrams 11,936; Granite Wells, 70 CRUCIFERAE Parish 10,11G; Pan.imint Range (Contrih. IT. S. N.it. Herb. 4:61) ; Alabama Hills, Owons Lake, S. W. Austin 434; Silver Canon, White Mts., Heller 8191; Tinnemaha Creek, Inyo Co., Almeda Nordyke. Nev. : Truckee Pass, Virginia Mts., Waslioe Co., Kennedy 2055; Currant, Nye Co., Georgia II. Bentlcy; Pyramid Lake, Kennedy 1986; Fallon, Churchill Co., Blanche Ross 19. Var. viridis Jepson var. n. Herbage puberulent but dark green; petals bright purple, 4 to 4^2 lines long; pods glabrous or nearly so. — (Ilerbae pubcrulae, atroviridos; potala luculcnto- purpurea, lin. 4-4^> louga; siliquae glabrae vel glabratae.) — Dry or rocky soil, 1500 to 4000 feet, eastern San Diego Co.: summit of Mountain Springs grade, Jepson 11,810 (type); Box Caiion, between Blair Valley and Mason Valley, Jepson 8702. Refs. — Arabis pulchra Jones; Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 22:468 (1887), who cites specimens from w. Nevada, Stretch, Shocklcy, Jones, and San Bernardino and San Diego Cos., Vasey, S. B. 4- W. F. Parish, W. G. Wright; Jepson, Man. 431 (1925). M. E. Jones first recognized and named this species and indicated (in herb.) as the type his specimens {Jones 3764) from Empire City, Ormsby Co., Nev., June 19, 1882. A. beckwithii Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 22:467 (1887), as to Parish 1302, Cushenbury Sprs., Mohave Desert. Var. veridis Jepson. 19. A. perennans Wats. Nevada Rock-cress. Stems several, erect from a usually branching and somewhat woody crown, 1 to lYo feet high; herbage stellate- canescent, or stellate-puberulent and greenish, or glabrous above; leaves entire; basal leaves in dense tufts, the blades of these and the lower cauline narrow- oblanceolate, gradually contracted below to a commonly short petiole, the whole % to 11/^ inches long; blades of cauline leaves linear to lanceolate, sessile, auricled or not auricled; racemes rather loose; corolla pink, 3 to 3I/2 lines long; ovary gla- brous or nearly so; pods slightly curved or sometimes straight, 1 to 2 inches long, % to 1 line wide, glabrous to thinly puberulent, widely spreading or recurved on pedicels 3 to 9 lines long; pedicels glabrous to puberulent; seeds in 1 or 2 rows, orbicular, narrowly margined. Rocky slopes in the deserts, 2000 to 5000 feet : eastern Mohave Desert. East to Utah and Arizona. Mar.-Apr. Tax. note. — In writing the diagnosis of A. perennans Wats, the author has, in contrast to A. arcuata Gray, restricted the conception to the narrow-leaved eanescent or subcanescent plants with the shorter type of pods (about 1 to 2 inches long), geographically absorbing only plants of the deserts or desert slopes of the bordering ranges, and purposely excluding plants from cismontane California which have pods 4 inches long or more. All specimens cited have pods which are only slightly curved or are sometimes quite straight. We have thus far met no speci- mens of A. perennans vrithout question collected in cismontane Southern California. Locs. — Ord Mt., Mohave Desert, Jepson 5884; Bonanza King Mine, Providence Mts., Mum 4625; Hanaupah Canon, Panamint Range, Jepson 7053. Var. longipes Jepson comb. n. Stems 2 to several, 7 to 14 (or 16) inches high, from the loosely branched crown of a perennial root, hairy-pubescent below, glabrous above; blades of basal leaves obovate to oblanceolate, dentate, drawn down to a petiole at base, thinly pubescent, the whole % to 1% inches long; blades of cauline leaves oblanceolate or the upper ones oblong to lanceolate, sessile; petals 3 lines long, the purple blade very narrow; pods glabrous, 1^/4 to 2Y2 inches long, spreading on very slender glabrous pedicels % to 1 inch long; seeds in one row. — Rocky slopes of canons, 1800 to 5000 feet : mountains on west border of Colorado Desert ; ranges of the eastern Mohave Desert and of Inyo Co. East to Arizona. Mar. Tax. note. — On account of its general habit and similarity in inflorescence and pods this form, var. longipes, is too closely related to A. perennans Wats, to secure specific rank. It is commonly distinguished by the broader often coarsely toothed leaves of the basal tufts and by the thread-like pedicels. Its pods are short as compared with those of A. arcuata. The flowers are rather smaller than those of A. pulchra and the petal limbs are narrow. Locs. — Box Canon, Blair Valley, e. San Diego Co., Jepson 8649 ; Coyote Canon, Santa Rosa Mts., Jepson 1454; Providence Mts., T. Brandegee ; Barnwell, New York Mts., K. Brandegee ; Hanaupah Canon, Panamint Range, Jepson 7092 (dwarf of rock cliffs). Refs. — Arabis perennans Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 22-A67 (1887), type loe. n. Nevada, the first station cited; Jepson, Man. 431 (1925). Var. longipes Jepson. A. arcuata var. longipes Wats.; Gray, Syn. Fl. 1^:164 (1895), type loc. Fort Mohave, Ariz., Lemmon. A. gracilipes Greene, Pitt. 4:193 (1900), type loc. Flagstaff, Ariz.; Jepson, Man. 431 (1925). 20. A. suffrutescens Wats. Purple Rock-cress. Stems several, 7 to 14 inches high, from a branching woody caudex ; herbage glabrous, or the basal leaves sparsely ciliate; blades of basal leaves oblanceolate, of the cauline lanceolate, the lower MUSTARD FAMILY 71 scarcely auriculate; flowers few; petals purplish, 3 lines long; pods linear, very acute or attenuate-acute at apex, 1 14 to 2 inches long, li/^ to 3 lines broad, pendu- lous on pedicels 4 to 9 lines long; valves 1-nerved, veined; seeds in 2 rows. Dry or stony situations, 5500 to 6500 feet : east or north of the Sierra Nevada crest from Nevada Co. to Siskiyou Co. North to Washington. Rarely collected in California. Loes. — Truckee, Sonne 9 ; Shackelford Creek, w. Siskiyou Co., Butler 1705. Eefs. — Arabis suffrutescens "Wats. Proc. Am. Aead. 17:362 (1882), type loc. Snake Eiver, Union Co., Ore., CusicTc ; Jepson, Man. 432 (1925). 21. A. glaucovalvula Jones. Mesa Rock-cress. Stems several from a branch- ing woody crown, branched above, 7 to 14 inches high; herbage canescent; leaves mostly basal, these with blades oblanceolate, entire, and gradually narrowed to a petiole, the whole 1 to 2^/2 inches long, the cauline few, their blades linear to lance- olate, reduced and sessile; flowers rather large, purple, in one-sided racemes; sepals ovate, woolly-pubescent with scarious margins; pods deflexed, glabrous, glaucous, narrow-oblong, rounded at each end, 1-nerved and veiny, 1^ to 1% inches long, ^ inch wide, on pedicels 2 to 4 lines long; style stout and rather prominent; seeds in 2 rows with broad membranous wings, 2 lines broad. Gravelly mesas, 2200 to 5000 feet: eastern Mohave Desert; Inyo Co. East to Nevada. Mar. Locs. — Shay's Well, w. of Warren's Well, Jepson 5958; Cima, K. Brandegee ; MeGee Mdws., Bishop, Inyo Co., K. Brandegee. Nevada: Fallon, Blanche Boss 28. Eefs. — Arabis glaucovalvtila Jones, Contrib. W. Bot. 8:40 (1898), type loc. Darwin Mesa, Argus Mts., Jones; Jepson, Man. 432, fig. 419 (1925). 22. A. nardina Greene. Canon Rock-cress. Stems several from the branched root-crown, erect, 5 to 10 inches high, canescent; leaves mostly in a basal tuft, hoary-canescent, the blades linear-oblanceolate, acute or acutish, 4 to 6 lines long, gradually narrowed to a petiole half as long to rather longer; blades of cauline leaves linear to narrow-oblanceolate, sessile; pedicels 1^^ to 4 lines long; pods straight or a little curved, ascending, 1% to 2% inches long, 1^ lines wide ; seeds broadly winged. Flats in desert caiions, 2000 to 3000 feet: south side of Mohave Desert; Pana- mint Range. Apr. Locs. — North slope San Bernardino Mts., Parish 1300; Cactus Flat, Cushenbury Canon, Jones. Eefs. — Arabis nardina Greene, Lflts. 2:70 (1910), type loc. MiE Creek, Panamint Eange, Coville 4- Funston 776; the label on the type spm., no. 776 (U. S. Nat. Herb.), reads "Mill Creek", whereas the record for no. 776 in Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 4:250 is Willow Creek. A. juniperina Jones, Contrib. W. Bot. 15:68 (1929), type loc. Cactus Flat, Cushenbury Canon, San Bernardino Mts., Jones. Arabis dispar Jones, Contrib. W. Bot. 8:41 (1898), type loc. Pleasant Canon, Panamint Eange, Jones; habit and leaves apparently similar to A. nardina Greene; "pods 3 inches long, % line wide ; seeds not margined." 23. A. platysperma Gray. Pioneer Rock-cress. (Fig. 138.) Stems erect or ascending from a slender branching root-crown, 2^4 to 12 inches high; herbage glaucous, finely pubescent or hispidulous or sometimes glabrous; blades of basal leaves oblanceolate, narrowed to a short petiole, % to 1% inches long, the upper leaf -blades oblong- to linear-lanceolate, sessile; petals at first white, changing to rose-color, 2 to 3 lines long, the sepals % to nearly as long, glabrous, or hispid to- wards apex; pods erect or a little spreading, 1 to 2 inches long, l^/^ to 2 lines broad, tipped with a short stout style; valves distinctly veined, 1-nerved toward the base; seeds in one row, orbicular, winged all around (or nearly so) with a broad scarious membrane. 72 CRUCIFERAE Fig. 138, Arabis PLATYSPERMA Gray, a, habit, X %; 6, seed, X2. Hijrh montane slopes, often a pioneer on {granite sand areas, 7000 to 13,000 feet : inner North Coast Ran}:^o; Si(M"ra Nevada from Siskiyou Co. to Tulare Co.; San Gabriel Mts.; San Bernardino Mts. June. Locs. — North Coast Ranges: Mt. Hull, Lake Co. Sierra Nevada: Horse Camp, Mt. Shasta, Jcpson 59b; Medicine Lake, Siskiyou Co., M. S. Baker 484 ; Mt. Bidwell, Jcpson 7887 ; Eagle Peak, Warner Mts., Jcpson 7973; Silver Lake, Lassen Co., Baker ^ Nutting ; Summit sta., Nevada Co., Jtpson ICOa; Truckee River, Placer Co., Sonne 416; Mt. Taliac, Jepson 8137; Echo Ridge, Eldorado Co., Ottley 1170; Silver Lake, Amador Co., Hansen; Silver Valley, Alpine Co., Jepson 10,151; Sonora Pass, A. L. Grant 270; Kaiser Peak, A. L. Grant 1049; Wild- flower Lake, Kearsarge Pass, Jcpson 890; Mt. Silliman, Jepson 726a; Twin Lakes, W. Fry 304; Alta Peak, Hopping 217; Mt. Whitney, Bur- ton 4' Byerson 43. S. Cal.: Ontario Ridge, Pcirson 58; San Bernardino Mts. (PI. World 20:216). Var. imparata Jepson var. n. Herbage glabrous; pods larger (3 lines broad), less acute tlian in the species.— (Horbae glabrae; siliquae majores (lin. 3 latae) quam in specie minus acutae.) — Lake Solfatara, s/^l "%. Lassen Peak, E. M. Austin in 1896 (type). \Jj W Refs. — Arabis platysperma Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 6:519 (1865), type loc. Mt. Dana, 13,227 ft., and above Ebbets Pass, Brewer 1989; Jepson, Man. 432, fig. 420 (1925). A. covillei Greene; Fedde, Rep. Nov. Sp. 5:243 (1908), type loc. Mineral King, Tulare Co., Coville 4' Funston 1492, 1515. A. conferta Greene, I.e., type loc. headwaters Little Kern River, Purpus 5231. A. oligantha Greene, I.e., type loc. Dinkey Creek, Fresno Co., Hall 4' Chandler 354. A. paupercula Greene, Lflts. 2:77 (1910), type loc. Farewell Gap, Tulare Co., Purpus 52291/2, the pods "a line wide." A. liowellii Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 25:124 (1890), type loc. Ashland Butte, s. Ore., T. Howell. The seeds in A. howellii are not in ''2 rows" as implied by Watson (Syn. Fl. 1^:163, sec. 3, and 167). Howell's specimen (the type) is glalarous with the winged petioles of the leaves sparsely ciliate as said by Watson ; it is an excellent match for Mt. Shasta, Pringle, which we consider good A. platysperma and is so labeled at Gray Herb. (det. S. Watson). A. platysperma shows three forms: (a) herbage pu- berulenl; (b) herbage glabrous save the sparsely cUiate petioles; (c) herbage wholly glabrous. Var. IMPARATA Jepson. 24. A. inamoena Greene. Pigmy Rock-cress. Stems scape-like, arising from the dense basal leaf -rosettes of the branched caudex, 1 to IV2 inches high; leaf- blades narrowly linear-oblanceolate, hispid, 2 to 5 lines long, about i/^ line wide; pods linear, 10 to 14 lines long, 1 to 2 lines wide (similar to no. 18) . High montane plateaus, southern Sierra Nevada, 8500 to 11,500 feet : western Inyo Co. and eastern Tulare Co. June, Field note. — This is an interesting dwarf, somewhat resembling an alpine Draba. The large pods are sometimes half the height of the plant. The leaves are persistent for 1 to 3 years in dense whorls below the leaf-rosettes of the season. Locs. — Coyote Ridge, near South Lake, Inyo Co., ace. Peirson; Rock Creek, Mt. Whitney, Jepson 5059; Volcano Mdws., Tulare Co.; Ramshaw Mdws., Kern Peak, Mary Haskell. Var. acutata Jepson var. n. Leaves oblanceolate, loss densely crowded, glabrous or merely cUiate; pods very acute. — (Folia oblanceolata, minus conferta, glabra ciliatave tantummodo; siliquae acutissimae.) — Young's Lake, Tuolumne Co., 9900 feet, F. TV. Pcirson 7610 (type). Refs. — Arabis inamoena Greene; Fedde, Rep. Nov. Sp. 5:243 (1908), type loc. Long Mdw., Tulare Co., Palmer 192; Jepson, Man. 432 (1925). Var. acutata Jepson. 25. A. parishii Wats. Dwarf Rock-cress. Stems slender, simple, erect, 1 to 5 inches high, several to many from the densely tufted simple or branched root- crown; herbage finely stellate-pubescent; basal leaves numerous, the blades linear- oblanceolate, entire, 2 to 5 (or 7) lines long, the cauline leaves few (with linear blades), or none; petals rose-color, 3 to 4 lines long, twice as long as the purplish sepals; pods glabrous, 7 to 9 lines long, 1 to 1^/4 lines wide, ascending on pedicels 2 to 3 lines long; style filiform, 2 to 2i/^ lines long; valves 1-nerved and veined; seeds in 1 row, elliptical, narrowly winged. MUSTARD FAMILY 73 Mountain slopes, 6500 to 9800 feet : San Bernardino Mts. May, f r. June. Locs.— Bear Valley, Parish 234, 1793, 3751; Sugarloaf Mt., Feirson 3101. Eefs. — Arabis parishii Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 22:468 (1887), type loc. Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mts., Parish; Jepson, Man. 433 (1925). 17. ERYSIMUM L. Wall Flower. Erect stoutish biennials or perennials, simple or with few branches. Leaves narrow, entire or dentate. Flowers large, orange to light yellow. Sepals narrow, equal at base or the lateral saccate. Petals with slender claws and obovate limbs. Pod linear, flattened, with 1-nerved valves, or 4-sided. Seeds in 1 row, numerous, not margined. — Species about 90, north temperate zone. (Greek name of a garden plant. ) Stems simple. Flowers cream-color or yellowish; pods flattened parallel to the partition; littoral 1. E. capitatum. Flowers orange; pods 4-sided; mostly interior 2. E. asperum. Stem profusely branched from the base; flowers yellow; pods thickened; insular 3. E. insulare. 1. E. capitatum Greene. Dune Wall-flower. Biennial; stem erect, simple (rarely with 1 or 2 branches above), stout, % to 1% (or 3) feet high, leafy; herb- age puberulent; leaf -blades narrowly oblong, entire or repand-dentate, gradually contracted to a petiole, the whole 1 to 3 inches long; flowers cream-color to yellow- ish, rarely white, at first sub-capitate, the axis elongating in fruit and becoming a raceme; pods spreading or divaricate, 1^ to 3i/^ inches long, l^^ lines wide, abruptly short-pointed; valves flattish, ] -nerved; seeds broadly oblong to orbicular, sometimes with narrow margin. Bluffs and dunes along the coastline, 1 to 100 feet : Los Angeles Co. to Del Norte Co. North to Puget Sound. Mar.-Apr. Locs. — Hermosa, Los Angeles Co., Braunton 299; Monterey, Chandler 352; Bodega Pt., Sonoma Co., Eastwood; Humboldt Bay, Tracy 2031; Crescent City, Howell. Refs.— Erysimum capitatum Greene, Fl. Fr. 269 (1891), Man. Reg. S. F. Bay 21 (1894); Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 218 (1901), ed. 2, 185 (1911), Man. 433 (1925). Cheiranthus capitatus Dougl.; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:38 (1829), type loc. rocky places of the Columbia River near the sea, Douglas; Greene, Pitt. 3:131 (1897). Hesperis menziesii Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:60 (1830), type from Cal., Mensies (cf. Eastwood, Lflts. W. Bot. 1:88,-1934). E. grandiflorum Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. 1 :96 (1838), type loc. Pt. Pinos, Monterey, Nuttall. Cheiranthus grandiflorus Hel. Muhl. 1:145 (1906). C. asper C. & S.; B. & W. Bot. Cal. 1:35 (1876), not Nutt. E. concinnum Eastw. Zoe 5:103 (1901), type loc. Mendocino, H. E. Brown 708. E. ammophilum Hel. Muhl. 1:51 (1904), type loc. Seaside, Monterey Co., Heller 6650. Cheirinia ammophila Hel. I.e. 8:96 (1912). 2. E. asperum DC. Western Wall Flower. (Fig. 139.) Biennial or peren- nial; stem erect, simple, rarely branching above, leafy and with a dense rosette at base (the basal leaves often broader than the upper), 1 to 21^ feet high; herbage strigulose, the hairs often stellately 3-parted ; leaf-blades narrowly linear to nar- rowly oblong (2 to 6 lines wide and 1 to 4 inches long, or the uppermost shorter), entire or sharply dentate, usually drawn down to a slender petiole %o to % as long; flowers and young fruit ascending; corolla orange, 8 to 10 lines wide; pods 4-sided, ascending or widely spreading, commonly 2 to 4l^ inches long, 1 line wide, con- tracted at apex to a style % to 1 line long; seeds oblong, turgid, often slightly winged at one end. Common on rocky hills and mountains and desert floors, less common in valleys : throughout California. North to Canada, east to Illinois and Texas. Mar.-Apr. Geog. distribution. — Erysimum asperum is one of the widely distributed species of seed plants in California, occurring in both the Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges, and also sometimes in the neighborhood of the sea. While it is seen not infrequently on the mesas or on the plains of coastal Southern California, we have never met it on the valley floor proper of the Great Valley. The altitudinal range is also very remarkable, since the species itself occurs from 50 to 9600 feet, while the var. perenne reaches as high as 12,500 feet. 74 CRUCIFERAE Locg. — s. Cal., 50 to 5000 feet: Laguna Mta., Pcirson; Del Mar, Ncwlon 297; Saundcr Mdw., Mt. San Jacinto, C. V. Meyer 170; Santiago Creek, Sant^a Ana Mts., Alice King; Little Green Vallov, San Bornardino Mts.; San Dinias, Chnndlcr ; Mt. Gleason, Ijos Angeles Co., Barber 217; Santa Cruz Isl., T. Brandegee; Mission La Purissima, Jepson 11,940. Sierra Nevada, 1700 to 9G00 feet: More Rock, Giant Forest, Newlon 16 ; Kaiser Peak, Jcpsnn 13,029; Yosemite Valley, Bolander; Hog Ranch (Mather), A. L. Grant 979; Iletch Hetchy, Jep- son 4620; Sonora Pass, A. L. Grant 281; Rawhide, Tuolumne Co., A. L. Grant 664; Angora Peak to Keiths Dome, Ottley 800; Emerald Bay, Lake Tahoe, J. T. Howell 1093; Lake City, Modoc Co., Austin 4- Brncc. Marysville Buttes: South Peak, Jepson 13,390. Coast Ranges, 50 to 4000 ft.: San Emigdio Canon, Kern Co., Davy 2039; Paso Robles, Barber; Orcstimba Canon, w. Stanislaus Co., Brewer 1272 ; Mt. Day, Santa Clara Co., It. J. Smith; Antioch, Davy 996; Araquipa Hills, w. Solano Co., Jepson 13,391 ; Winneshaw, w. Te- hama Co., Jepson 178e; Kneeland Prairie, Tracy 2636; Trinity Summit, Humboldt Co., Davy 5856; Yreka, Butler 724. Var. bealianum Jepson var. n. Corolla yellow ; fruits broader and shorter. — (Corolla flava; frutex latior et brevior quam specie.) — Desert mesas and ridges, 2000 to 3000 feet: Mohave Desert (Barstow, Jepson 5181, type; Daggett, Mary Bcal). A^ar. perenne Wats. Perennial; stems more slender, often tufted, 5 to 15 inches high; flowers lemon-yellow; pods thinner, flattened, tapering at apex. — Subalpine, in the Sierra Nevada, 8000 to 12,500 feet, from Mari- posa Co. to Tulare Co. Geog. note. — Var. perenne Wats, is found as high as 12,000 to 12,500 feet on Mt. Whitney. At these higher altitudes it lives to a maximum age of twelve years as evidenced by the annual xylem rings and the constric- tions which mark the position of successive terminal winter buds, that is about six times the longevity of the common form of the Sierra Nevada forest at middle altitudes, or of the arid type of the Mohave Desert. It seems likely that the variety perenne is a glacial relic, is in reality the natural type of the species and that the biennial form has been derived from it as an adaptation to drier soils or to milder temperatures. Locs. — Mt. Dana, Brewer 1749; Mono Pass, Jepson 4464; Kaiser Peak, A. L. Grant; Mt. Silliman, Jepson 750; Alta Mts., Tulare Co., Hopping 146; Mt. Whitney, Jepson 1074; Army Pass, Jepson 5063 ; upper Little Kern River, Purpus 5219. Refs.— Erysimum asperum DC. Svst. 2:505 (1821) ; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:64, t. 22 (1830) ; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 218 (1901), ed. 2, 185 (1911), Man. 433 (1925). Cheiranthus asper Nutt. Gen. 2:69 (1818), type from plains of the upper Missouri River, Nuttall. E. calif ornicnm Greene, Erythea 3:69 (1895), type loc. Antioch, Greene. Cheiranthus calif ornicus Greene, Pitt. 3:133 (1896). E. nevadcnsc Hel. Muhl. 1:52 (1904), type loc. Donner Lake, Heller 6956. Chei- rinia nevadcnsis Hel. Muhl. 8:96 (1912). Var. bealianum Jepson. Var. perenne Wats.; Cov. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 7:70 (1892), type loc. between Mineral King and Farewell Gap, Tulare Co., Coville 1487; Jepson, Man. 433 (1925). Cheiranthus perennis Greene, Pitt. 3:132 (1896). 3. E. insulare Greene. Island Wallflower. Woody-based plant 1 to 2 feet high; shoots of the season from the woody basal branches of two kinds, fertile shoots and sterile shoots; fertile shoots % to l^/^ feet long, leafy throughout, ter- minated by a dense raceme; sterile shoots 6 to 7 inches long, very densely leafy at the ends, sparingly leafy below ; herbage glabrous, or the young parts canescent ; leaf -blades narrowly linear, 14 to 1 line wide, 2 to 41^ inches long, somewhat con- tracted toward the base but scarcely petioled; racemes l^/^ to 2 inches long, the pedicels spreading; corolla yellow; pods only slightly thickened, ll^ to 2 inches long; seeds not margined. Dunes and sandy slopes, 5 to 500 feet: San Miguel Isl.; Santa Rosa Isl.; Los Angeles coast. June. Fig. 139. Erysimum asperum DC. a, base of plant, X % ; b, fl. stem, X Vs ; c, pod, X Va ; d, seed, X 4. MUSTARD FAMILY 75 Locs. — Santa Eosa Isl., T. Brandegee ; Playa del Eey, Parish 11,881. Var. angustatum Jepson comb. n. Perennial ; base of the stem or the short branches of the root-crown densely clothed with narrowly linear leaves, these leaves very much narrower than the cauline leaves; flowers and young fruit horizontally spreading. — Low flats or hill slopes, 5 to 2000 feet: lower San Joaquin Eiver; Arroyo Seco Canon, San Gabriel Mts., Peirson 337. The geographic distribution seems incoherent; the material may, therefore, need another inter- pretation. Eefs. — Erysimum insulare Greene, Bull. Torr. Club 13:218 (1886), type loc. San Miguel Isl., Greene; Jepson, Man. 433 (1925). Cheiranthus insularis Greene, Pitt. 3:131 (1896). C. suffrutescens Abrams, Bull. S. Cal. Acad. 2:41 (1903), type loc. Port Ballona, Los Angeles Co., Abravis 2511. Var. angustatum Jepson. Cheiranthus angustatus Greene, Pitt. 3:132 (1896), type loc. San Joaquin Eiver, San Joaquin Co., Greene. Erysimum repandum L. Amoen. Acad. 3:415 (1756), type European. Annual, branched above; leaf -blades linear-lanceolate, repand-dentate; flowers yellow, 2 to 3 lines long; pods 4sided, 2% inches long, rigid, horizontal, spine-like. — Introduced from Europe; troublesome in alfalfa fields, becoming a timibleweed; sometimes miscalled Eussian Thistle: Modoc Co., Man- ning 25. Erysimum cheiranthoides L. Sp. PI. 661 (1753), type European. Annual; erect, branch- ing above; leaf -blades lanceolate, entire or slightly dentate, short-petioled; flowers pale yellow, 2 lines long; pods 4-sided, % to 1 inch long, ascending on slender spreading pedicels 4 lines long. — Introduced from Europe: adventive along railroad. Placer Co., Sonne. 18. MATTHIOLA R. Br. Stout stellate-tomentose herbs with oblong or linear leaves. Flowers usually purple, sweet-scented; petals with long claws and broad showy limbs. Pod large, linear, nearly terete or compressed; stigmas thickened or horned at the back. — Species 50, Europe and South Africa. (Peter Andrew Matthioli, 1500-1577, Italian physician and celebrated botanist.) 1. M. incana R. Br. Garden Stock. Stems erect, branched above, 2 feet high; leaf -blades entire or sinuately dentate, 4 to 7 inches long; flowers % to 1^4 inches broad; pods 2^/2 to 4l^ inches long; seeds thin, flat, circular, wing-margined. Native of Europe; naturalized along the seashore bluifs of San Diego and Orange Cos. Mar. Locs.— Del Mar, Newlon 311; Carlsbad (Bull. S. Cal. Acad. 19«:18) ; Oceanside; Aliso Pt., D. L. Crawford. Eefs. — Matthiola incana E. Br.; Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, 4:119 (1812) ; Jepson, Man. 434 (1925). Cheiranthus incanus L. Sp. PI. 662 (1753), type loc. seacoast, Spaia. 19. PARRYA R. Br. Perennial herbs, with basal leaves and flowering stems borne on the crown of a simple or branched caudex. Flowers purple or rose-color, the clusters showy. Stigma 2-lobed. Pod very strongly flattened, produced at apex into a prominent acute or attenuate point, the valves 1-nerved. Seeds convex or turgid, in 2 rows in each cell. — Species about 15, alpine or arctic regions of North America and northern Asia. (Capt. W. E. Parry, British navigator, who discovered the first- known species while on quest of the Northwest Passage. ) Pods divaricately spreading ; flowering stems 2 to 3 times as long as the leaves 1. P. cheiranthoides. Pods ascending ; flowering stems scarcely exceeding the leaves 2. P. eurycarpa. 1. P. cheiranthoides Jepson comb. n. (Fig. 140.) Plants 3 to 6 inches high, the scapose flowering stems and the leaves caespitose on a thick caudex, the caudex simple or with few short branches; leaf -blades spatulate or oblanceolate, acute or obtuse, densely stellate-tomentose, entire, 1 to 3 inches long, drawn down to a petiole at base, i/^ to l^/^ inches long; racemes many-flowered; pods ensiform, atten- uate to the short style, 1 to 11/2 inches long, glabrous, 2 to 4-seeded; pedicels 3 to 4 lines long, both the pedicels and the pods spreading horizontally. 76 CRUCIFERAE "CS^ ]\Iontane, granite detritus, 4000 to 10.700 feet : eastern slope of the Sierra Ne- vada from Inyo Co. to ^Modoe Co., west to Siskiyou Co., thence south to Mendocino Co. North to Washington. Western Nevada. June. Locs.— Bishop (foothills s.), JJellcr 8293; So- nora Pass, A. L. Grant 441; Deer Park, Placer Co., Helen Geis; mts. above Truckee River, Placer Co., Sonne 20; Castle Peak, Nevada Co., Beller 7085; Soupan Sprs., Lassen Peak; Milford, Lassen Co., M. S. Balcer; Forestdale, Modoc Co., M. S. Baker; Jess Valley, Warner Mts., L. S. Smith 784; Goose Lake Valley, li. M. Austin; Mt. Bidwell, Jepson 7879; Yreka, Butler 1296; Mt. Sanhedrin, Purpus 1075. Var. glabra Jepson comb. n. Plant entirely glabrous. — Warner Mts., Modoc Co. Refs. — P.VRRYA CHEiRANTiioroES Jcpson. Phoe- nicaulis cheiranthoides Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. 1: 89 (1838), type loc. Walla Walla River (high hills to the c., probably in Wash.), Nuttall. P. menziesii Greene, Fl. Fr. 253 (1891); Jepson, Man. 434 (1925). Hesperis menziesii H. & A. Bot. Beech. 322, t. 75 (1840). Cheiranthus menziesii B. & W. Bot. Cal. 1:35 (1876). Phoenicaidis menziesii Greene, Bull. Torr. Club 13:143 (1876). Arahis menziesii Nels. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 18:187 (1905). Parry a menziesii Greene var. lanuginosa Wats.; Gray, Syn. Fl. 1:156 (1895), type loc. e. of Cascades, lower Co- lumbia Valley, Wash., Douglas, Siiksdorf. Arahis pedicellate Nels. I.e. 17:91 (1904), type loc. Hunter Greek Canon, Reno, Nev., Kennedy 4" True 705. Streptanthus pedicellatus Nels. I.e. 92. Phoenicau- lis pedicellata Ilel. Muhl. 2:203 (1906). Var. gla- bra Jepson. Parrya menziesii var. glabra Jepson, Man. 434 (1925), type loc. Lake City Mt., Modoc Co., C. C. Bruce 2250. 2, P. eurycarpa Jepson. Plants 1 to 2 inches high, the flowering stems and leaves caespitose on a slender branched caudex ; herbage stellate-pubescent ; leaf- blades oblanceolate, 4 to 6 lines long; raceme few-flowered; pods oblong-ovate, acute, glabrous, % to 1 inch long, 3 to 5 lines broad; style I/2 line long; seeds oval, the seed-coat covered with silvery white, more or less crisped scales or processes. Subalpine slides or shaly flats, 11,500 to 14,300 feet: Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Tuolumne Co. ; White Mts. North to Idaho. Locs. — Old Mt. Whitney, Purpus; Mt. Whitney, Purpus; Harrison Pass (Publ. Sierra Club 27:29) ; White Mountain Peak, Jepson 7385; near Sonora Pass. Refs. — PAiiRYA EURYCABPA Jepson, Man. 434 (1925). Braba eurycarpa Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 6:520 (1865), type loc. peak s. of Sonora Pass, Brewer. P. huddelliana Nels. Bot. Gaz. 54:139 (1912), type loc. Bear Canon, Custer Co., Idaho, C. I. Huddle (Nelson 4- Macbride 1466). Fig. 140. PARRYA CHEIRANTnOIDES Jep- son. a, habit, X % ; b, infl., X % ; c, fl., X iy2; (?, seed, X 3. 20. TROPIDOCARPUM Hook. Erect or diffusely spreading annuals with pubescent herbage, pinnatifid leaves and leafy racemes of rather small yellow flowers. Sepals concave, ovate-oblong, spreading. Petals cuneate-obovate. Stamens tetradynamous; anthers roundish. Style slender, sometimes short. Pod completely or partially 2-celled, or 1-celled, strongly flattened contrary to the narrow partition, or only the upper part flat- tened, or somewhat inflated; valves 2 to 4, opening from above; seeds in 2 or 4 rows. — Species 2, California. (Greek tropis, keel, and karpos, fruit, in reference to the carinate valves of the capsule). Variation in the pod. — The valves in Tropidocarpum gracile may dehisce from above, or sometimes from below, or subequally throughout (Tracy, Benj. Cobb). In plants of this same MUSTARD FAMILY 77 species from Delano, Kern Co. (Z>. Steinwand), the pods show considerable variation in com- pression: they may be (a) compressed throughout, (b) compressed on lower half and obcom- pressed on upper half, or (c) they may be somewhat contorted with the compression obscure. Variation similar to this is often met with in T. gracile and is paralleled in T. capparideum Greene. In a field near the Mountain House, eastern Alameda Co. (Jepson 15,349), two forms of T. capparideum were found : first, plants of branching habit which bore the inflated-subcylin- dric type of pod usual to T. capparideum, and also pods compressed below, sometimes obcom- pressed above; second, strictly erect plants bearing only the type of pods characteristic of typical T. capparideum. Prolonged consideration of T. capparideum seems convincing that it is to be regarded as a sporting or reversionary form of T. gracile and not as a species in the sense that T. gracile is a species. Its features are so remarkable, however, that we retain it here, for the time, as a nominal species. Plants, when robust, with mostly straggling branches ; pods 2-valved and 2-celled 1. T. gracile. Plants commonly erect; pods 4-valved and 1-celled 2. T. capparideum. 1. T. gracile Hook. Dobie Pod. Stems erect or at last very diffuse, 5 to 14 inches long; leaves pinnatifid, the segments commonly linear, acutish, cleft or entire ; basal leaves 1 to 4 inches long, petioled ; cauline leaves more or less reduced, subsessile or sessile; pedicels axillary, 3 to 10 lines long, spreading; stamens very unequal; pods linear, strongly obcompressed throughout, tardily dehiscent, 1 to 1^ inches long; seeds in 2 rows. Valleys and hill slopes, 200 to 2200 feet : plains and low hills on the borders of the Great Valley; South Coast Ranges; Inyo Co. and south through the Mohave Desert to San Diego Co. Mar.-Apr. Field note. — In the vernal grassland formation Tropidocarpum gracile is a common species, especially in the inner South Coast Eange region. While it is infrequent or absent from the more sterile clays it is common on the intermediate clays and frequently it is one of the dominants. On spots of very rich soil it sometimes develops colonies three to twelve feet across. Such colonies are pure and represent a dense and very tangled growth. Locs. — Salt Creek, w. Tehama Co., Jepson 178c; Marysville Buttes, Jepson 13,491; Auburn, comm. W. S. SliocTcley ; Eio Linda, n. Sacramento Co., Jepson 16,595; Salmon Falls, Eldorado Co., Jepson 15,752; Kinsley, Mariposa Co., Charlotte Eoak; St. Helena, Clara Hunt; Corral Hollow, Jepson 9567, 9573; Los Buellis Hills, Santa Clara Co., R. J. Smith; Stanford, C. F. Baker 336 ; Guadalupe Mine, Santa Clara Co., Jepson 9087 ; Soledad ; Little Eabbit Valley, San Benito Co., Jepson 16,134; Cholame Valley, se. Monterey Co., Jepson 16,183; Santa Margarita, Jepson 11,970; Waltham Creek, San Carlos Eange, Jepson 2691; Madera, Jepson 15,156; Spark- ville, Fresno Co., Jepson 15,141; Goshen; Tulare, Davy 3097; Three Elvers, W. Fry 150; Inde- pendence, S. W. Austin 431; Searles, Mohave Desert; Granite Wells, Mohave Desert; Barstow; Eedlands, Parish; San Jacinto, Gregory; San Felipe; San Diego, Cleveland. Var. dubium Jepson. Pod 1-celled below, the partition persistent in the upper third or fourth; otherwise like the species. — West side of the San Joaquin Valley and south to coastal Southern California. Eefs. — Teopidocabpum gracile Hook. Ic. PI. t. 43 (1836), type loc. "Monterey", Douglas; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Mid. Cal. 223 (1901), ed. 2, 189 (1911), Man. 434 (1925). Var. scabrius- culum Greene, Fl. Fr. 278 (1891). T. scahriusculum Hook. Ic. PI. t. 52 (1836), type loc. "Mon- terey", Douglas. Var. dubium Jepson, Man. 434 (1925). T. duMurn Dav. Erythea 2 :179 (1894), type loc. near Los Angeles, Davidson; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 223 (1901), ed. 2, 189 (1911). In neither T. gracile nor T. scabriusculum is the locality "Monterey" recorded on the original specimens in Herb, Hook. (Kew). See note under Thelypodium flavescens Wats. 2. T. capparideum Greene. Alkali Pod. Stem stoutish, erect, 8 to 10 inches high, simple or sparingly branched; foliage as in T. gracile, the upper leaves some- what more deeply parted and with longer subentire segments; pods linear-oblong, 7 to 10 lines long, 2 lines wide, somewhat inflated, 1-celled, conspicuously 6-nerved, tipped with a short style; valves 4, the dehiscence beginning at the apex; seeds in 4 rows. Alkaline soil, 25 to 500 feet : Mt. Diablo range and bordering plains. Mar. Locs.— Clayton, Davy 1262; Byron, Greene; Mountain House, e. Alameda Co., Jepson 15,349; TrHiCV J^icllGTlGT S* SiolGfti Eefs.— Tropidocarpum capparideum Greene, Pitt. 1:217 (1888), type loc. eastern Contra Costa Co. near the San Joaquin Eiver, Greene; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 223 (1901), ed. 2, 189 (1911), Man. 435 (1925). 7tj CRUCIFERAE 21. LYROCARPA Hook. & Harv. Erect herbs, ours peremiial, witli soiiunvlmt floxuoiis branches and stellate pu- bescence. Leaves toothed or rum-inately iiiniiatifid. Sepals linear-oblong, sharply acute, stronu'ly connivcnt. Petals in ours linear-elonj^ated. Style short or none. Sti^Mua very far^'e. Pod in ours obcordate or fiddle-shaped, flattened contrary to the'iiarrowpartition.— Species 2, California and Mexico. (Greek lyra, a lyre, and carpos. fruit). 1. L. coulteri Hook. & Harv. Stems several, woody at base, 11/2 to 3 feet high; flowers in a loo.se raceme, maturing slowly, sweet-scented; sepals stellate-tomen- tose. strongly eonnivent near or above the middle, becoming distmct from below; petals tawny yellow, lance-linear, 6 to 8 lines long, tapering to a long slender claw; pods ;? to 6 lines long; seeds 2 to several in each cell, round, flat. Sandy Hats, 500 to 1500 feet : western Colorado Desert. South to Lower Cali- fornia and Sonora, ea.st to Arizona. INIar.-Apr. L0C8.— Borrcgo Spr., Puri)us; San Felipe Narrows, Jepson 12,532; Sentenac Valley, Jepson 8781 ; Vallecito, Jepson 8548. Kefs. — Lyrocarp.\ coulteri ITook. & Harv. Lond. Jour. Bot. 4:76, t. 4 (1845), the type from Cal., collected by Coulter; B. & W. Bot. Cal. 1 :44 (1876) ; Jepson, Man. 435, fig. 421 (1925). 22. LESQUERELLA Wats. Low herbs, ours stellate-pubescent throughout. Flowers usually yellow. Style slender; stigma entire or nearly so. Pod globose-inflated to obovate; cells 2 to 15-seeded; seeds flattened; cotyledons accumbent. — Species about 35, one in South America, the remainder in North America. (Leo Lesquereux, distinguished Amer- ican paleobotanist and bryologist, 1805-1889.) Annual; basal leaves not forminp: a rosette; flowers 2 to 3 lines long; pods globose, glabrous or puberulent; style a little shorter than the pod; pedicels curved \. L. pahneri. Perennial; basal leaves' in a rosette; style equaling or slightly longer than the pod; pedicels straight or straightish. Pods globose or subglobose, thinly pubescent; flowers yellow, 3 to 5% lines long... .2. L. Tcingii. Pods flattened on the margins, ovate, densely pubescent; flowers deep yellow, 4 lines long 3. L. occidentalis, 1. L. palmeri Wats. Stems one or few from the base, slender, ascending or mostly erect, 4 to 12 inches high; leaf -blades oblong-oblanceolate or linear, mostly acute, 3 to 12 lines long, narrowed to a slender petiole or the upper subsessile; pedi- cels ascending, horizontal or recurved, usually sigmoid; ovules 4 to 6 in each cell; pods globose, IV2 lines in diameter. Desert hills, 500 to 5000 feet: eastern Mohave Desert; northeastern Colorado Desert. East to Arizona and south to Lower California. Mar.-Apr. Locs. — New York Mts., J. Grinnell; Bonanza, Providence Mts., Mum ^ Harwood 3444; Goffs, Parish 9647; Fenner, Newlon 532; Canon Sprs., Colorado Desert; Salvation Sprs., Colo- rado Desert. Kefs. — LESQUERELLA PALiiERi Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 23:255 (1888), based on spms. by Palmer (cult, from Arizona seed) and Orcutt (Topo Canon, L. Cal.) ; Jepson, Man. 435 (1925). 2. L. kingii Wats. Stems ascending or decumbent, 2 to 7 inches long; blades of basal leaves suborbicular to elliptic, entire or 1 to 3-dentate on each side, 3 to 9 lines long, drawn down to a petiole 1 to 1^/2 times as long; blades of cauline leaves oblanceolate; pods 2 to 3 lines in diameter, the cells 2 to 4-ovuled. Mountain ranges bordering or lying within the desert interior, 5000 to 8000 feet: San Bernardino Mts.; east side of the Sierra Nevada (or its northern crests) from Inyo Co. to Modoc Co. May-June. Locs. — Bear Lake, San Bernardino Mts., Pcirson 4600; Telescope Peak, Jepson 7022; Cam- pito Mt., White Mts., Jepson 7335 ; Silver Canon, White Mts., Jepson 7335a; upper Squaw Valley, Truckee River, Sonne; Lassen Peak, Jepson 4093; Lake City Mt., Modoc Co., C. C. Bruce 2136. MUSTARD FAMILY 79 Eefs. — Lesquerella kingii Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 23:251 (1888) ; Gov. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 4:62 (1893) ; Gray, Syn. Fl. li:117 (1895) ; Jepson, Man. 435 (1925). Vesicaria Ungii "Wats. I.e. 20:353 (1885), based on spms. from the West Humboldt Mts., Nev., Watson 82, and Lassen Peak, Gal., Lemmon, B. M. Austin. L. palmeri Parish, Bot. Gaz. 65: 337 (1918) as to Bear Valley plants. 3. L. occidentalis Wats. Stems erect or ascending, 3 to 9 inches high, from the crown of a stout taproot; leaves entire; blades of the basal leaves orbicular to elliptic, varying to oblanceolate, % to I14 inches long, narrowed to petioles II/2 to 2 times as long, blades of the cauline spatulate; pods somewhat flattened, ovate, acutish, 2 to 4 lines long; cells 4-ovuled. Easterly or northerly sides of the Sierra Nevada from Placer Co. to Siskiyou Co., thence south to Lake Co., 5500 to 7500 feet : north to Oregon. Apr.-May. Locs. — Squaw Valley, Truckee Eiver, Sonne; Mt. Eddy, Siskiyou Co., Alexander 4- Kellogg 331 ; Gherry Creek, Siskiyou Co., Butler 588 ; Greenhorn Mt., Siskiyou Co., Butler 1342 ; Marble Mt., Jepson 2835 ; Snow Mt., Lake Co. Eefs. — Lesquee-ella occidentalis Wats. Proc. Am. Aead. 23:251 (1888); Jepson, Man. 435 (1925). Vesicaria occidentalis Wats. I.e. 20:353 (1885), based on spms. from Yreka, Gal., Greene, Multnomah Co., Ore., Howell, and White Bluffs, Columbia Eiver, Wash., T. Brandegee. 23. DITHYRAEA Harv. Ours an annual herb with finely pubescent herbage. Sepals stellate-tomentose, connivent above, forming a closed tube. Petals white or tinged with purple, con- spicuous, broadly spatulate, with spreading limbs and slender claws. Stamens 6 ; anthers linear, sagittate. Pods strongly obcompressed and didymous, that is notched both above and below, the lobes suborbicular, with a distinct cord-like margin. Style almost none, crowned by a large helmet-shaped stigma. — Species 3, southwestern United States and Mexico. (Greek, dis, two, and thureos, shield, referring to the flattened twin fruit.) 1. D. californica Hai*v. Spectacle Pod. Stems several from the base, spread- ing or ascending, 4 to 18 inches high, very brittle at the joints; leaf -blades thick- ish, ovate or oblong-ovate, shallowly and somewhat sinuately few-toothed, 1 to 2 inches long, the basal on petioles nearly as long, the cauline nearly sessile and somewhat cuneate at base; racemes very dense; flowers sweet-scented, 4 to 5 lines long, on pedicels scarcely 1 line long; fruit with a tomentose-margined border, 3 to 4 lines broad. Sandy soil in the deserts, 300 to 4000 feet: Inyo Co.; Mohave and Colorado deserts. South to Mexico and east to Nevada. Mar.-Apr. Locs. — Inyo Co.: Olancha; Keeler. Mohave Desert: Needles, Parish 9603; Goolgardie, Jep- son 6633 ; Lancaster, Los Angeles Co., Davy 2277 ; Barstow, Jepson 5356 ; Stoddard Well, Jepson 5900. Colorado Desert: Palm Sprs., Mt. San Jacinto, Parish 4107; Borrego Spr., Jepson 8875; San Felipe Narrows, C. V. Meyer 48; Blair Valley, e. San Diego Co., Jepson 8674; Vallecito, Jepson 8912; Coyote Wells, Newlon 411; Indian Wells, Newlon 423; Holtville, Jepson 11,716. Var. maritima Dav. Leaf -blades mostly orbicular, sinuate to entire, thicker, distinctly fleshy, more densely caneseent-tomentose ; racemes very dense; pods more densely pubescent. — Coast sand dunes from Los Angeles Co. to San Luis Obispo Go. Locs. — Hermosa Beach, Los Angeles Co., Braunton 285; Playa del Eey, Braunton; Surf, Santa Barbara Co.; Oso Flaco Lake, San Luis Obispo Co., W. S. Cooper 167. Eefs. — DiTHYRAEA CALIFORNICA Harv.; Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. 4:77, t. 5 (1845), type from Gal., Thos. Coulter 37; Jepson, Man. 436, fig. 422 (1925). Biscutella californica B. & W. Bot. Gal. 1:48 (1876). Var. maritima Dav.; Eob. in Gray, Sjti. PI. r:123 (1895). Biscutella cali- fornica var. maritima Dav. Erythea 2:179 (1894), type loc. Eedondo, Alice J. Merritt. D. mari- tima Dav.; Dav. & Mox. Fl. S. Gal. 151 (1923). 24. THLASPI L. Herbs with undivided leaves, the cauline ones auriculate-clasping. Flowers in ours white. Sepals short, oval, obtuse. Petals obovate or oblanceolate. Anthers 80 CRUCIFERAE sliort, oval. Pod obcom pressed, in ours cuneate, obovate or orbicular, the valves often win«,'ed, especially towards the apex. Seeds 2 or several in each cell; cotyle- dons accnmbent. — Species about 60, North America, Europe, Africa, Asia. (Greek thlan, to crush, on account of the strongly llattened pods.) Perennial; pod obovate; seed smooth 1- ^- alpestrc. Annual; pod orbicular; seed rugose 2. T.arvense. 1. T. alpestre L. Mountain Penny Cress. Stems commonly many from a branchinjr perennial crown, 3 to 8 inches high; leaves mostly in a basal tuft, the blades of these round-obovate to oblanceolate, 3 to 6 lines long, narrowed to slender petioles 1 to 2 times as long, the blades of the cauline ovate to oblong, sessile- aiiriculate; raceme ratlier dense; liowers white, 2 to 3 lines long; petals rather spreading, twice the length of the sepals ; pods narrowly obovate or cuneate, 3 to 4 lines long, twice as long as wide, retuse or truncate at apex, flattened toward the margin, the summit narrowly winged; style slender, 1/2 to nearly 1 line long. Northern mountains, 5000 to 7000 feet : Humboldt, Trinity and Siskiyou Cos., east to Plumas Co. North to British Columbia; New Mexico to Montana. Europe, Asia. Apr.-May. Locs. — Spanish Peak; Forest House Mt., Siskiyou Co., Butler 119; Marble Mt., Jepson 2842; Dorleska, Trinity Co. The usual form passes into the var. calif omicum Jepson, Four to 12 inches high; raceme looser; pods truncate to retuse at apex. — Humboldt Co.: Hupa, Chandler 1377; Supply Creek, Davy ^ Blasdale 5736; Kneeland Prairie, Tracy 4043. Refs. — Thlaspi alpestre L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 2:903 (1763), type European; Jepson, Man. 437, fig. 423a (1925). Var. californicum Jepson, Man. 437, fig. 423b-d (1925). T. calif oi-nicum, Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 17:365 (1882), type loc. Knee- land Prairie, Humboldt Co., Rattan. T. glaucum Nels. Bull. Torr. Club 25:275 (1898), type loe. Battle Lake, Wyo., Nelson 4176. T. alpestre var. glaucum Nels. First Report on Fl. Wyo. 84 (1896). T. glaiimm var. hesperium Payson, Univ. Wyo. Publ. Sci. Bot. 1:154 (1926), type loc. Dorleska, Trinity Co., Hall 8570. 2. T. arvense L. Field Penny Cress. (Fig. 141.) Annual, erect, 8 to 14 inches high, often branched above; leaves i/^ to 2 inches long, rather remotely toothed, the blades of the basal spatulate, those of the cau- line oblong, obtuse; flowers smaller than in T. alpestre and with narrower petals; pods orbicular or nearly so, i/^ inch in diameter, strongly obcompressed, broadly winged, the apex deeply notched ; style very short. Introduced from Europe, adventive in Modoc Co. and Los Angeles Co. Also called French Weed. Locs. — Adin, J. L. Chace; Alturas, L. S. Smith 1092; Henniger Flats, San Gabriel Mts., Peirson 66, in 1918. Fig. 141. Thlaspi ARVENSE L. a, base Refs. — Thlaspi arvense L. Sp. PI. 646 (1753), of plant, XVs;b, upper part of plant, type European; Britt. & Br. 111. Fl. 2:114, fig. 1692 X Va; c, infl., X Vs ; d, pod, X 1%. (1897) ; Jepson, Man. 437 (1925). 25. CORONOPUS Ludwig Prostrate annuals (exhaling a lieavy-scented odor), with pinnatifid leaves and short racemes of minute greenish-white floAvers. Sepals oval, spreading. Stamens 6, or often only 4 or 2. Pod small, more or less didymous, flattened contrary to MUSTARD FAMILY 81 the narrow partition, the surface strongly wrinkled or tuberculate ; valves of the pod falling away at maturity from the persistent axis as closed or nearly closed nutlets. Cotyledons incumbent. — Species 12, all continents but mostly subtropic regions. (Greek korono, crow, and pons, foot, because of the shape of the leaves.) 1. C. didymus Sm. Wart Cress. Stems numerous, freely branching, dif- fuse or prostrate, i/^ to 2 feet long ; leaves i/^ to 1 inch long, pinnately parted into entire or sharply toothed segments; pods small, about 1 line broad, notched both above and below, thus appearing transversely 2-lobed or didymous, each lobe turgid and finely wrinkled. South American weed, naturalized near dwellings, 5 to 1200 feet : cismontane. May. Locs. — Pasadena and Los Angeles (ace. Davidson & Moxley, Fl. S. Cal. 153) ; San Fran- cisco, Davy; Berkeley, Jepson 12,046; Montezuma Hills, Solano Co., Jepson 13,356; Drytown, Amador Co., Hansen; Healdsburg, Alice King; Dyerville, Humboldt Co., Jepson 16,431; Hydes- ville, Humboldt Co., Tracy 1234 ; Manning Creek, lower Van Duzen River, M. S. Balcer 91. Refs.— CORONOPUS DIDYMUS Sm. Fl. Brit. 2:691 (1800) ; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 229 (1901), ed. 2, 193 (1911); Man. 437 (1925). Lepidium didymum L. Mant. 92 (1767), type European. Senebiera didyma Pers. Syn. 2:185 (1807). S. pinnatifida DC. Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris 1:144 (1799). C. PROCUMBENS Gilib. Fl. Lithuan. 2:52 (1781); Jepson, Man. 437 (1925). C. niellii All. Fl. Pedem. 1:256 (1785) ; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 229 (1901), ed. 2, 194 (1911). Cochlearia coronopus L. Sp. PI. 648 (1753), type European. Swine-cress. Fruit notched above, obscurely didymous, strongly roughened and cristate-muricate. — Adventive at San Francisco. lonopsidium acaule Rchb. Fl. Germ. 7:26, t. 649 (1829). Cochlearia acaulis Desf. Fl. Atlant. 2:69 (1800), type loc. Portugal. Annual, 2 to 21/2 inches high; stem short, rather densely leafy, each axil bearing a long naked one-flowered peduncle ; leaf -blades ovate, entire, 2 lines long, long-petioled ; pods obcompressed, flattened, round-ovate, 2 lines long. — Adventive at Ferndale, Humboldt Co. {J. P. Tracy, B. D. Douglas) ; native of Portugal, 26. LEPIDIUM L. Pepper-grass Low annuals, rarely perennials, with toothed or pinnatifid leaves and very small flowers ( I/2 to 1 or 2 lines long) . Petals white, rarely yellow, sometimes none. Stamens 6, 4 or 2. Pod an orbicular, ovate or broadly oblong silicic, strongly ob- compressed, and commonly notched or lobed at the more or less winged apex; valves acutely carinate, the cells 1-seeded. Style, if present, persistent in fruit. Cotyledons incumbent or accumbent. — About 123 species, widely distributed, chiefly in temperate and subtropic regions. (Greek lepidion, a little scale, in ref- erence to the flattened pods.) A. Style distinctly developed and persistent. Eaeemes racemose (that is, not capitate) ; plants erect or nearly so. Pods not winged nor notched at apex. Pods flat, dehiscent; leaves linear-lanceolate, merely sessile; flower-glands distinct 1. L. jaredii. Pods inflated, indehiseent ; leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, auriculate-clasping at base ; flower with an annular gland 2. L. draba. Pods winged and notched at apex. Cauline leaves clasping ; herbage pubescent or grayish. Pods thick, winged all around ; blades of upper leaves oblong, sagittate-clasping at base, denticulate 3. L. campestre. Pods thin, minutely winged at apex only; blades of upper leaves cordate-clasping at base, entire _- ; 4. L. perfoliatum. Cauline leaves not clasping; species of the deserts or arid regions. Herbage minutely puberulent or short-hirsute; biennial 5. L. montanum. Herbage glabrous; perennial. Stems herbaceous; pods oval 6. L. alyssoides. Low woody bush ; pods obcordate 7. L. fremontit. 82 CRUCrPERAE Bacemcs subcapitate in the leaf axils and forks; corolla bright yellow; plant prostrate 8. L. flavum. B. Style none, the stigma sessile or subsessile; corolla white or none; annuals. 1. Pods notched but not winged. Pedicels terete or only slightly flattened. Margin of pods not scaberulous. Plants erect; leaf -blades narrowly ovate to lanceolate, oblanceolate or linear, pinnatifid to serrate or entire; sepals deciduous. Petals present; cotyledons accumbent 9. L. virginicum. Petals minute or none; cotyledons incumbent 10. L. densiflorum. Plants prostrate or diffuse; blades of leaves bipinnatifid or those of the upper pin- nately parted; petals setaceous, minute; sepals persistent, rarely deciduous 11. L. pubescens. Margin of pods scaberulous; blades of leaves once or twice pinnately parted, the ultimate segments mostly ovate or oblong; petals none; sepals deciduous, rarely persistent; coastal S. Cal., rare 12. L. robinsonii. Pedicels very much flattened. Herbage hirsutulose; petals minute or none; pods pubescent, at least on the margins 13. L. lasiocarpum. Herbage glabrous or sparingly pubescent; petals present; pods glabrous 14. L.nitidum. 2. Fods winged at apex with two lobes or teeth. Pods conspicuously reticulated; dwarfs with mostly prostrate or decumbent stems; wings or teeth approximate or parallel. Wings nearh' as long as the body 15. L. Intipes. Wings very short _ 16. L. dictyotum. Pods with finer reticulations ; teeth divergent. Eaceme rather dense, with ascending pedicels 17. L. acutidens. Raceme open, with horizontally spreading pedicels 18. L. oxycarpum. 1. L. jaredii Bdg. Carrizo Pepper. Annual ; stem slender, freely branching, erect, 1% to 2V2 feet high; herbage glaucous, glabrous or puberulent; leaf -blades linear-lanceolate, entire or somewhat toothed, 1% to 4^ inches long, sessile; ra- cemes in flower dense, soon rather loose; pedicels filiform, 3 to 5 lines long; petals white; pods elliptic or nearly orbicular, obtuse, wingless, glabrous, I14 lines long; style 1/4 line long. Washes or valley flats, 200 to 1500 feet: eastern San Luis Obispo Co.; western Fresno Co. Apr., fr. May. Field note. — About two miles north of Cantua Creek on the plain of the San Joaquin Valley, just north of the Coalinga Hills (oil fields), a broad surface wash comes down from the foothills of the San Carlos Range, a few miles westerly. This sandy wash, underlain by adobe, now supports (April, 1935) a rank growth of Phacelia tanacetifolia, Lepidium nitidum, Monolopia gracilipes, Streptanthus inflatus, Amsinckia vernicosa and a bushy very floriferous annual about two feet high with white flowers which proves to be Lepidium jaredii, uncollected for perhaps 32 years. Individuals of this crucifer are scattered over an area of ten acres. Brought home to the labora- tory the petals turn yellovrish, which change would account for the color noted in the original description. — Jepson Field Book, vol. 54, p. 106 (ms). Refs. — Lepidixtm jaredii Bdg. Zoe 4:398 (1894), based on spms. from Goodwin, San. Luis Obispo Co., Jared, and Riverdale, Fresno Co., A. Eaton; Jepson, Man. 438 (1925). 2. L. draba L. Hoary Cress. Stems several from deep-seated perennial roots, 12 to 16 inches high, leafy below, branching above and bearing a corymbose panicle of racemes; herbage grayish-puberulent; leaf -blades ovate to oblong, sagit- tate-clasping at base and with scattered minute or sometimes salient teeth on the margin, 1 to 2% inches long; blades of the basal leaves attenuate to slender peti- oles; petals white; pedicels mostly horizontally spreading; pods somewhat cordate, neither winged nor notched at apex, glabrous, 1 to 1% lines long, broader than long. Valley flats, 5 to 2700 feet, garden plant, naturalized from Europe : Coast Ranges to coastal Southern California. Apr.-May. MUSTARD FAMILY 83 Locs. — At first occasional in the San Francisco Bay region (Oak Knoll, Napa Valley, Jepson 13,398 in 1893; Menlo Park, John T. Doyle in 1901) and in coastal Southern California (Ventura Co., ace. Cal. Com. Hort. Mo. Bull. 8:79; Chino and Huntington Beach, ace. Bull. S. Cal. Acad. 19*: 17; Pomona, Mum 6914; Santa Ana, E. Johnson), in later years it became established as a dangerous weed in Santa Cruz Co. (Watsonville, C. C. Way, where known aa "Hell Weed" and "Italian Horse Kadish") and thoroughly naturalized in Siskiyou Co. as a serious agricultural pest (Yreka, W. L. Eleaver in 1915, Butler 725). In the last decade it has continued steadily to spread. In moist fields in the south end of the Santa Clara Valley near Gilroy it forms dense colonies 5 to 30 feet wide, which at a little distance resemble patches of white-flowered Umbelliferae persistent after cultivation. It recurs at intervals on the Bolsa towards Hollister (Jepson 16,114 in 1932) and is very abundant in valley fields in the region of Paicines (Jepson 15,414 in 1930). In 1932 it was observed in fields about Los Banos, western Stanislaus Co.; also near Firebaugh, Fresno Co. (Jepson 16,248) ; and again near San Gregorio, San Mateo Co. (E. K. Crum). Var. repens ThcU. Pods orbicular to rhomboidal, obtuse or acute at base, glabrous, 2 to 2^4 lines long. — Native of Asia, naturalized at scattered stations: Chino, San Bernardino Valley, Johnston 1849 in 1918; Westminster, Orange Co., E. Johnson in 1931; Aromas, Monterey Co., Hickman in 1923 ; San Joaquin Co., Bellue 4" Mahoney in 1932. Kefs. — Lepidium draba L. Sp. PI. 645 (1753), type European; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 226 (1901), ed. 2, 192 (1911), Man. 438 (1925). Var. repens Thell. Mitteil. Bot. Mus. Univ. Ziirich 28:89 (1906). Physolepidion repens Schr. Enum. PI. Nov. 97 (1841), type from India. L. repens Boiss. Fl. Orient. 1:356 (1867). 3. L. campestre R. Br. Poor-man's Pepper. Annual or biennial; stems 1 or several from the base, simple, erect, very leafy up to the inflorescence, 9 to 14 inches high; herbage hoary-pubescent; blades of cauline leaves oblong, mostly sagittate-clasping, denticulate, crowded, 1 to 3I/2 inches long; blades of basal leaves pinnately lobed, long-petioled; pedicels horizontally spreading, equaling or a little shorter than the pods; petals white; pods broadly ovate, thick, squamulose, winged all around, 2i/^ lines long; style scarcely exserted from the narrow notch at apex. European species, locally established in the Lake Tahoe region. Locs. — Deer Park Inn, Placer Co., H. A. Walher 2027; Donner Lake, K. Brandegee. Eefs. — LEPrDixXM campestre K. Br.; Ait. f. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, 4:88 (1812), type European; Jepson, Man. 438 (1925). 4. L. perfoliatum L. Shield Cress. Annual; stem erect and simple, or diffusely branching, 1 to 2 feet high; lower leaves petioled, their blades finely bi- pinnatifid with linear lobes % to 4 lines long; blades of upper leaves round- ovate, cordate-clasping, entire; pedicels spreading; petals yellow; capsule rhombic- orbicular, minutely notched. Introduced from Europe, sparingly but wddely naturalized. Locs. — Orange, E. H. Holland; HollyAvood (Bull. S. Cal. Acad. 19*: 17) ; Eedman, w. Mohave Desert, Ralph Hoffman; Firebaugh, Fresno Co., Jepson 16,252; Hollister; Summit Eock, Santa Cruz Mts., Pendleton 947; Sonoma, R. Kuhn; Truckee Eiver at Lake Tahoe, Helen Geis 199; Yreka, L. T. Dempster 1003. Nev. : Carson City, K. Brandegee. Eefs. — Lepidiitm PERFOLiATUir L. Sp. PI. 643 (1753), type from the Orient; Parish, BulL S. Cal. Acad. 14:14 (1915) ; Jepson, Man. 438 (1925). 5. L. montanum Nutt. Bronco Pepper. Biennial; stem corymbosely branch- ing above or rarely from the base, 10 to 14 inches high; herbage minutely puberu- lent to shortly hirsute; blades of leaves pinnately incised or parted, % to 1% inches long, the segments ovate to oblong or linear, sometimes again incisely cleft or toothed, 1/2 to 2 or 3 lines long; blades of upper leaves toothed or rarely entire; flowers in dense racemes; petals white; pods elliptic, varying to ovatish or orbicu- lar, obscurely or slightly notched at apex, 1 to V/^ lines long, on spreading pedicels twice as long. Mountain valleys, 2500 to 5000 feet : Siskiyou Co.; rare in California. North to Oregon, east to Colorado, Arizona and Texas. Apr. Locs.— Grenada, Siskiyou Co., Heller 8068 ; Pit Eiver s. of Alturas, R. M. Austin (herbage slightly puberulent or subglabrous). 84 CRUCIFERAE Refs.— Lepidixtm montanttm Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. 1:11G (1838), typo loc. plains of the Rocky Mountains, on the western side, to the borders of the Cohinibia River, Nuttall; Jepson, Man. 438 (1925). 6. L. alyssoides Gray. Mesa Pepper. (Fig. 142.) Stems several from a perennial base; herbage glabrous; leaves 1/2 to 1 or IY2 inches long, the blades of the ba.sal and lower ones pinnately parted into 5 to 11 oblong or oval incised or entire lobes about 1 to 2 lines long, the blades of the cauline pinnately incised or toothed or entire; racemes dense; petals vehite; fruiting pedicels 2 to 3 lines long; pods oval, 1 line long. Plains and mesas, 2000 to 5000 feet : eastern ]\lohave Desert. North to Nevada, east to Colo- rado and Texas. May. Locs. — New York Mts., J. Grinnell. Steamboat Sprs., Nov., Sonne; Las Vegas, Nev., K. Brandegee. Tax. note. — The assertion is made by M. E. Jones (Zee 4:266) that L. alyssoides Gray is only a more enduring form of L. montanum Nutt. The two, it would seem, are very closely allied. A. Thellung, who accepts L. scopulorum Jones, L. vaseyanum Thell., L. integrifolium Nutt. and L. fremontii Wats, as well as L. alyssoides Gray and L. montanum Nutt., admits that he has "den Speziesbegrifif etwas enger gefasst als in den meisten iibrigen Teilen meiner Arbeit" (Gatt. Lcpidium 209). He had, however, no field acquaint- ance with these plants, and it is to be said that wider and more intensive field studies and collections must be made in the Great Basin before a satisfying investiga- tion of these particular forms can be concluded. Refs. — Lepidium alyssoides Gray, Mem. Am, Acad. 4:10 (1849), type based on specimens from Santa Fe eastward to Rabbit's Ear Creek, N. Mex., Fcndler; Jepson, Man. 439 (1925). L. montanum var. alyssoides Jones, Zoe 4:266 (1893). Fig. 142. LEproiUM ax,yssoides Gray, a, habit, X % ; &, fr. branchlet, X % ; c, pod, X 4. 7. L. fremontii Wats. Explorers Pep- per. Rounded low evergreen bush, the stems woody below, % to 2 feet high; herbage glabrous and glaucous; leaf -blades narrow, linear, acute, 1 to 2 inches long, entire or with 1 or 2 pairs of linear salient lobes or teeth; racemes very numerous; flowers on slender spreading pedicels; petals white, 11/2 to 2 lines long; pods thin, light-colored, shallowly obcordate with broad rounded lobes, rounded or often pointed at the base, 3 lines long. Arid rocky slopes, rocky mesas or washes, 500 to 3200 feet : Colorado Desert, north side; abundant in the Mohave Desert; north to Inyo Co. East to Colorado. Jan.-May. Locs.— Laws, Inyo Co., Eeller 8310; Slate Range, Jepson; Granite Wells, Parish 9790; Hanaupah Canon, Panamint Range, Jepson 6949; Funeral Mts., Jepson; Randsburg, Eeller 7679a; Lanfair, Maye L. Tennent; Box S Sprs., n. foot San Bernardino Mts., Wieslander; Hes- peria, Jepson 6145; Barstow, Jepson 4786, 5434; Rosamond, Antelope Valley, Davy 2241; Little Rock Creek, Peirson 677; Cottonwood Spr., Riverside Co., Jepson 12,562; Shavers Well, J. T. Howell 3305; Hayfields, Chuckwalla Mts., Schellenger. Fallon, Nov., Blanche Boss 42. Refs.— Lepidium fremontii Wats. Bot. King 30, pi. 4, ff. 3, 4 (1871), type loc. Mohave River, Fremont; Jepson, Man. 438, fig. 424 (1925). 8. L. flavTim Torr. Yellow Pepper-grass. Prostrate or decumbent annual, 4 to 16 inches broad, very brittle at the joints; herbage glabrous, yellow-green; leaves .slightly fleshy, the basal rosulate, their blades oblong-oblanceolate in outline, regularly pinnatifid with short rounded lobes and narrow acute sinuses, the blades of the cauline oblauceolate to obovate, pinnatifid, sparingly toothed or entire; MUSTARD FAMILY 85 racemes short and dense, subcapitate, in the leafy axils or in the forks; petals bright yellow; pods glabrous, finely reticulated, bifid at the apex, the teeth acute, the sinus open; style half as long as the body of the pod. Sandy bottoms of desert washes or dry pool beds, 1000 to 4100 feet : Mohave Desert; Inj'o Co. Nevada to Mexico. Fl. Mar.-Apr.; fr. May. Locs. — Victorville, Newlon 475; Rabbit Sprs., Jepson 5944; Barstow, Jepson 5398, 6602; 6625; Kramer, Jepson 5345; Lancaster, Parry; Rosamond, Antelope Valley, Davy 2264; Mohave, Parry; Owens Lake (s. of), S. W. Austin 52; Laws, Heller 8181. Fallon, Nev., Blanche Pioss. Var. apteruin Henr. & Thell. Leaf -blades narrowly obovate, serrately cleft; pods not notched at apex or only slightly or obscurely. — Desert flats and valleys, Colorado Desert: San Felipe, T. Brandegee; Ironwood Well (= Yaqui Well), T. Brandegee. Refs. — Lepidium flavum Torr. Pac. R. Rep. 4:67 (1857), type loc. sandy places near Mohave Creek, Fremont; Jepson, Man. 439 (1925). Sprengeria flava Greene, Lflts. 1:198 (1905). S. watsoniana Greene, I.e. 199, type loc. Humboldt Lake, Nev., Watson 126. S. minuscula Greene, I.e. type loc. Shepherd Cafion, Argus Mts., Inyo Co., Coville cf Funston 734. Var. apterum Henr. & Thell.; Mededell. Rijks Herb. Utrecht 34:1 (1918), type loc. Kramer, Heller. 9. L. virginicum L. Birds Pepper. Stem erect, % to 2 feet high, simple below, paniculately branching above and bearing many racemes 2 to 8 inches long, rarely with several stems from the base; herbage glabrous to sparingly pubescent; blades of basal and lower leaves narrowly ovate to oblanceolate, irregularly pin- natifid or sharply serrate, 1 to 21/4 (or 3) inches long, narrowed at base to a petiole 1 to 3 inches long; blades of cauline leaves oblanceolate or linear, serrate only towards the apex or entire, more rarely pinnately cleft, shorter, shortly petioled or mostly sessile; petals white; stamens 2; pods orbicular or nearly so, glabrous, 11/2 lines long, slightly notched at the very narrowly winged apex; pedicels II/2 to 2 lines long, widely (or even horizontally) spreading. Moist valleys and stream bottoms, 20 to 4800 feet : throughout California. East to the Atlantic. Feb. -Nov. Locs. — Olinda, Shasta Co., BlanTcinsliip ; Beckwith Pass, Jepson 7763; Blue Canon, Placer Co., H. A. WalTcer 1205; Scott Valley, Lake Co., Jepson 13,400; Healdsburg, Alice King; Ft. Bragg, W. C. Mathews; St. Helena, Jepson 13,399; Rough & Ready Isl., lower San Joaquin River, Berg; Pescadero, T. Brandegee; Cottonwood Creek, White Mts., Duran; Santa Barbara, S. H. Faunt le Boy; Mt. Wilson, Peirson 298; Arroyo Seco (hills w.), Los Angeles, Peirson 2357; Pasadena, Geo. B. Grant; San Bernardino Mts., Hall (cots, incumbent, tending to be accumbent) ; Santiago Creek, Anaheim, Alice King; Coyote Canon, Santa Rosa Mts., Jepson 1457; Palomar, Jepson 1512; Mission San Luis Rey, Jepson 8479; Lakeside, San Diego Co., T. Brandegee. The species passes into the var. pubescens Thell. Stout, 9 to 12 inches high; herbage his- pidulous; pods a little larger, "glabrous" or puberulent. — Desert regions: Providence Mts., T. Brandegee; Santa Rosa Mts. (Thellung, Gatt. Lepidium 230). East to New Mexico. Refs. — Lepidium virginicum L. Sp. PI. 645 (1753), type loc. Virginia; Jepson, Man. 439 fig. 426 (1925). L. intermedium B. & W. Bot. Cal. 1:47 (1876); Greene, Fl. Fr. 275 (1891) L. medium Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 227 (1901), ed. 2, 192 (1911), and other Cal. authors. L. her nardinum Abrams, Bull. Torr. Club 37:149 (1910), type loc. Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mts. Airams 2826. Var. pubescens Thell. Mitteil. Bot. Mus. Univ. Ziirich 28:230 (1906). L. inter medium var. pubescens Greene, Bot. Gaz. 6:157 (1881), type loc. Mangos Sprs., N. Mex. Greene. L. medium var. pubescens Rob. ; Gray, Syn. Fl. 1^:127 (1895). L. hirsutum Rydb. Bull Torr. Club 39:312 (1912). 10. L. densiflorum Schrad. Miners Pepper. Similar to L. virginicum; herb- age puberulent to almost glabrate; blades of cauline leaves oblanceolate to lin- ear, entire or sparingly serrate (often only towards apex), % to 1^/4 inches long; blades of basal leaves pinnately divided or cleft or merely toothed; racemes more slender, often denser; petals none or minute; stamens 2; pods glabrous, sometimes puberulent. Valley floors, desert mesas and canon flats, (500 or) 2000 to 6500 feet: and region south, east and north of the Sierra Nevada from the Mohave Desert to Siskiyou Co.; infrequent on the west slope of the Sierra Nevada or in cismon- tane California. East to Texas and New Jersey, north to Canada. Apr-May, fr. June-Aug. 86 CRUCIFERAB Tax. note. — This plant differs in so small a degree from L. virginicum that by the present ■writer it was disposed as a variety of that species in the Manual of the Flowering Plants of Cali- fornia. It is, in our judgment, a nicely doubtful case as to status, though most authors receive it as a species, usually without comment. The lack of corolla is not especially significant, since this organ may sometimes be present in a reduced state ; and in the related Lepidium divergens Ostcrh. the petals may, likewise, be present or absent. Locs. — Potrero, San Diego, Cleveland; Escondido, C. V. Meyer 90; Barstow, Jepson 6623; Kesslcr Peak, Ivanpah Mta., Jepson 15,819; Wells Ranch, Inyo Co., Kennedy; Silver Canon, White Mts., Jepson 7231; Mono Lake, Ottley 1056; Yosemite, Jepson 10,477; Big Valley, Lassen Co., Baker 4- Nutting; Jarnigan, Humboldt Co., Chesnut 4- Drew; Yreka Creek, Butler 130, 1612. Eefs. — Lepidium densiflorum Schrad. Ind. Sem. Goett. 4 (1832), based on a garden plant in the Goettingen garden. L. virginic^ivi var. calif ornicum Jepson, Man. 439 (1925), type loc. Barstow, Mohave Desert, Jepson 6623. 11. L. pubescens Desv. Wayside Pepper-grass. Stems several from the base, branching, diffuse or prostrate, 3 to 6 inches long, the plants often closely matting the ground; herbage light green, puberulent; blades of leaves pinnately divided or parted, Y'2 to 2 inches long, the segments linear and entire, or commonly 3-toothed or 3-eleft, l"to 3 lines long; racemes many, dense (often with the pods imbricated), and rather narrow, the pedicels shorter than the pods, ascending, % line long; petals setaceous, minute, white; silicles elliptic, V/^ lines long, glabrous, faintly reticulate, the teeth at the apex short and obtuse, the sinus v-shaped. Common in hard beaten soil, by paths and waysides, 5 to 1500 feet; Coast Ranges from Humboldt Co. to San Luis Obispo Co. ; northern Sacramento Valley and south to the northern borders of the San Joaquin Valley; Sierra Nevada foot- hills. Naturalized from Chile. Mar.-Apr. Flower note. — This species has often been described as lacking petals. In reality there are petals present ; they are setaceous, minute, and may have been mistaken for filaments. The fertile stamens are 2, but 4 sterile filaments also occur. The sepals are more or less white-margined. Note on origin. — In his monograph. Die Gattung Lepidium, Thellung regards our plant (L. menziesii and L. bipinnatifidum of Cal. authors) as conspeeifie with L. pubescens Desv. and we here accept his view. He raises, however, the query as to whether this species may not have arisen independently in both the Californian and Chilean areas. In our view no problem exists on that hypothesis. The species, as it occurs in California, is certainly an introduction, undoubt- edly from South America. It has all the habits and peculiarities of an introduced plant, an argu- ment already well expressed by Greene in Erythea (1:181). It was evidently introduced in the central coast region in the 1870s. It is noticed in the Botany of the California Geological Survey (1876) from one station only (Plaeerville) as a var. strictum Wats, of L. oxycarpum. The earliest collections known to us are as follows: San Francisco, Vasey in 1875; Hupa Valley, Rattan in 1878; live oaks of the Mokelumne River, Rattan in 1878; Petaluma, Congdon 300 in 1880. While thus introduced so long ago it does not appear to occur in Southern Calif oi'nia even at the present day. Locs. — Coast Ranges : Hydesville, Humboldt Co., Tracy 3276 ; Round Valley, Mendocino Co., Westerman; Calistoga, Jepson 13,361 ; Denverton, Solano Co., Jepson 13,358 ; Bolinas, Chesnut 4- Brew; Olema, E. A. Walker 1172; Mt. Diablo, Chandler 942; Berkeley, Davy 4233; San Fran- cisco, Kellogg ; San Bruno, San Mateo Co., Jepson 13,362 ; Coyote Creek, Santa Clara Co., Chand- ler 924a; Estrella, San Luis Obispo Co., Jared. Great Valley: Redding, Blankinship; Grease- wood Hills, w. Tehama Co., Jepson 13,359 ; Marysville Buttes, Jepson 13,360 ; Sacramento, Bolander; Waverley, San Joaquin Co., Sanford. Sierra Nevada foothills: lone, Jepson 15,211; Copperopolis, Calaveras Co., Davy 1329; Rattlesnake Gulch, e. of Friant, Jepson 15,119. Refs. — Lepidium pubescens Desv. Jour. Bot. 3:165, 180 (1814), type loc. Peru, Dombey. L. menziesii Greene, Fl. Fr. 275 (1891), Man. Reg. S. F. Bay 24 (1894). L. Upinnatifidum K. Bdg. Zoe 3:49 (1893), 4:300 (1894) ; Rob. in Gray, Syn. Fl. li:128 (1895) ; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 227 (1901), ed. 2, 192 (1911), Man. 439, fig. 425 (1925). L. strictum Rattan, Anal. Key 25 (1888) ; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 11. cc. L. oxycarpum var. strictum Wats. Bot. Cal. 1:76 (1876), type loc. PlacervOle, Rattan. L. reticulatum Howell, Fl. Nw. Am. 64 (1897). Greene in Pitt. 3:156 (1897) identifies this with the plant well-known to California authors, by some called L. bipinnatifidum (K. Brandegee, Zoe 4:300), by others L. menziesii (Greene, Erythea 1:181). Thellung (Gatt. Lepidium 253) takes up the name L. reticulatum and quotes as a synonym the name L. bipinnatifidum as used by North Ajnerican authors (Gray, Brandegee), One of the collections which he cites (Parish 1187, San Bernardino) is, however, L. densiflorum. As we have indicated above Thellung also (I.e. 249) extends the species L. pubescens of Chile to California; he cites (amongst other coUee- MUSTARD FAMILY 87 tions) Jones 3272 (San Francisco) which is L. bipinnatifidum of California authors and quotes as a synonym L, strictum Eattan, which is L. bipinnatifidum of California authors likewise. Without much doubt L. reticulatum Howell should be considered a synonym of. L. pubescens Desv. 12. L. robinsonii Thell. Friends Pepper-grass. Stems several to many from the base, ascending or diffuse, 3 to 10 inches long, or the stem one, erect, with few branches above the base; stems hirsutulose with spreading hairs, the leaves scantily hirsutulose or puberulent or subglabrous; leaves ^2 to ll^ inches long, bipinnately divided, the lobes discrete, oblong, elliptic or obovate, % to 5 lines long; racemes only slightly open, 2 to 3I/2 inches long, usually taking up a lateral position through dominance of the axillary shoot, thus apparently standing opposite the leaves; pedicels about 1 line long, spreading nearly horizontally, a little curved; petals none; pods suborbicular, glabrous (the margin scaberulous), 1^4 lines long, the notch at apex shallow, v-shaped. Valley flats or mesas, 5 to 1500 feet: coastal Southern California; apparently a rare plant. Feb. -Mar. Tax. note. — The peduncles of the racemes are commonly not leafy. In some cases the racemes are incipient from near the base. The ultimate segments of the leaves are broadest at the middle, mostly contracted at base and tend to be obtusish or rounded at apex, though some- times acute; sometimes a pinna is noticeably trefoil-shaped, sometimes on a single leaf the seg- ments are conspicuously unequal. In L. pubescens, with which this may be confused, the ultimate segments are narrower, not so conspicuously contracted at base or not at all, commonly very acute at apex, and usually less unequal. Locs. — San Bernardino, Parish; Eiverside, C. M. Wilder 1121; Kamona, K. Brandegee (an excellent match for an isotype of the species) ; San Diego, Cleveland 4" Parry. Kefs. — Lepidium robinsonii Thell. Mitteil. Bot. Mus. Zurich 28:255 (1906), type loc. San Diego, Jones 3050; Jepson, Man. 439 (1925). L. menziesii B. & W. Bot. Cal. 1:46 (1876), at least as to Brewer 27 (Los Angeles), and probably as to Palmer 7 (Guadalupe Isl.). 13. L. lasiocarpum Nutt. Sand Pepper-grass. Stems several to many from the base, decumbent or ascending, 3 to 6 (or 10) inches long, or the single stem erect and branching a little above the base; herbage hirsutulose or hirsute; leaf- blades obovate to oblanceolate, toothed, incised or less commonly pinnatifid; ra- cemes many; pedicels distinctly flattened, horizontally spreading, 1^2 lines long; sepals broadly oblong, usually purple, with thin white margins; petals minute or none; pods suborbicular, thin-margined near the apex, commonly hispid-pubescent on the margin, hispid-pubescent on the faces or subglabrous; notch at apex of pod shallow, angular or short-linear ; seeds narrowly wing-margined except on the side opposite the cotyledons. Sandy flats or valleys, 20 to 2900 feet: coast of Southern California; through the Colorado and Mohave deserts to Inj^o Co. East to Nevada and Texas, and south into Mexico. Mar.-Apr Locs. — San Clemente Isl., Peirson 3448 (stems densely hispidulose) ; Santa Rosa Isl., T. Brandegee ; Hueneme, Ventura Co., Peirson 5771; San Diego, Cleveland; Coyote Wells, Colorado Desert, Jepson 11,757; Vallecito, Jepson 8568; Yaqui Well, Jepson 12,512; San Felipe Narrows, C. V. Meyer 29; San Felipe Valley, Jepson 8737; Borrego Spr., Jepson 8890; Indian Canon, Col- lins Valley, Jepson 8828; Heber, Imperial Co., Abrams 3148; Rockwood, Imperial Co., Parish 8296; Chuckwalla Mts.; Needles, Parish 9632; Barnwell, K. Brandegee; Cima, San Bernardino Co., K. Brandegee; Rabbit Sprs., Parish 9826; Fremont Peak; Hanaupah Canon, Panamint Range, Jepson 7051; Silver Canon, White Mts., Heller 8215. Tonopah, Nov., ShocUey 80; Fallon, Churchill Co., Nev., Blanche Ross 18. Refs.— Lepidium lasiocarpum Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. 1:115 (1838), type loc. Santa Barbara, Nuttall; Jepson, Man. 440 (1925). 14. L. nitidum Nutt. Common Pepper-grass. California Tongue-grass. stem branching from or near the base, 1 to 16 inches high, the branches mostly simple; herbage glabrous or sparingly pubescent; leaves I/2 to 4 inches long, the blades pinnatifid with the rachis ligulate and bearing entire or laciniately toothed discrete lobes, the terminal lanceolate lobe often enlarged or prolonged; upper leaves often with nearly or quite entire blades, the uppermost often entire; petals 88 CRUCIFERAE white, obovatc, Nvitlioul tlisliiict claw. 'Vi line hmir; sliiiii. mis (i. hiil 1 lie 2 shorter mere nulinicnis; jxuls I'ln-ular. with a iiai-row mar^nn, abni])tly nolchcd at apex, IVj to 2 lines loiifi:. plane on the upper I'aee, convex on tlie lower, irlabrous and shining, often dark purple. Open plains, valley floors and low hills, 10 to 2200 (or 3000) feet: common everywhere in the eismontane rejjion, occasional in the deserts. North to Washing- ton; south to Lower California. Feb.-Apr. Associated species. — While indi\'idual8 of Lepidium nitidura are most commonly associated with plants of other species of the early vernal tlora in open ground (such as Lomatium carui- foliuni, Brodiaea c^ipitata, CapscUa bursa-pastoris, Calandrinia caulescens var. nienziesii, Medi- cago denticnilata, and various species of Lupinus, Amsinckia and Plagiobothrys), sometimes, as on the low hills of the inner North Coast Ranges, this Lepidium may also occur in pure colonies a few yards square, colonies which can be picked out by the eye in grassy fields as spots of color due to the reddish-brown pods. In the South Coast Ranges, especially in the inner range, it is one of the more important and most frequent annuals of the grassland formation, often being one of the dominants and coloring the hills reddish-brown in March. On the plain of the lower Cho- lame Valley it reaches a high development in size and forms a dense and almost pure growth 10 to 12 inches high over an area four miles long by two miles wide. Biologically this region may be regarded as the center of its distribution. Over California generally it is the most widely dis- tributed and most common species of its genus, though it is uncommon in and doubtless not indigenous to the desert region. Locs. — Humboldt Bay, Tracy 4927; Anderson, BlanMnship (an intcrgrade to var. insigne) ; Marysville, Heller 7562; Sacramento, Francis Eamaley; lone, Jepson 15,208; Round Valley, Men- dociiio Co., WestervKin ; Calistoga, J. T. Howell 1687; Vacaville, Jepson 8219; Santa Rosa, M. S. Baker 714; Novato, Marin Co., Jepson 9061; Mill Valley, Marin Co., Chandler 504; San Pablo Valley, Jepson 9601; Berkeley, Jepson 13,372; Milpitas, B. J. Smith 23; Guadalupe Mine, Santa Clara' Co., Jepson 9090; Corral Hollow, Jepson 9586; An-oyo Mocho, Jepson 10,678; Waverly, San Joaquin Co., J. A. Sanford; Huron, Fresno Co., C. V. Meyer 267; Table Mt., Fresno Co., Jepson 15,112; Grapevine Spr., Tulare Co., Woolsey; Tulare, Davy 3051, 3069; Bitterwater Valley, San Benito Co., Jepson 16,138; upper Waltham Creek, w. Fresno Co., Jepson 16,154; Cholame Valley, e. San Luis Obispo Co., Jepson 16,185; Paso Robles, Barber; Mohave, Heller 7760; Saugus, Davy; Los Angeles, Brewer 173; San Bernardino, S. B. 4- W. F. Parish; Temescal Mts., Brewer 152 ; Warner Ranch ; San Felipe ; San Diego. Var. insigne Greene. Pods large (3 lines long). — Foothills: inner South Coast Range (Palo Prieto Pass, e. San Luis Obispo Co., Jepson 16,200) ; Tehachapi Range, Feirson 5506. Refs. — Lepidium kitidum Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. 1:116 (1838), type loc. Santa Barbara, Nut- iall; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 227 (1901), ed. 2, 192 (1911), Man. 440, fig. 427 (1925). Var. INSIGNE Greene, Fl. Fr. 274 (1891), type loc. hills e. side Livermore Valley, Greene. 15. L. latipes Hook. Dwarf Pepper-grass. Stems 1 to several from the base, very thick and stout, 1 to 2 inches long, recurv-^ed-prostrate or rarely erect; herbage slightly pubescent; leaves 3 to 5 inches long, their blades linear and entire, or pinnatifid with few segments, the segments remote, lanceolate or linear, often toothed, 3 to 7 lines long, the rachis ligulate, commonly dilated into a terminal lanceolate lobe; racemes very dense and often capitate, % to li/4 inches long; petals broadly spatulate, greenish, rounded at the apex, 1 line long, exceeding the short sepals; pods broadly oblong or oval, 2V2 to 3 lines long, 2 lines broad, strongly reticulated, sparingly pubescent or glabrous, winged at apex with two broad acute teeth nearly as long as the body, the sinus between the teeth or wings a narrow cleft. Alkaline fiats, beds of winter pools or balsas on the plains or in the valleys, 10 to 2000 feet: Coast Ranges and Great Valley to coastal Southern California. Mar.-May. Locs. — Spruce Grove, Humboldt Co., Tracy 1644; Round Valley, Mendocino Co., Wester- man; Thomas Creek, Sanhedrin Mt., Duran 1452; Willits, Davy Sr Blasdale 5097; Willows, Jep- son 13,368; College City, Alice King; Vacaville, Jepson 13,365; Hass Slough, Solano Co., Jepson 13,366; Hass Slough, Jepson 13,369 (a remarkable form with long erect stems 11% inches high) ; Suisun, Jepson 9620 ; Martinez, Brewer 985 ; NortonvUle, Jepson 15,720 ; Donner Canon, Clayton, Jepson 7594; Moraga Valley, Jepson; Bolsa e. of Gilroy, Jepson 6205; Tres Pinos, San Benito Co., Jepson 16,123; Santa Barbara, Brewer; Carpinteria, Brewer 273; San Diego, T. Brandegee. Refs. — Lepidium latipes Hook. Ic. PI. t. 41 (1836), tvpe loc. "Monterey," Douglas; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 227 (1901), ed. 2, 193 (1911), Man. 440, fig. 428 (1925). MUSTARD FAMILY 89 16. L. dictyotum Gray. Alkali Pepper-grass. Stems few to many or numerous from the base, decumbent, or at length ascending, 1 to 7 inches long; blades of leaves pinnate with ligulate rachis and few remote linear segments, or quite entire; herbage hirsutulose; raceme rather dense with closely ascending flat- tened pedicels; petals little exceeding the sepals or wanting; pods 1% to 2 lines long, elliptic, finely reticulated, pubescent or glabrous, the wings or teeth at the summit shortly ovatish or semi-ovatish, tending to be obtuse at tip, the sinus nar- row, linear. Alkaline soils, 200 to 2000 feet : Livermore and San Joaquin valleys to coastal Southern California. Nevada to Oregon, Washington and Idaho. Mar.-Apr. Loca. — Byron Sprs., Davy; Livermore, Greene; Four-mile Slough, Whites Bridge road, Jepson 11,577; San Carlos Creek, San Carlos Range, Jepson 2740; Cholame Valley, se. Monterey Co., Jepson 16,174; Smith Mt. near Dinuba, E. P. Kelley; Tulare, Davy 3050, 3068; Famoso, Kern Co., Jepson 11,598, 11,599; Bakersfield, Heller 7594; Lancaster, Davidson; San Bernardino, Parish 794; Temecula plain, Cleveland. Warner Valley, Lake Co., Ore., Manning. A marked form in low wet places on the west side of the lower San Joaquin Valley has few short (1 to 2 inches long) stems which are contorted- or recurved-decumbent: Byron Sprs., Davy; Los Banos, Jepson 11,570a. This form in habit is reminiscent of L. latipes. Refs. — Lepidium dictyottjm Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 7:329 (1868), based on Nevada speci- mens, Horace Mann (Steamboat Sprs.), Anderson (sagebrush lands) ; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 228 (1901), ed. 2, 193 (1911), Man. 440, fig. 429 (1925). Var. macrocarpxim Thell. Mitteil. Bot. Mus. Ziirich 28:271 (1906), type loc. Livermore, Greene. 17. L. acutidens Howell. Mule's-ear Pepper-grass. Stem branching at or above the base, the branches comparatively simple, erect, suberect or diffuse, 4 to 12 inches high; cauline leaf -blades linear-subulate, mostly entire, the basal leaves 1 to 3% inches long, their blades pinnatifid with few remote linear segments; ra- cemes elongated, usually rather dense, the pedicels erect or spreading; petals none or minute ; pods glabrous or slightly pubescent, lightly reticulated, 2 to 2i/2 lines long, the teeth at apex widely divergent, lanceolate and wing-like, half to as long as the elliptic body; sinus triangular; pedicels flattened, somewhat curved in fruit and rather shorter than the pod. Alkaline soil : San Diego Co. ; inner South Coast Range valleys ; west side San Joaquin Valley ; Sacramento Valley ; Lassen and Siskiyou Cos. North to Oregon. Feb.-Mar., fr. Apr.-May. Locs. — San Diego, K. Brandegee ; Cholame, Jepson 12,030; Dos Palos, Jepson 11,573; Los Banos, Jepson 11,576; Livermore Valley, Davy; Danville, Contra Costa Co., Davy; Montezuma Hills, Jepson 13,371; Vacaville, Jepson 537, 13,364; Colusa jet, K. Brandegee; Dixey Valley, Lassen Co., Baher ^ Nutting. Var. comigerum Jepson var. n. Plant diffuse; wings at summit of pod slender, horn-like, curved outward. — (Plantae diffusae; ad apicem siliquae alae graciles, corniculatae, extrorsae.) — Willows, Jepson 13,363 (type). Refs. — LEPiDitiM ACTTTiDENS Howell, Fl. Nw. Am. 64 (1897). L. diotyotum var. acutidens Gray Proc. Am. Acad. 12:54 (1876), type loc. Yreka, Greene. L. oxycarpum var. acutidens Jep- son, Man. 441, fig. 431 (1925). L. oreganum Greene, Fl. Fr. 274 (1871). L. acutidens var. micro- carpum Thell. Mitt. Bot. Mus. Univ. Ziirich 28:271 (1906), type loc. San Diego, Jones 3061; pods iy2 lines long. Var. cornigerum Jepson. 18. L. oxycarpum T. & G. Salt Pepper-grass. Stem very slender, branched from the base, the branches elongated, erect or ascending, 4 to 6 inches long, bearing flowers more than half their length; leaf -blades narrow, linear and subentire, or pinnate with a few acute linear segments; sepals very unequal, caducous, 1/2 line long; petals none; stamens 2; pods roundish, glabrate, finely reticulated, 1^/4 lines long, tipped with 2 very short and acute widely divergent teeth; sinus usually rounded but often triangular; pedicels widely spreading or retrocurved, very slender, flattened, 1 to 11/2 lines long, often longer than the pod. Borders of salt marshes or in alkaline soils, 10 to 1400 feet : lower Sacramento Valley; South Coast Ranges from Alameda Co. to southeastern Monterey Co. Mar. 90 CRUCIFERAE Tax. note. — Lauromay Tinsloy, a student in our laboratory, finds the sepals united at base. If Uiis be u constant character it will assist in distinguishing the closely allied L. acutidcns. Locs. — Klk Grove, Sacramento Co., Drew ; Vacavillc, Jepson 537a; Vallejo (Bot. Cal. 1:46) ; Oakland. Michcnrr 4' Bioletti; Alviso, liioletti ; Livcrmore, Greene; Bolsa, near Hollister, Jcpson 16,113; Cholame Valley, se. Monterey Co., Jcpson 16,182. Kefs. — Letidium OXYCARPUM T. & G. Fl. 1:116 (1838), type from California, Douglas; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 228 (1901), ed. 2, 193 (1911), Man. 440, fig. 430 (1925). Hymenophysa C. A. Mey. Perennial lierbs with undivided leaves. Flowers wliilo. Pod.s subglobose, bladdery-inflated, tardily or scarcely dehiscent; parti- tions thin or interrupted; seeds 1 to 4 in each cell. H. pubescens C. A. Mey.; Ledeb. Fl. Alt. 3 :181 (1831). Stems erect or ascending, % to 2 feet high simple below, branching above and forming a corymbose panicle of dense racemes; herb- age puberulent; leaves oblong, subentire or denticulate, sessile, all except the low- est auriculate, % to 3 inches long; pedicels mostly ascending; flowers 1 line long; pods somewhat globose-inflated, elliptic in outline, pubescent, 2 to 21/4 lines long. — Native of Asia, sparingly naturalized : Tiger Inn, e. Yolo Co., H. P. Bellue in 1932; Los Angeles, T. W. Minthorn 5 in 1910. May- June. The plant has the general aspect of Lepidium draba, especially in habit and inflorescence. 27. SUBULARIA L. Awlwort Small aquatic perennials. Stem simple, scape-like, with a cluster of linear- subulate leaves at ba.se. Flowers minute, white, loosely racemose. Stamens 6, scarcely unequal; anthers oval. Stigma sessile, slightly 2-lobed. Pod elliptic or obovate, scarcely flattened, the valves convex, 1-ribbed on the back. Seeds few, in 2 rows in each cell. — Species 2, the following and a second in east Africa. (Latin subula, an awl, in reference to the leaves). 1. S. aquatica L. Stems 1 to 4 inches high, arising from a dense cluster of bright white root-fibres; leaves unequal, erect or slightly spreading, thiekish at the base, i/^ to 11/2 inches long; scape flowering from below the middle, the sub- mersed flowers minute, cleistogamous; pods 1 to 1^/^ lines long, upon short spread- ing pedicels. Submersed or growing on muddy banks of ponds, lakes or in running water : coastal San Diego Co. ; Sierra Nevada from Mono Co. to Sierra Co., 7000 to 10,000 feet. North to British America; Europe, Asia. Locs.— San Diego (Davidson & Moxley, Fl. S. Cal. 153); Mono Pass (Bot. Cal. 1:43); Donner Lake, Sonne; Webber Lake (Gray, Syn. Fl. li:130). Eefs. — SUBXJLARIA AQUATICA L. Sp. PI. 642 (1753), type European; Jepson, Man. 441 (1925). 28. PLATYSPERMUM Hook. Low glabrous annual with the leaves in a basal rosette. Flowers minute, soli- tary on naked scapes. Sepals equaling the white petals. Pod suborbicular, flat- tened parallel to the broad partition. Seeds reticulated, broadly winged, in 2 rows. — Species 1. (Greek platus, broad, and sperma, seed.) 1. P. scapigemm Hook. Scapes 1 to 4l^ inches high; leaves lyratelypinnatifid with few lobes or reduced to a single ovate or rhombic lobe; pods 3 to 6 lines long, 8 to 12-seeded. Moist gravelly places in montane valleys, 2500 to 5500 feet: Mt. Hamilton Range; Sierra Co. to Siskiyou Co. Nevada northerly to Idaho. Feb.-Mar., fr. Mar.-Apr. Locs. — Packard Eidge, Mt Hamilton Eange, Mason 7209; Sierra Co., Lemmon (Bot. Cal. 1:27) ; Susanville; Big VaUey, Modoc Co., M. S. Baker 76; Goose Lake Valley, B. M. Austin 8; Edgewood, Siskiyou Co., J. W. Kisling; Little Shasta, F. W. Hooper; Yreka, Butler 1136. Nev.: Steamboat Sprs., Sonne 1340. MUSTARD FAMILY 91 Eefs. — ^Plattspeemum scapigerum Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:68, t. 18B (1830), type loe. Great Falls, Columbia Eiver, Douglas; Jepson, Man. 441, fig. 432 (1925). Idahoa scapigera Nels. & Mcbr. Bot. Gaz. 56:474 (1913). 29. ALYSSUM L. Low branching herbs with small white or yellowish flowers. Pod in ours orbic- ular, flattened; cells 1 or 2-seeded. Cotyledons accumbent. — Species about 100, Europe, Asia, north Africa. (Greek, a, without, lussa, madness, in ancient times a supposed antidote for hydrophobia.) Pubescence of simple appressed hairs; pods marginless, pointed 1. A. maritimum. Pubescence stellate ; pods narrowly margined, slightly emarginate above 2. A. alyssoides. 1. A. maritimum Lam. Sweet Alyssum. Perennial; leaf -blades narrowly lanceolate or linear; petals white, 2 lines long, twice as long as the deciduous sepals; filaments not toothed; pod 2-seeded. Garden plant from Europe, occurring as an escape : coastal region. May-Sept. Locs. — San Diego, W. S. Wright 115; Del Mar, San Diego Co., Jepson 1619; Catalina Isl. (Erythea 7:142) ; Santa Cruz, Berg; East Oakland, E. A. WalTcer 688; San Francisco, Jepson 10,239. Eefs. — Alyssttm maritimttm Lam. Eneyl. 1:98 (1783) ; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 226 (1901), ed. 2, 193 (1911), Man. 442 (1925). Clypeola maritima L. Sp. PI. 652 (1753), type south Euro- pean, Koniga maritima E. Br.; Britt. & Br. 111. Fl. 2:153, fig. 1788 (1897). Lobularia maritima Desv. Jour. Bot. 3:162 (1814), 2. A. alyssoides L. Small Alyssum. Annual; leaves narrowly oblanceolate; petals yellowish white, 1% lines long, scarcely exceeding the sepals; sepals per- sistent about the base of the fruit; filaments of the shorter stamens toothed at base; pod 4-seeded. Garden plant from Europe. Naturalized in Siskiyou Co. and at one time adventive in the San Francisco Bay region. Locs. — Yreka, Butler 1341 ; Cottonwood Creek, Siskiyou Co., Butler 722 ; Sisson, Heller 8054. Eefs.— Alyssum alyssoides L. Syst. ed. 10, 1130 (1759) ; Britt. & Br. 111. Fl. 2:153, fig. 1787 (1897) ; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 226 (1901), ed. 2, 191 (1911), Man. 442 (1925). aypeola alyssoides L. Sp, PL 652 (1753), type European, A. calycinum L, Sp, PI, ed. 2, 908 (1763). 30, CAPSELLA Medic. Slender annuals with pinnatifid leaves and small white flowers. Petals small, little exceeding the sepals. Pod obcordate or elliptical, strongly or scarcely at all flattened, several-seeded; valves carinate. Seeds not winged; cotyledons incum- bent. — Species 4, northern hemisphere. (Latin capsella, a little box.) Pod obcordate, or cuneate-triangular in outline with retuse apex, strongly flattened 1. C. iursa-pastoris. Pod elliptic-oblong, scarcely flattened, entire at the apex 2. C, procumbens. 1. C. bursa-pastoris Moench. Shepherd's Purse. Stems erect, simple or branching, 3 to 18 inches high, sparsely hispid; basal leaves in a spreading rosette; lower leaves petioled, their blades pinnatifid, rarely entire, the terminal lobe larg- est; blades of upper leaves merely dentate, sessile-auriculate; petals % to 1% lines long ; pedicels elongating in fruit, 4 lines long ; pods obcordate, 2^ to 3 lines broad, many-seeded, strongly flattened. Common in pastures, orchards and by waysides, 10 to 6000 feet, naturalized from Europe : throughout cismontane California. Feb.-Apr. Note on variation. — Capsella bursa-pastoris is variable in foliage and shape of pod. To what degree is partly evident from the studies of E, Almquist (Acta Hort. Berg. 4": 1-91, — 1907; 7:41-95 figs. 1-16, — 1923) who, on the basis of cultures which he believed constant, described 200 species chiefly with reference to the structure of the pod. Locs. — Sierra Nevada : Shepherd Cove, near Kaweah, W. Fry 410 ; Pine Eidge, Fresno Co. ; Hodgdon Eanch, Tuolumne Co., Jepson 10,542; Yosemite, Bioletti; Jackson, Hansen; Donner 92 CRUCIFERAE Lake, Heller 6871 ; Modoc Co., M. S. Baker; Little Shasta, F. IF. Hooper. Coast Ranges : Eureka, Tracy 3186; Ukiah, Purdy; Little Oak, Solano Co., Jcpson 13,392; Berkeley, Davy; Corral Hol- low, Jcpson 9579; Mission Soledad. Jcp.tnn S430; San Luis 01)ispo, Palmer 27. S. Cal.: Saugus, Davy ; Los Angeles; Santa Ana, Alice King ; Escondido, C. V. Meyer. Refs. — Capsella buksa-pastoris Moench, Medic. Pfl. Satt. 1:85 (1792); Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 223 (1901), ed. 2, 189 (1911), Man. 442 (1925). Thlaspi bursa-pa.